메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 638-646

Dynamics of nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae

Author keywords

Nasopharyngeal colonization; Pneumococcal serotypes; Pneumococcal vaccines; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AZITHROMYCIN; CEFIXIME; CEFPODOXIME; CEFPROZIL; PENICILLIN G; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; SULFAFURAZOLE;

EID: 0032778893     PISSN: 08913668     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199907000-00016     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (160)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 0019486581 scopus 로고
    • Adhesion of Streptococcus pneumoniae to human pharyngeal epithelial cells in vitro: Differences in adhesive capacity among strains isolated from subjects with otitis media, septicemia, or meningitis or from healthy carriers
    • Andersson B, Eriksson B, Falsen E, et al. Adhesion of Streptococcus pneumoniae to human pharyngeal epithelial cells in vitro: differences in adhesive capacity among strains isolated from subjects with otitis media, septicemia, or meningitis or from healthy carriers. Infect Immun 1981;32: 311-7.
    • (1981) Infect Immun , vol.32 , pp. 311-317
    • Andersson, B.1    Eriksson, B.2    Falsen, E.3
  • 2
    • 0023824422 scopus 로고
    • A sandwich adhesion on Streptococcus pneumoniae attaching to human oropharyngeal epithelial cells in vitro
    • Andersson B, Beachey EH, Tomasz A, Tuomanen E, Svanborg-Eden C. A sandwich adhesion on Streptococcus pneumoniae attaching to human oropharyngeal epithelial cells in vitro. Microbial Pathog 1988;4:267-78.
    • (1988) Microbial Pathog , vol.4 , pp. 267-278
    • Andersson, B.1    Beachey, E.H.2    Tomasz, A.3    Tuomanen, E.4    Svanborg-Eden, C.5
  • 3
    • 0011680902 scopus 로고
    • Many pulmonary pathogenic bacteria bind specifically to the carbohydrate sequence GalNAcβ1-4Gal found in some glycolipids
    • Krivan HC, Roberts DD, Ginsburg V. Many pulmonary pathogenic bacteria bind specifically to the carbohydrate sequence GalNAcβ1-4Gal found in some glycolipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:6157-61.
    • (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.85 , pp. 6157-6161
    • Krivan, H.C.1    Roberts, D.D.2    Ginsburg, V.3
  • 4
    • 0027401714 scopus 로고
    • The cell wall mediates pneumococcal attachment to and cytopathology in human endothelial cells
    • Geelen S, Bhattacharyya C, Tuomanen E. The cell wall mediates pneumococcal attachment to and cytopathology in human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 1993;61:1538-43.
    • (1993) Infect Immun , vol.61 , pp. 1538-1543
    • Geelen, S.1    Bhattacharyya, C.2    Tuomanen, E.3
  • 6
    • 0028307194 scopus 로고
    • Phase variation in pneumococcal opacity: Relationship between colonial morphology and nasopharyngeal colonization
    • Weiser JN, Austrian R, Sreenivasan PK, Masure HR. Phase variation in pneumococcal opacity: relationship between colonial morphology and nasopharyngeal colonization. Infect Immun 1994;62:2582-9.
    • (1994) Infect Immun , vol.62 , pp. 2582-2589
    • Weiser, J.N.1    Austrian, R.2    Sreenivasan, P.K.3    Masure, H.R.4
  • 7
    • 0025818706 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of bacterial adherence by nasopharyngeal secretions
    • Kurono Y, Shigemi H. Inhibition of bacterial adherence by nasopharyngeal secretions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991; 100:455-8.
    • (1991) Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol , vol.100 , pp. 455-458
    • Kurono, Y.1    Shigemi, H.2
  • 8
    • 0029093250 scopus 로고
    • Nasopharyngeal antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in children with acute otitis media
    • Virolainen A, Jero J, Käyhty H, et al. Nasopharyngeal antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in children with acute otitis media. J Infect Dis 1995;172:115-8.
    • (1995) J Infect Dis , vol.172 , pp. 115-118
    • Virolainen, A.1    Jero, J.2    Käyhty, H.3
  • 9
    • 0030027728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody-secreting cells and their relation to humoral antibodies in serum and in NP aspirates in children with pneumococcal AOM
    • Nieminen T, Virolainen A, Käyhty H, et al. Antibody-secreting cells and their relation to humoral antibodies in serum and in NP aspirates in children with pneumococcal AOM. J Infect Dis 1996;173:136-41.
    • (1996) J Infect Dis , vol.173 , pp. 136-141
    • Nieminen, T.1    Virolainen, A.2    Käyhty, H.3
  • 10
    • 0027452192 scopus 로고
    • Anti pneumococcal antibody activity in nasopharyngeal secretions in healthy adults and children
    • Lindberg K, Freijd A, Rynnel-Dagoo B, Hammarström L. Anti pneumococcal antibody activity in nasopharyngeal secretions in healthy adults and children. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1993;113:673-8.
