Scorpions venoms and defensins;Venins et defensines des scorpions

Annales de l'Institut Pasteur/Actualites

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 223-233

  Goyffon, Max ^a  

^a MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFENSIN; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; SCORPION VENOM; SODIUM CHANNEL;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SCORPION;

INVERTEBRATA; SCORPIONES;

EID: 0032755132     PISSN: 09244204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0924-4204(99)80036-5     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. + channel, Biochim.Biophys. Acta 856 (1986) 403-407.
2. [2] Adjadj E., Naudat V., Quiniou E., Wouters D., Sautière P., Craescu C.T., Solution structure of Lqh 8/6, a toxin-like peptide from a scorpion venom. Structural heterogeneity induced by proline cistrans isomerization, Eur. J. Biochem. 246 (1997) 218-217.
3. [3] Altamirano F., Algunas observaciones fisiologicas sobre los efectos de la ponzona del alacran de Jojutla, Mem. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate Mex. 14 (1899) 327-330.
4. [4] Anglade F., Ricordel I., Goyffon M., Données spectroscopiques sur la fluorescence de la cuticule de scorpion, Bull. Soc. eur. Arachnol. HS 1 (1990) 5-9.
5. + channels, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1199 (1994) 69-75.
6. [6] Arthus M., Recherches expérimentales sur le venin de Buthus quinquestriatus, C.R. Acad. Sci. 156 (1913) 1256-1258.
7. + channels in the resting state of dog basilar artery, J. Autonom. Nerv. Syst. 49 (1994) S151-S155.
8. [8] Barhanin J., Giglio J.R., Leopold P., Schmid A., Sampaio S.V., Lazdunski M., Tityus serrulatus venom contains two classes of toxins, J. Biol. Chem. 257 (1982) 12553-12558.
9. [9] Becerril B., Corona M., Mejia M.C., Martin B.M., Lucas S., Bolivar F., Possani L.D., The genomic region encoding toxin gamma from the scorpion Tityus serrulatus contains an intron, FEBS Lett. 335 (1993) 6-8.
10. [10] Bert P., Contribution à l'étude des venins (venins de scorpion), C.R. Soc. Biol. 17 (1865) 136-137.
11. [11] Bert P., Venin du scorpion, C.R. Soc. Biol. 27 (1885) 574-575.
12. [12] Bontems F., Roumestand C., Boyot P., Gilquin B., Doljansky Y., Ménez A., Toma F., Three-dimensional structure of natural charybdotoxin in aqueous solution by 1H-NMR. Charybdotoxin possesses a structural motif found in other scorpion toxins, Eur. J. Biochem. 196 (1991) 19-28.
13. [13] Bontems F., Roumestand C., Gilquin B, Ménez A., Toma F., Refined stucture of charybdotoxin: common motifs in scorpion toxins and insect defensins, Science 254 (1991) 1521-1523.
14. [14] Bulet P., Les peptides antimicrobiens de la drosophile, Méd. Sci. 15 (1999) 23-29.
15. + channels by a novel scorpion toxin, Nature 296 (1982) 90-91.
16. [16] Charlet M., Chernysh S., Philippe H., Hétru C., Hoffmann J., Bulet P., Innate immunity. Isolation of several cystein-rich antimicrobial peptides from the blood of a mollusc, Mytilus edulis, J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 21808-21813.
17. [17] Cociancich S., Ghazi A., Hétru C., Hoffmann J.A., Letellier L., Insect defensin, an inducible antibacterial peptide, forms voltage-dependent channels in Micrococcus luteus, J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 19239-19245.
18. [18] Cociancich S., Goyffon M., Bontems F., Bulet P., Bouet F., Ménez A., Hoffmann J., Purification and characterization of a scorpion defensin, a 4 kDa antibacterial peptide presenting sructural similarities with insect defensins and scorpion toxins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Communic., 194 (1993) 17-22.
19. [19] Cornet B., Bonmatin J.M., Hétru C., Hoffmann J.A., Ptak M., Vovelle F., Refined three-dimensional solution structure of insect defensin A, Structure 3 (1995) 435-448.
20. [20] Couraud F., Jover E., Dubois J.M., Rochat H., Two types of scorpion toxin receptor sites, one related to the activation, the other to the inactivation of the action potential sodium channel, Toxicon 20 (1982) 9-16.
21. [21] Couraud F., Van Rietschoten J., Les toxines de scorpions : un exemple d'utilisation des sécrétions venimeuses, Biochimie 64 (1982) 5-8.
22. + channels characterized from Androctonus mauretanicus Mauretaniens venom, J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 1640-1647.
23. [23] Darbon H., Scorpion neurotoxin: a molecular model of interaction with the voltage-dependent sodium channel, in : Zaidi M., Abbasi M., Smith W. (éd.), Protein structure-function, TWEL Publ., 1990, pp.169-181.
24. [24] Darbon H., Zlotkin E., Kopeyan C., Van Rietschoten J., Rochat H., Covalent structure of the insect toxin of the North African scorpion Androctonus australis hector, Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 20 (1982) 320-330.
