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Volumn 14, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 57-89

The social mobility of servants in rural Sweden, 1740-1894

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; LABOR SUPPLY; MOBILITY; NINETEENTH CENTURY; RURAL SOCIETY; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

EID: 0032768493     PISSN: 02684160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0268416099003264     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (33)

References (44)
  • 1
    • 0347629395 scopus 로고
    • Clayworth and Cogenhoe
    • Cambridge
    • Laslett used the term 'life cycle servants' to emphasize that servanthood was just a temporary phase in life and not a lifetime occupation; see Peter Laslett, 'Clayworth and Cogenhoe', in Family life and illicit love in earlier generations (Cambridge, 1977). See also Ann Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981).
    • (1977) Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations
    • Laslett, P.1
  • 2
    • 0003601488 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • Laslett used the term 'life cycle servants' to emphasize that servanthood was just a temporary phase in life and not a lifetime occupation; see Peter Laslett, 'Clayworth and Cogenhoe', in Family life and illicit love in earlier generations (Cambridge, 1977). See also Ann Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981).
    • (1981) Servants in Husbandry in Early Modern England
    • Kussmaul, A.1
  • 4
    • 0004001724 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, Mass.
    • Eli F. Heckscher, An Economic History of Sweden (Cambridge, Mass., 1954); Ulf Jonsson, Jordmagnater, landböcker och torpare i sydöstra Södermanland 1800-1880 (Stockholm, 1980); Gustaf Utterström, Jordbrukets arbetare. Levnadsvillkor och arbelsliv på landsbygden fro̊n frihelstiden till mitten av 1800-talet, Part I (Stockholm, 1957).
    • (1954) An Economic History of Sweden
    • Heckscher, E.F.1
  • 5
    • 13044296403 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • Eli F. Heckscher, An Economic History of Sweden (Cambridge, Mass., 1954); Ulf Jonsson, Jordmagnater, landböcker och torpare i sydöstra Södermanland 1800-1880 (Stockholm, 1980); Gustaf Utterström, Jordbrukets arbetare. Levnadsvillkor och arbelsliv på landsbygden fro̊n frihelstiden till mitten av 1800-talet, Part I (Stockholm, 1957).
    • (1980) Jordmagnater, Landböcker och Torpare i Sydöstra Södermanland 1800-1880
    • Jonsson, U.1
  • 7
    • 0005210758 scopus 로고
    • Partille
    • Winberg in particular has emphasized this aspect of downward social mobility; see Christer Winberg, Folkökning och proletarisering (Partille, 1975).
    • (1975) Folkökning och Proletarisering
    • Winberg, C.1
  • 15
    • 0009153004 scopus 로고
    • Lund Papers in Economic History, Lund
    • For a more detailed description of the area, see Tommy Bengtsson and Christer Lundh, Life events in a peasant society in transition, Lund Papers in Economic History, 1 (Lund, 1990), and Tommy Bengtsson and Martin Dribe, Economy and demography in Western Scania, Sweden, 1650-1900, EurAsian Project on Population and Family History, Working Paper Series, 10 (Kyoto, 1997).
    • (1990) Life Events in a Peasant Society in Transition , vol.1
    • Bengtsson, T.1    Lundh, C.2
  • 16
    • 13044302756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EurAsian Project on Population and Family History, Working Paper Series, Kyoto
    • For a more detailed description of the area, see Tommy Bengtsson and Christer Lundh, Life events in a peasant society in transition, Lund Papers in Economic History, 1 (Lund, 1990), and Tommy Bengtsson and Martin Dribe, Economy and demography in Western Scania, Sweden, 1650-1900, EurAsian Project on Population and Family History, Working Paper Series, 10 (Kyoto, 1997).