    • (1993) Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) , vol.113 , pp. 673-678
    • Lindberg, K.1    Freijd, A.2    Rynnel-Dagoo, B.3    Hammarström, L.4
  • 11
    • 0019256014 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic studies of the first 24 Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: Acquisition, carriage, and infection during months of life
    • Gray BM, Converse GM III, Dillon HC Jr. Epidemiologic studies of the first 24 Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: acquisition, carriage, and infection during months of life. J Infect Dis 1980;142:923-33.
    • (1980) J Infect Dis , vol.142 , pp. 923-933
    • Gray, B.M.1    Converse G.M. III2    Dillon H.C., Jr.3
  • 12
    • 0031026795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of antibody to capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae during outbreaks of pneumonia: Association with nasopharyngeal colonization
    • Musher DM, Groover JE, Reichler MR, et al. Emergence of antibody to capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae during outbreaks of pneumonia: association with nasopharyngeal colonization. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:441-6.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 441-446
    • Musher, D.M.1    Groover, J.E.2    Reichler, M.R.3
  • 13
    • 0016837701 scopus 로고
    • Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae in families: II relation of transfer of S. pneumoniae to incidence of colds and serum antibody
    • Gwaltney JM Jr, Sande MA, Austrian R, Hendley JO. Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae in families: II Relation of transfer of S. pneumoniae to incidence of colds and serum antibody. J Infect Dis 1975;132:62-8.
    • (1975) J Infect Dis , vol.132 , pp. 62-68
    • Gwaltney J.M., Jr.1    Sande, M.A.2    Austrian, R.3    Hendley, J.O.4
  • 14
    • 0014657525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial interference: I. Its occurrence among the respiratory tract flora and characterization of inhibition of group A streptococci by viridans streptococci
    • Sanders E. Bacterial interference: I. Its occurrence among the respiratory tract flora and characterization of inhibition of group A streptococci by viridans streptococci. J Infect Dis 120:698-707.
    • J Infect Dis , vol.120 , pp. 698-707
    • Sanders, E.1
  • 15
    • 0014801513 scopus 로고
    • The role of bacterial antagonism in pneumococcal colonization of the human pharynx
    • Johanson WG, Blackstock R, Pierce AK, Sanford JP. The role of bacterial antagonism in pneumococcal colonization of the human pharynx. J Lab Clin Med 1970;75:946-52.
    • (1970) J Lab Clin Med , vol.75 , pp. 946-952
    • Johanson, W.G.1    Blackstock, R.2    Pierce, A.K.3    Sanford, J.P.4
  • 17
    • 0028356434 scopus 로고
    • Adenovirus infection enhances in vitro adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Hakansson A, Kidd A, Wadell G, Sabharwal H and Svanborg C. Adenovirus infection enhances in vitro adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infect Immun 1994;62:2707-14.
    • (1994) Infect Immun , vol.62 , pp. 2707-2714
    • Hakansson, A.1    Kidd, A.2    Wadell, G.3    Sabharwal, H.4    Svanborg, C.5
  • 18
    • 0022580874 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and epidemiologic studies of pneumococcal infection in children
    • Gray BM, Dillon HC Jr. Clinical and epidemiologic studies of pneumococcal infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:201-7.
    • (1986) Pediatr Infect Dis , vol.5 , pp. 201-207
    • Gray, B.M.1    Dillon H.C., Jr.2
  • 19
    • 0030775285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of NP carriage of PRP: Experiences from the south Swedish pneumococcal intervention project
    • Ekdahl K, Ahlinder I, Hansson HB, et al. Duration of NP carriage of PRP: experiences from the south Swedish pneumococcal intervention project. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25: 1113-7.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.25 , pp. 1113-1117
    • Ekdahl, K.1    Ahlinder, I.2    Hansson, H.B.3
  • 20
    • 0029914926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonization with antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease
    • Steele RW, Warrier R, Unkel PJ, et al. Colonization with antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr 1996;128:531-5.
    • (1996) J Pediatr , vol.128 , pp. 531-535
    • Steele, R.W.1    Warrier, R.2    Unkel, P.J.3
  • 21
    • 0002425069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC. Antibiotic resistance among nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae: Bangui,1995
    • Ndoyo J, Siopathis RM, Klugman KP, et al. Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC. Antibiotic resistance among nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae: Bangui,1995. MMWR 1997;46:62-4.
    • (1997) MMWR , vol.46 , pp. 62-64
    • Ndoyo, J.1    Siopathis, R.M.2    Klugman, K.P.3
  • 22
    • 33748278368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nasopharyngeal carriage of disease, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease
    • Daw NC, Wilimas JA, Wang WC, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of disease, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease. Pediatrics 1997; 99:E7.
