The effect of penning versus picketing on stereotypic behavior of circus elephants

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 213-225

  Friend, Ted H ^a   Parker, Melissa L ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Circus; Elephant; Housing; Stereotypies

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032775118     PISSN: 01681591     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00039-8     Document Type: Article

References (11)

1. Brownlee, 1954.
2. Craig W. Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts. Biol. Bull. Woods Hole. 34:1918;91-107.
3. Dellmeier G.R. Motivation in relation to the welfare of enclosed livestock. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 22:1989;129-138.
4. Dellmeier G.R., Friend T.H., Gbur E.E. Comparison of four methods of calf confinement: II. Behavior. J. Anim. Sci. 60:1985;1102-1109.
5. Fraser, A.F., 1983. The effects of ethostasis and the behavior of farm animals in confinement. In: Fraser, A.F. (Ed.), Ethology of Farm Animals. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 371-375.
6. Friend T.H. Behavior of picketed circus elephants. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 62:1999;73-88.
7. Kiley-Worthington, M., 1990. Animals in Circuses and Zoos: Chiron's World? Little Eco-Farm Pub., Basildon, Essex, England, 240 pp.
8. Lorenz, K., 1981. The Foundations of Ethology. Springer, New York, 380 pp.
9. SAS Institute, 1989. SAS for Windows, Version 6.08. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
10. SAS, 1998.
11. Schmid J. Keeping circus elephants temporarily in paddocks - the effects on their behaviour. Animal Welfare. 4:1995;87-101.