    • (1997) Economy and Demography in Western Scania, Sweden, 1650-1900 , vol.10
    • Bengtsson, T.1    Dribe, M.2
  • 17
    • 84866229366 scopus 로고
    • Lund Papers in Economic History, Lund
    • The Scanian Demographic Database is a collaborative project between the Provincial Archives in Lund and the Research Group in Population Economics at the Department of Economic History, Lund University. For a detailed description of the database, see Elisabeth Reuterswärd and Franceska Olsson, Skånes demografiska databas 1646-1894: En källbeskrivning, Lund Papers in Economic History, 33 (Lund, 1993).
    • (1993) Skånes Demografiska Databas 1646-1894: En Källbeskrivning , vol.33
    • Reuterswärd, E.1    Olsson, F.2
  • 18
    • 0009234430 scopus 로고
    • Lund Papers in Economic History, Lund
    • The linking process is described and evaluated in Tommy Bengtsson and Christer Lundh, Evaluation of a Swedish Computer Program for Automatic Family Reconstitution, Lund Papers in Economic History, 8 (Lund, 1991), and Tommy Bengtsson and Christer Lundh, Name-Standardisation and Automatic Family Reconstitution, Lund Papers in Economic History, 29 (Lund, 1993).
    • (1991) Evaluation of a Swedish Computer Program for Automatic Family Reconstitution , vol.8
    • Bengtsson, T.1    Lundh, C.2
  • 19
    • 0009233676 scopus 로고
    • Lund Papers in Economic History, Lund
    • The linking process is described and evaluated in Tommy Bengtsson and Christer Lundh, Evaluation of a Swedish Computer Program for Automatic Family Reconstitution, Lund Papers in Economic History, 8 (Lund, 1991), and Tommy Bengtsson and Christer Lundh, Name-Standardisation and Automatic Family Reconstitution, Lund Papers in Economic History, 29 (Lund, 1993).
    • (1993) Name-Standardisation and Automatic Family Reconstitution , vol.29
    • Bengtsson, T.1    Lundh, C.2
  • 20
    • 0004276788 scopus 로고
    • Umeå
    • Harnesk claims that it is difficult to distinguish individuals who actually worked as servants from other reporting in the parish registers. In the eighteenth century all young men and women were reported in the migration registers as 'farmhands' or 'maids', and even in the nineteenth century it is difficult to determine how consistent the reports of occupations were; see Börje Harnesk, Legofolk: Drängar, pigor och bönder i 1700-och 1800-talens Sverige (Umeå, 1990), 176. In the four Scanian parishes that are included in this study, it is possible to distinguish between servants and non-servants by occupational reporting in the marriage registers. Throughout the period, young people were reported either as ' farmhands'/'maids' Or as 'peasant's daughter'/'peasant's son' or by occupation (peasant, crofter, soldier, etc.).
    • (1990) Legofolk: Drängar, Pigor och Bönder i 1700-och 1800-talens Sverige , pp. 176
    • Harnesk, B.1
  • 21
    • 13044301756 scopus 로고
    • Lund
    • The montal was a fiscal measure of the farm's capacity to pay tax, not a square measure. Sommarin estimates, however, that one montal in the area of investigation was about 226 acres in 1820; see Emil Sommarin, Det skånska jordbrukets ekonomiska utveckling 1801-1914, 2-3 (Lund, 1939), 25.
    • (1939) Det Skånska Jordbrukets Ekonomiska Utveckling 1801-1914 , vol.2-3 , pp. 25
    • Sommarin, E.1
  • 22
    • 13044314843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculated from Regression 1 (see Appendix)
    • Calculated from Regression 1 (see Appendix).
  • 23
    • 13044307730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Note, however, that the odds are calculated from rather high probabilities. For the entire period, 77 per cent of men and women from peasant homes were reported as being servants when they married. The corresponding proportion of people from nonpeasant homes was 87 per cent.
  • 24
    • 0032623198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Servant migration in Sweden in the early nineteenth century
    • Christer Lundh, 'Servant migration in Sweden in the early nineteenth century', Journal of Family History 24, 1 (1999).