    • (1997) Pediatrics , vol.99
    • Daw, N.C.1    Wilimas, J.A.2    Wang, W.C.3
  • 23
    • 0029741842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carriage of antibiotic resistant Streptococcus pneumonias by children in Eastern and Central Europe
    • Appelbaum PC, Gladkova C, Hryniewicz W, et al. Carriage of antibiotic resistant Streptococcus pneumonias by children in Eastern and Central Europe. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23: 712-7.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.23 , pp. 712-717
    • Appelbaum, P.C.1    Gladkova, C.2    Hryniewicz, W.3
  • 24
    • 0030857698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae from carriers attending day-care centers in Southwestern Greece
    • Syrogiannopoulos GA, Grivea IN, Beratis NG, et al. Resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae from carriers attending day-care centers in Southwestern Greece. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:188-94.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.25 , pp. 188-194
    • Syrogiannopoulos, G.A.1    Grivea, I.N.2    Beratis, N.G.3
  • 25
    • 0030858042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in Malawian children
    • Yomo A, Subramanyan VR, Fudzulani R, et al. Carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in Malawian children. Ann Trop Pediatr 1997;17:239-43.
    • (1997) Ann Trop Pediatr , vol.17 , pp. 239-243
    • Yomo, A.1    Subramanyan, V.R.2    Fudzulani, R.3
  • 26
    • 0345660700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage is strongly related to beta-lactam use
    • Abstract C-24 San Diego, September 24 to 27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
    • Guillemot D, Boutou O, Carbon C, et al. Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage is strongly related to beta-lactam use [Abstract C-24]. Presented at the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, September 24 to 27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1998.
    • (1998) 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Guillemot, D.1    Boutou, O.2    Carbon, C.3
  • 27
    • 0005173311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of amoxicillin/clavulanate vs azithromycin on nasopharyngeal carriage and resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in children with acute otitis media
    • Abstract C-30, San Diego, September 24 to 27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
    • Ghaffar F, McCracken GH Jr, Friedland I. Effect of amoxicillin/clavulanate vs azithromycin on nasopharyngeal carriage and resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in children with acute otitis media [Abstract C-30]. Presented at the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, September 24 to 27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1998.
    • (1998) 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Ghaffar, F.1    McCracken G.H., Jr.2    Friedland, I.3
  • 28
    • 0002656137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae carriage in children attending day care
    • Abstract C-27, San Diego, September 24 to 27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
    • Belongia E, Sullivan B, Reed K, Chyou P, Vierkant R, Schwartz B. Risk factors for Penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae carriage in children attending day care [Abstract C-27]. Presented at the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, September 24 to 27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1998.
    • (1998) 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Belongia, E.1    Sullivan, B.2    Reed, K.3    Chyou, P.4    Vierkant, R.5    Schwartz, B.6
  • 29
    • 0028972597 scopus 로고
    • Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy Chinese and Vietnamese children in Hong Kong
    • Sung RYT, Ling JM, Fung SM. Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy Chinese and Vietnamese children in Hong Kong. Acta Paediatr 1995;84:1262-7.
    • (1995) Acta Paediatr , vol.84 , pp. 1262-1267
    • Sung, R.Y.T.1    Ling, J.M.2    Fung, S.M.3
  • 30
    • 0029836935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of nasopharyngeal carriage of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and detection of a multiply resistant clone among children living in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region of Alaska
    • Ussery XT, Gessner BD, Lipman H, et al. Risk of nasopharyngeal carriage of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and detection of a multiply resistant clone among children living in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region of Alaska. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:986-92.
    • (1996) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.15 , pp. 986-992
    • Ussery, X.T.1    Gessner, B.D.2    Lipman, H.3
  • 31
    • 0031956226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquisition, carriage, and transmission of pneumococci with decreased antibiotic susceptibility in young children attending a day care facility in Southern Israel
    • Yagupsky P, Porat N, Fraser D, et al. Acquisition, carriage, and transmission of pneumococci with decreased antibiotic susceptibility in young children attending a day care facility in Southern Israel. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1003-12.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.177 , pp. 1003-1012
    • Yagupsky, P.1    Porat, N.2    Fraser, D.3
  • 32
    • 0029119797 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta
    • Hofman J, Cetron MS, Farley MM, et al. The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta. N Engl J Med 1995;333:481-6.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 481-486
    • Hofman, J.1    Cetron, M.S.2    Farley, M.M.3
  • 33
    • 0030003732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: Results of a 30-center national surveillance study
    • Doern GV, Brueggemann A, Holley HP, Rauch AM. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40: 1208-13.
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 1208-1213
    • Doern, G.V.1    Brueggemann, A.2    Holley, H.P.3    Rauch, A.M.4
  • 34
    • 0029804587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nasopharyngeal colonization in Southern Israel with antibiotic-resistant pneumococci during the first two years of life: Relation to serotypes likely to be included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
    • Dagan R, Melamed R, Muallem M, Piglansky L, Yagupsky P. Nasopharyngeal colonization in Southern Israel with antibiotic-resistant pneumococci during the first two years of life: relation to serotypes likely to be included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. J Infect Dis 1996;174:1352-5.
    • (1996) J Infect Dis , vol.174 , pp. 1352-1355
    • Dagan, R.1    Melamed, R.2    Muallem, M.3    Piglansky, L.4    Yagupsky, P.5
  • 35
    • 0023905807 scopus 로고
    • Nasopharyngeal carriage of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci by children in group day care
    • Henderson FW, Gilligan PH, Wait K, Goff DA. Nasopharyngeal carriage of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci by children in group day care. J Infect Dis 1988;157:256-63.
    • (1988) J Infect Dis , vol.157 , pp. 256-263
    • Henderson, F.W.1    Gilligan, P.H.2    Wait, K.3    Goff, D.A.4
  • 36
    • 0021685915 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of the nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci as related to pneumococcal vaccination in children attending day- care centers
    • Rosén C, Christensen P, Hovelius B, Prellner K. A longitudinal study of the nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci as related to pneumococcal vaccination in children attending day- care centers. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;98:524-32.
    • (1984) Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) , vol.98 , pp. 524-532
    • Rosén, C.1    Christensen, P.2    Hovelius, B.3    Prellner, K.4
  • 37
    • 0006366581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharides in human milk: Lack of relationship to colonization and acute otitis media
    • Rosen IA, Hakansson A, Aniansson G, et al. Antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharides in human milk: lack of relationship to colonization and acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis 1996;15:498-507.
    • (1996) Pediatr Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 498-507
    • Rosen, I.A.1    Hakansson, A.2    Aniansson, G.3
  • 38
    • 0022652475 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of attachment of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae by human milk and receptor oligosaccharides
    • Andersson B, Porras O, Hanson LÅ, Lagergård T, Svanborg-Edén C. Inhibition of attachment of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae by human milk and receptor oligosaccharides. J Infect Dis 1986;153:232-7.
    • (1986) J Infect Dis , vol.153 , pp. 232-237
    • Andersson, B.1    Porras, O.2    Hanson, L.Å.3    Lagergård, T.4    Svanborg-Edén, C.5
  • 39
    • 0027363565 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of bacterial respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx in breast-fed versus formula-fed infants
    • Kaleida PH, Nativio DG, Chao H, Cowden SN. Prevalence of bacterial respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx in breast-fed versus formula-fed infants. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2674-8.
    • (1993) J Clin Microbiol , vol.31 , pp. 2674-2678
    • Kaleida, P.H.1    Nativio, D.G.2    Chao, H.3    Cowden, S.N.4
  • 40
    • 0345228760 scopus 로고
    • Breast feeding and acute otitis media during the first year of life: A prospective study
    • Abstract 17, Fort Lauderdale, FL, May 20 to 24
    • Anainsson G., H. Sabharwal, C. Svanborg. Breast feeding and acute otitis media during the first year of life: a prospective study [Abstract 17]. Presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Fort Lauderdale, FL, May 20 to 24, 1991.
    • (1991) Fifth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media
    • Anainsson, G.1    Sabharwal, H.2    Svanborg, C.3
  • 41
    • 0031244198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exclusive breast feeding protects against bacterial colonization and day care exposure to otitis media
    • Duffy LC, Faden H, Wasielewski R, Wolf J, Krystofik D, Tonawanda/Williamsville Pediatrics. Exclusive breast feeding protects against bacterial colonization and day care exposure to otitis media. Pediatrics 1997;100:E7.
    • (1997) Pediatrics , vol.100
    • Duffy, L.C.1    Faden, H.2    Wasielewski, R.3    Wolf, J.4    Krystofik, D.5
  • 42
    • 0019959136 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants
    • Gray BM, Turner ME, Dillon HC. Epidemiologic studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants. Am J Epidemiol 1982; 116:692-703.
    • (1982) Am J Epidemiol , vol.116 , pp. 692-703
    • Gray, B.M.1    Turner, M.E.2    Dillon, H.C.3
  • 43
    • 0029027847 scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in a rural Kentucky community
    • Duchin JS, Breiman RF, Diamond A, et al. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in a rural Kentucky community. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:745-50.
    • (1995) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.14 , pp. 745-750
    • Duchin, J.S.1    Breiman, R.F.2    Diamond, A.3
  • 44
    • 0027198062 scopus 로고
    • Absence of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae pharyngeal colonization in Cleveland children with sickle cell disease
    • Schricker ME, Schreiber JR, Chiarucci K, et al. Absence of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae pharyngeal colonization in Cleveland children with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12:775-7.
    • (1993) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.12 , pp. 775-777
    • Schricker, M.E.1    Schreiber, J.R.2    Chiarucci, K.3
  • 46
    • 0018904323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci in children with sickle cell disease
    • Overturf GD, Field R, Lam C, Lee S, Powars DR. Nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci in children with sickle cell disease. Infect Immun 1980:1048-50.