    • (1999) Journal of Family History , vol.24 , Issue.1
    • Lundh, C.1
  • 26
    • 84866229367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ekeby, Frillestad, Halmstad, Hög, Kävlinge, Sireköpinge and Stenestad
    • Ekeby, Frillestad, Halmstad, Hög, Kävlinge, Sireköpinge and Stenestad.
  • 27
    • 13044300015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lundh, 'Servant migration in Sweden'; and Christer Lundh, Youth migration in a life-cycle perspective, Lund Papers in Economic History, 52 (LUnd, 1996).
    • Servant Migration in Sweden
    • Lundh1
  • 28
    • 13044307951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lund Papers in Economic History, LUnd
    • Lundh, 'Servant migration in Sweden'; and Christer Lundh, Youth migration in a life-cycle perspective, Lund Papers in Economic History, 52 (LUnd, 1996).
    • (1996) Youth Migration in a Life-cycle Perspective , vol.52
    • Lundh, C.1
  • 29
    • 13044302993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Household and family aspects of children leaving home: Rural youth migration in nineteenth century Scania, Sweden
    • paper presented organized by the French Society of Historical Demography and the French Association of Economic Historians, Paris, 4-5 December
    • Martin Dribe, 'Household and family aspects of children leaving home: Rural youth migration in nineteenth century Scania, Sweden', paper presented to the conference 'Economic History and Demography: Migration, Family Life Cycles and Labour Markets', organized by the French Society of Historical Demography and the French Association of Economic Historians, Paris, 4-5 December 1998. See also Martin Dribe, Rural youth migration from a household perspective : a study of children leaving home in Scania, Sweden 1829-1870 (Lund, 1997).
    • (1998) Conference 'Economic History and Demography: Migration, Family Life Cycles and Labour Markets'
    • Dribe, M.1
  • 30
    • 0005718931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lund
    • Martin Dribe, 'Household and family aspects of children leaving home: Rural youth migration in nineteenth century Scania, Sweden', paper presented to the conference 'Economic History and Demography: Migration, Family Life Cycles and Labour Markets', organized by the French Society of Historical Demography and the French Association of Economic Historians, Paris, 4-5 December 1998. See also Martin Dribe, Rural youth migration from a household perspective : a study of children leaving home in Scania, Sweden 1829-1870 (Lund, 1997).
    • (1997) Rural Youth Migration from a Household Perspective : A Study of Children Leaving Home in Scania, Sweden 1829-1870
    • Dribe, M.1
  • 33
    • 0003462493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculations based on Eriksson and Rogers' study give the same result for men from peasant homes. In 1824-1825, 56 per cent of 20-year-old men from peasant homes were working as servants in Asunda. In 1854-1856 the corresponding proportion was less, only 40 per cent; see Eriksson and Rogers, Rural labor and population change, 78.
    • Rural Labor and Population Change , pp. 78
    • Eriksson1    Rogers2
  • 34
    • 13044300238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N= 1,327
    • N= 1,327.
  • 38
    • 13044299170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculations based on family reconstitutions (N = 1,467 and 1,707)
    • Calculations based on family reconstitutions (N = 1,467 and 1,707).
  • 39
    • 0003462493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculations based on Eriksson and Rogers' study of two cohorts from the same period give about the same proportion: 49-59 per cent; see Eriksson and Rogers, Rural labor and population change, 78.
    • Rural Labor and Population Change , pp. 78
    • Eriksson1    Rogers2
  • 40
    • 13044299587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As mentioned, Dribe found that almost 30 per cent of the children of peasants had not left the parental home at the age of 30. Similar high proportions were found by Wall, Guinnane and Alter and Oris. The assumption here is based on the proportions in Table 4, and the difference is probably to some extent explained by the fact that the sample included in this study is formed from three marriage cohorts. Probably there was some correspondence between the probability of staying at home and the probability of getting married, either by the individual's preference for marriage or by his or her competitiveness in the marriage market; see Dribe, 'Household and family aspects of children leaving home'; Richard Wall, 'The age at leaving home', Journal of Family History 3, 2 (1978); Timothy Guinnane, 'Age at leaving home in rural Ireland, 1901-1911', Journal of Economic History 52 (1992); and Michael Oris and George Alter, 'Access to marriage in the East Ardennes during the 19th century', paper presented to the Sixth CORN Conference, 'Marriage and Economic Conditions in the North European Countryside Since 1400', in Cambridge, 11-13 September 1998.