    • Infect Immun , vol.1980 , pp. 1048-1050
    • Overturf, G.D.1    Field, R.2    Lam, C.3    Lee, S.4    Powars, D.R.5
  • 47
    • 0030061726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prophylaxis with amoxicillin or sulfisoxazole for otitis media
    • Brook I, Gober AE. Prophylaxis with amoxicillin or sulfisoxazole for otitis media. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:143-5.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 143-145
    • Brook, I.1    Gober, A.E.2
  • 48
    • 0030995054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change in nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae resulting from antibiotic therapy for acute otitis media in children
    • Cohen R, Bingen E, Varon E, et al. Change in nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae resulting from antibiotic therapy for acute otitis media in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:555-60.
    • (1997) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.16 , pp. 555-560
    • Cohen, R.1    Bingen, E.2    Varon, E.3
  • 49
    • 0031896039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cefixime or co-amoxiclav treatment on NP carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in children with AOM
    • Dabernat H, Geslin P, Megraud F, et al. Effects of cefixime or co-amoxiclav treatment on NP carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in children with AOM. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;41:253-8.
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 253-258
    • Dabernat, H.1    Geslin, P.2    Megraud, F.3
  • 50
    • 0031017760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of the impact of community-based azithromycin treatment of trachoma on carriage and resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Leach AJ, Shelby-James TM, Mayo M, et al. A prospective study of the impact of community-based azithromycin treatment of trachoma on carriage and resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:356-62.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 356-362
    • Leach, A.J.1    Shelby-James, T.M.2    Mayo, M.3
  • 51
    • 0031966950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial interference in the nasopharynx following antimicrobial therapy of acute otitis media
    • Brook I, Gober AE. Bacterial interference in the nasopharynx following antimicrobial therapy of acute otitis media. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;41:489-92.
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 489-492
    • Brook, I.1    Gober, A.E.2
  • 52
    • 0022630229 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in penicillin-binding proteins of clinical and laboratory isolates of pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae with low levels of penicillin resistance
    • Handwerger S, Tomasz A. Alterations in penicillin-binding proteins of clinical and laboratory isolates of pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae with low levels of penicillin resistance. J Infect Dis 1986;153:83-9.
    • (1986) J Infect Dis , vol.153 , pp. 83-89
    • Handwerger, S.1    Tomasz, A.2
  • 53
    • 0028129580 scopus 로고
    • Increasing prevalence of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal infections in children in Southern Israel: Implications for future immunization policies
    • Dagan R, Yagupsky P, Goldbart A, Wasaa A, Klugman K. Increasing prevalence of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal infections in children in Southern Israel: implications for future immunization policies. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13: 782-6.
    • (1994) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.13 , pp. 782-786
    • Dagan, R.1    Yagupsky, P.2    Goldbart, A.3    Wasaa, A.4    Klugman, K.5
  • 54
    • 0032481410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low dosage and long treatment duration of beta-lactam: Risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Guillemot D, Carbon C, Balkau B, et al. Low dosage and long treatment duration of beta-lactam: risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. JAMA 1998;279:365-70.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 365-370
    • Guillemot, D.1    Carbon, C.2    Balkau, B.3
  • 55
    • 0030060360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro selection of one-step mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to different oral beta-lactam antibiotics is associated with alterations of PBP2x
    • Sifaoui F, Kitzis MD, Gutmann L. In vitro selection of one-step mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to different oral beta-lactam antibiotics is associated with alterations of PBP2x. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:152-6.
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 152-156
    • Sifaoui, F.1    Kitzis, M.D.2    Gutmann, L.3
  • 56
    • 0029029919 scopus 로고
    • In vitro development of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Carsenti-Etesse H, Durant J, De Salvador F, et al. In vitro development of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36:417-23.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 417-423
    • Carsenti-Etesse, H.1    Durant, J.2    De Salvador, F.3
  • 57
    • 0023820128 scopus 로고
    • Penicillin resistance and defective lysis in clinical isolates of pneumococci: Evidence for two kinds of antibiotic pressure operating in the clinical environment
    • Moreillon P, Tomasz A. Penicillin resistance and defective lysis in clinical isolates of pneumococci: evidence for two kinds of antibiotic pressure operating in the clinical environment. J Infect Dis 1988;157:1150-7.
    • (1988) J Infect Dis , vol.157 , pp. 1150-1157
    • Moreillon, P.1    Tomasz, A.2
  • 58
    • 0031052819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from pediatric carriers in Spain
    • Garcia de Lomas J, Gimeno C, Bermejo M, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from pediatric carriers in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;16:11-13.
    • (1997) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 11-13
    • Garcia De Lomas, J.1    Gimeno, C.2    Bermejo, M.3
  • 59
    • 0028247248 scopus 로고
    • Mosaic pbpx genes of major clones of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae have evolved from pbpx genes of a penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus oralis
    • Siboid C, Henrichsen J, Konig A, et al. Mosaic pbpx genes of major clones of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae have evolved from pbpx genes of a penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus oralis. Mol Microbiol 1994;12:1013-23.
    • (1994) Mol Microbiol , vol.12 , pp. 1013-1023
    • Siboid, C.1    Henrichsen, J.2    Konig, A.3
  • 60
    • 0027165733 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: The role of Streptococcus mitis in the formation of a low affinity PBP2B in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Dowson CG, Coffey TJ, Kell C, Whiley RA. Evolution of penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: the role of Streptococcus mitis in the formation of a low affinity PBP2B in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 1993;9: 635-43.
    • (1993) Mol Microbiol , vol.9 , pp. 635-643
    • Dowson, C.G.1    Coffey, T.J.2    Kell, C.3    Whiley, R.A.4
  • 61
    • 9844266253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of penicillin prophylaxis on antimicrobial resistance in nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae among children with sickle cell anemia
    • Woods GM, Jorgensen JH, Waclawiw MA, et al. Influence of penicillin prophylaxis on antimicrobial resistance in nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae among children with sickle cell anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1997;19:327-33.
    • (1997) J Pediatr Hematol Oncol , vol.19 , pp. 327-333
    • Woods, G.M.1    Jorgensen, J.H.2    Waclawiw, M.A.3
  • 62
    • 0021324769 scopus 로고
    • Effect of penicillin prophylaxis on nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell anemia
    • Anglin DL, Siegel JD, Pacini DL, et al. Effect of penicillin prophylaxis on nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell anemia. J Pediatr 1984;104:18-22.
    • (1984) J Pediatr , vol.104 , pp. 18-22
    • Anglin, D.L.1    Siegel, J.D.2    Pacini, D.L.3
  • 65
    • 18544412317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization among Kenyan children: Antibiotic resistance, strain types and associations with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
    • Rusen ID, Fraser-Roberts L, Slaney L, et al. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization among Kenyan children: antibiotic resistance, strain types and associations with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:656-62.
    • (1997) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.16 , pp. 656-662
    • Rusen, I.D.1    Fraser-Roberts, L.2    Slaney, L.3
  • 67
    • 0028799375 scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in the young child: Association with OM and resistance to penicillin
    • Zenni MK, Cheatam SH, Thompson JM, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in the young child: association with OM and resistance to penicillin. J Pediatr 1995;127: 533-7.
    • (1995) J Pediatr , vol.127 , pp. 533-537
    • Zenni, M.K.1    Cheatam, S.H.2    Thompson, J.M.3
  • 68
    • 0030999628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children
    • Faden H, Duffy L, Wasielewski R, et al. Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1440-5.
    • (1997) J Infect Dis , vol.175 , pp. 1440-1445
    • Faden, H.1    Duffy, L.2    Wasielewski, R.3
  • 69
    • 0027997882 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial colonization of the NP predicts very early onset and persistence of otitis media in Australian Aboriginal infants
    • Leach AJ, Boswell JB, Asche V, Nienhuys TG, Mathews JD. Bacterial colonization of the NP predicts very early onset and persistence of otitis media in Australian Aboriginal infants. Pediatr Infect Dis 1994;13:983-9.
    • (1994) Pediatr Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 983-989
    • Leach, A.J.1    Boswell, J.B.2    Asche, V.3    Nienhuys, T.G.4    Mathews, J.D.5
  • 71
    • 0005134003 scopus 로고
    • A bacteriologic investigation of otitis media in children
    • Mortimer EA, Watterson RL. A bacteriologic investigation of otitis media in children. Pediatrics 1969;43:351-8.
    • (1969) Pediatrics , vol.43 , pp. 351-358
    • Mortimer, E.A.1    Watterson, R.L.2
  • 73
    • 0029874577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of nasopharyngeal cultures for bacteriologic assessment of acute otitis media in children
    • Gehanno P, Lenoir G, Barry B, Bons J, Boucot I, Berche P. Evaluation of nasopharyngeal cultures for bacteriologic assessment of acute otitis media in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:329-32.
    • (1996) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.15 , pp. 329-332
    • Gehanno, P.1    Lenoir, G.2    Barry, B.3    Bons, J.4    Boucot, I.5    Berche, P.6
  • 75
    • 0030998089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of pneumococcal carriage isolates to penicillin provides a conservative estimate of susceptibility of invasive pneumococci
    • Lehmann D, Gratten M, Montgomery J. Susceptibility of pneumococcal carriage isolates to penicillin provides a conservative estimate of susceptibility of invasive pneumococci. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:297-305.