    • Household and Family Aspects of Children Leaving Home
    • Dribe1
  • 41
    • 84970358939 scopus 로고
    • The age at leaving home
    • As mentioned, Dribe found that almost 30 per cent of the children of peasants had not left the parental home at the age of 30. Similar high proportions were found by Wall, Guinnane and Alter and Oris. The assumption here is based on the proportions in Table 4, and the difference is probably to some extent explained by the fact that the sample included in this study is formed from three marriage cohorts. Probably there was some correspondence between the probability of staying at home and the probability of getting married, either by the individual's preference for marriage or by his or her competitiveness in the marriage market; see Dribe, 'Household and family aspects of children leaving home'; Richard Wall, 'The age at leaving home', Journal of Family History 3, 2 (1978); Timothy Guinnane, 'Age at leaving home in rural Ireland, 1901-1911', Journal of Economic History 52 (1992); and Michael Oris and George Alter, 'Access to marriage in the East Ardennes during the 19th century', paper presented to the Sixth CORN Conference, 'Marriage and Economic Conditions in the North European Countryside Since 1400', in Cambridge, 11-13 September 1998.
    • (1978) Journal of Family History , vol.3 , Issue.2
    • Wall, R.1
  • 42
    • 0027087557 scopus 로고
    • Age at leaving home in rural Ireland, 1901-1911
    • As mentioned, Dribe found that almost 30 per cent of the children of peasants had not left the parental home at the age of 30. Similar high proportions were found by Wall, Guinnane and Alter and Oris. The assumption here is based on the proportions in Table 4, and the difference is probably to some extent explained by the fact that the sample included in this study is formed from three marriage cohorts. Probably there was some correspondence between the probability of staying at home and the probability of getting married, either by the individual's preference for marriage or by his or her competitiveness in the marriage market; see Dribe, 'Household and family aspects of children leaving home'; Richard Wall, 'The age at leaving home', Journal of Family History 3, 2 (1978); Timothy Guinnane, 'Age at leaving home in rural Ireland, 1901-1911', Journal of Economic History 52 (1992); and Michael Oris and George Alter, 'Access to marriage in the East Ardennes during the 19th century', paper presented to the Sixth CORN Conference, 'Marriage and Economic Conditions in the North European Countryside Since 1400', in Cambridge, 11-13 September 1998.
    • (1992) Journal of Economic History , vol.52
    • Guinnane, T.1
  • 43
    • 13044300237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Access to marriage in the East Ardennes during the 19th century
    • paper presented in Cambridge, 11-13 September
    • As mentioned, Dribe found that almost 30 per cent of the children of peasants had not left the parental home at the age of 30. Similar high proportions were found by Wall, Guinnane and Alter and Oris. The assumption here is based on the proportions in Table 4, and the difference is probably to some extent explained by the fact that the sample included in this study is formed from three marriage cohorts. Probably there was some correspondence between the probability of staying at home and the probability of getting married, either by the individual's preference for marriage or by his or her competitiveness in the marriage market; see Dribe, 'Household and family aspects of children leaving home'; Richard Wall, 'The age at leaving home', Journal of Family History 3, 2 (1978); Timothy Guinnane, 'Age at leaving home in rural Ireland, 1901-1911', Journal of Economic History 52 (1992); and Michael Oris and George Alter, 'Access to marriage in the East Ardennes during the 19th century', paper presented to the Sixth CORN Conference, 'Marriage and Economic Conditions in the North European Countryside Since 1400', in Cambridge, 11-13 September 1998.
    • (1998) Sixth CORN Conference, 'Marriage and Economic Conditions in the North European Countryside since 1400'
    • Oris, M.1    Alter, G.2


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