    • (1997) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.16 , pp. 297-305
    • Lehmann, D.1    Gratten, M.2    Montgomery, J.3
  • 76
    • 0031917138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study to determine clinical relevance of detection of pneumococcal DNA in sera of children by PCR
    • Dagan R, Shriker O, Hazan I, et al. Prospective study to determine clinical relevance of detection of pneumococcal DNA in sera of children by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36: 669-73.
    • (1998) J Clin Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 669-673
    • Dagan, R.1    Shriker, O.2    Hazan, I.3
  • 77
    • 0031959210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal isolates from healthy children to predict features of invasive disease
    • Kellner JD, McGeer A, Cetron MS, et al. The use of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal isolates from healthy children to predict features of invasive disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:279-86.
    • (1998) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.17 , pp. 279-286
    • Kellner, J.D.1    McGeer, A.2    Cetron, M.S.3
  • 78
    • 0025130196 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory isoltes of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States
    • Jorgensen JH, Doern GV, Maher LA, Howell AW, Redding JS. Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory isoltes of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:2075-80.
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 2075-2080
    • Jorgensen, J.H.1    Doern, G.V.2    Maher, L.A.3    Howell, A.W.4    Redding, J.S.5
  • 79
    • 0027433914 scopus 로고
    • Use of nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from children in Pakistan for surveillance for antimicrobial resistance
    • Mastro TD, Nomani NK, Ishaq Z, et al. Use of nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from children in Pakistan for surveillance for antimicrobial resistance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12:824-30.
    • (1993) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.12 , pp. 824-830
    • Mastro, T.D.1    Nomani, N.K.2    Ishaq, Z.3
  • 80
    • 9544231791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian national survey of prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Simoe AE, Louie M, The Canadian bacterial surveillance network, Low DE. Canadian national survey of prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:2190-3.
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 2190-2193
    • Simoe, A.E.1    Louie, M.2    Low, D.E.3
  • 81
    • 0028323349 scopus 로고
    • Development of experimental respiratory infections in neutropenic rats with either penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae or beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae
    • Smith GM, Abbott KH. Development of experimental respiratory infections in neutropenic rats with either penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae or beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:608-10.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 608-610
    • Smith, G.M.1    Abbott, K.H.2
  • 82
    • 0026459626 scopus 로고
    • In vivo efficacy of a new fluroquinolone, sparfloxacin, against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse model of pneumonia
    • Azoulay-Dupuis E, Vallée E, Veber B, et al. In vivo efficacy of a new fluroquinolone, sparfloxacin, against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse model of pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:2698-703.
    • (1992) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 2698-2703
    • Azoulay-Dupuis, E.1    Vallée, E.2    Veber, B.3
  • 83
    • 0023221302 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the distribution of pneumococcal types in systemic disease and the upper respiratory tract in adults and children
    • Smart LE, Platt DJ, Timbury MC. A comparison of the distribution of pneumococcal types in systemic disease and the upper respiratory tract in adults and children. Epidemiol Infect 1987;98:203-9.
    • (1987) Epidemiol Infect , vol.98 , pp. 203-209
    • Smart, L.E.1    Platt, D.J.2    Timbury, M.C.3
  • 84
    • 0028938429 scopus 로고
    • Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among preschool children in the United States,1978-1994: Implications for the development of a conjugate vaccine
    • Butler JC, Breiman RF, Lipman HB, Hofmann J, Facklam RR. Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among preschool children in the United States,1978-1994: implications for the development of a conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 1995;171:885-9.
    • (1995) J Infect Dis , vol.171 , pp. 885-889
    • Butler, J.C.1    Breiman, R.F.2    Lipman, H.B.3    Hofmann, J.4    Facklam, R.R.5
  • 86
    • 0023005615 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal vaccine prevents death from acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in Papua New Guinean children
    • Riley ID, Lehmann D, Alpers M, Marshall TF, Gratten H, Smith D. Pneumococcal vaccine prevents death from acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in Papua New Guinean children. Lancet 1986;2:877-81.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 877-881
    • Riley, I.D.1    Lehmann, D.2    Alpers, M.3    Marshall, T.F.4    Gratten, H.5    Smith, D.6
  • 87
    • 0018841535 scopus 로고
    • The effect of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine on nasopharyngeal and nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Herva E, Luotonen J, Timonen M, Sibakov M, Karma P, Mäkelä H. The effect of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine on nasopharyngeal and nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Dis 1980;12:97-100.
    • (1980) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.12 , pp. 97-100
    • Herva, E.1    Luotonen, J.2    Timonen, M.3    Sibakov, M.4    Karma, P.5    Mäkelä, H.6
  • 88
    • 0019544226 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of pneumococcal disease in infants and children
    • Klein JO. The epidemiology of pneumococcal disease in infants and children. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3:246-56.
    • (1981) Rev Infect Dis , vol.3 , pp. 246-256
    • Klein, J.O.1
  • 89
    • 0020636158 scopus 로고
    • Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in children younger than five years of age
    • Douglas RM, Paton JC, Duncan SJ, Hansman DJ. Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in children younger than five years of age. J Infect Dis 1983;148:131-7.
    • (1983) J Infect Dis , vol.148 , pp. 131-137
    • Douglas, R.M.1    Paton, J.C.2    Duncan, S.J.3    Hansman, D.J.4
  • 90
    • 0030040727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pentavalent pneumococcal oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine PncCRM is well-tolerated and able to induce an antibody response in infants
    • Åhman H, Käythy H, Tamminen P, Vuorela A, Malinoski F, Eskola J. Pentavalent pneumococcal oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine PncCRM is well-tolerated and able to induce an antibody response in infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15: 134-9.
    • (1996) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.15 , pp. 134-139
    • Åhman, H.1    Käythy, H.2    Tamminen, P.3    Vuorela, A.4    Malinoski, F.5    Eskola, J.6
  • 91
    • 0344797812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (1) Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Oakland, CA. (2) University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine. (3) Wyeth Lederle Vaccines and Pediatrics Pearl River, NY [Abstract LB-9], San Diego, September 24 to 27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
    • Black S, Shinefield H, Ray P, et al. (1) Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Oakland, CA. (2) University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine. (3) Wyeth Lederle Vaccines and Pediatrics Pearl River, NY [Abstract LB-9]. Presented at the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, September 24 to 27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1998.
    • (1998) 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Black, S.1    Shinefield, H.2    Ray, P.3
  • 92
    • 0029828246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine
    • Dagan R, Melamed R, Muallem M, et al. Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. J Infect Dis 1996;174:1271-8.
    • (1996) J Infect Dis , vol.174 , pp. 1271-1278
    • Dagan, R.1    Melamed, R.2    Muallem, M.3
  • 93
    • 0002132389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a 9-valent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM 197 (PncCRM9) on nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine type and non-vaccine type Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) strains among day care center attendees
    • abstract G-52, San Diego, September 24 to 27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
    • Dagan R, Givon N, Yagupsky P, et al. Effect of a 9-valent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM 197 (PncCRM9) on nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine type and non-vaccine type Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) strains among day care center attendees(abstract G-52). Presented at the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, September 24 to 27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1998.
    • (1998) 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Dagan, R.1    Givon, N.2    Yagupsky, P.3
  • 94
    • 0345660676 scopus 로고
    • Therapy and control of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal disease
    • Schlessinger D, ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
    • Koornhoff HJ, Jacobs MR, Ward JI, Appelbaum PC, Hallet FA. Therapy and control of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal disease. In: Schlessinger D, ed. Microbiology - 1979. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1979: 286-9.
    • (1979) Microbiology - 1979 , pp. 286-289
    • Koornhoff, H.J.1    Jacobs, M.R.2    Ward, J.I.3    Appelbaum, P.C.4    Hallet, F.A.5
  • 95
    • 0028258536 scopus 로고
    • Cluster of an erythromycin-resistant variant of the Spanish multiply resistant 23F clone of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South Africa
    • Klugman KP, Coffey TJ, Smith A, Wasas A, Meyers M, Spratt BG. Cluster of an erythromycin-resistant variant of the Spanish multiply resistant 23F clone of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect 1994;13:171.
    • (1994) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.13 , pp. 171
    • Klugman, K.P.1    Coffey, T.J.2    Smith, A.3    Wasas, A.4    Meyers, M.5    Spratt, B.G.6
  • 97
    • 0029135292 scopus 로고
    • Effect of xylitol on growth of nasopharyngeal bacteria in vitro
    • Kontiokari T, Uhari M, Koskela M. Effect of xylitol on growth of nasopharyngeal bacteria in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:1820-3.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 1820-1823
    • Kontiokari, T.1    Uhari, M.2    Koskela, M.3
  • 98
    • 0029797851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xylitol chewing gum in prevention of acute otitis media: Double blind randomized trial
    • Uhari M, Kontiokari T, Koskela M, Niemelä M. Xylitol chewing gum in prevention of acute otitis media: double blind randomized trial. Br Med J 1996;313:1180-3.
    • (1996) Br Med J , vol.313 , pp. 1180-1183
    • Uhari, M.1    Kontiokari, T.2    Koskela, M.3    Niemelä, M.4
  • 99
    • 0031658911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel use of xylitol sugar in preventing acute otitis media
    • Uhari M, Kontiokari T, Niemelä M. A novel use of xylitol sugar in preventing acute otitis media. Pediatrics 1998;102: 879-84.
    • (1998) Pediatrics , vol.102 , pp. 879-884
    • Uhari, M.1    Kontiokari, T.2    Niemelä, M.3
  • 100
    • 0029610260 scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of pneumococcal infection: A hypothesis
    • Cundell D, Masure HR, Tuomanen EI. The molecular basis of pneumococcal infection: a hypothesis. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:S204-12.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21
    • Cundell, D.1    Masure, H.R.2    Tuomanen, E.I.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.