25. [25] De Dianous S., Hoarau F., Rochat H., Reexamination of the specificity of the scorpion Androctonus australis hector insect toxin towards arthropods, Toxicon 25 (1987) 411-417.
26. [26] Delabre M.L., Pasero P., Marilley M., Bougis P., Promoter structure and intron-exon organization of a scorpion α-toxin gene, Biochemistry 34 (1995) 6729-6736.
27. 1H-NMR structural analysis of novel potassium blocking toxins using a nano-NMR probe, Toxicon 36 (1998) 1599-1608.
28. [28] De Lima M.E., Martin M.F., Diniz C.R., Rochat H., Tityus serrulatus toxin Ts VII bears pharmacological properties of both β-toxin and insect-toxin from scorpion venom, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 139 (1986) 296-302.
29. [29] Delori P., Van Rietschoten J., Rochat H., Scorpion venoms and neurotoxins: an immunological study, Toxicon 19 (1981) 393-407.
30. [30] Del Pozo E.C., Anguiano L.G., Acciones del veleno de alacran sobre la actividad motora del musculo estriado, Rev. Inst. Salubr. Enferm. Trop. 8 (1947) 231-263.
31. [31] Diniz C.R., Gonçalves J.M., Some clinical and pharmacological properties of Brazilian scorpion venoms, in : Buckley E., Porges N. (éd.) Venoms, Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Washington 44 (1956) 131-139.
32. + channels, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Communic. 213 (1995) 901-907.
33. [33] Drakopoulou E., Zinn-Justin S., Guenneugues M., Gilquin B., Ménez A., Vita C., Changing the structural context of a functional β-hairpin. Synthesis and characterization of a chimera containing the curarimimetic loop of a snake toxin in the scorpion α / β scaffold, J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 11979-11987.
34. [34] Dreyer F., Peptide toxins and potassium channels, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 115 (1990) 94-136.
35. [35] Ehret-Sabatier L., Loew D., Goyffon M., Fehlbaum P., Hoffmann J.A., Van Dorsselaer A., Bulet P., Characterization of novel cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from scorpion blood, J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 29537-29544.
36. [36] El Ayeb M., Delori P., Immunology and immunochemistry of scorpion neurotoxins, in : Tu A.T. (éd.), Handbook of natural toxins, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2,1984, pp.607-638.
37. [37] Fourquet P., Bahraoui E., Fontecilla-Camps J.C., Van Rietschoten J., Rochat H., Granier C., Immunochemistry of scorpion toxins, Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 32 (1988) 81-88.
38. [38] Garcia C., Becerril B., Selisko B., Delepierre M., Possani L., Isolation, characterization and comparison of a novel crustacean toxin with a mammalian toxin from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 116B (1997) 315-322.
39. + channels from Leiurus quinquestriatus var. hebræus venom, Biochemistry 33 (1994) 6384-6389.
40. [40] Garcia M.L., Hanner M., Knaus H.G., Koch R., Schmalhofer W., Slaughter R.S., Kaczorowski G.J., Pharmacology of potassium channels, Adv. Pharmacol. 39 (1997) 425-471.
41. [41] Garcia M.L., Knaus H.G., Manujos P., Slaughter R.S., Kaczorowski G.J., Charybdotoxin and its effects on potassium channels, Am. J. Physiol. 269 (1995) C1-C10.
42. [42] Garcia-Calvo M., Leonard R.J., Novick J., Stevens S.P., Schmalhofer W., Kaczorowski G.J., Garcia M.L., Purification, characterization and biosynthesis of margatoxin, a component of Centruroides margaritatus venom that selectively inhibits voltage-dependent potassium channels, J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 18866-18874.
43. [43] Giangiacomo K.M., Sugg E.E., Garcia-Calvo M., Leonard R.J., McMannus O.B., Kaczorowski G.J., Garcia M.L., Synthetic charybdotoxin-iberiotoxin chimeric peptides define toxin binding sites on calcium-activated and voltage-dependent potassium channels, Biochemistry 32 (1993) 2363-2370.
44. [44] Gordon D., Sodium channels as targets for neurotoxins. Mode of action and interaction of neurotoxins with receptor sites on sodium channels, in : Gutman Y., Lazarowici P., (éd.), Toxins and signal transduction, Harwood Acad.Publ., Amsterdam, 1997, pp.119-149.
45. [45] Gordon D., Jover E., Couraud F., Zlotkin E., The binding site of the insect selective neurotoxin (AaIT) from scorpion venom locust synaptosomal membrane, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 778 (1984) 349-358.
46. [46] Gordon D., Martin-Eauclaire M.F., Cestèle S., Kopeyan C., Carlier E., Ben Khalifa R., Pelhate M., Rochat H., Scorpion toxins affecting sodium current inactivation bind to distinct homologous receptor sites on rat brain and insect sodium channel, J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 8034-8045.
47. [47] Goyffon M., La radiorésistance naturelle des scorpions, Image 57 (1973) 27-32.
48. [48] Goyffon M., Panchronisme et résistance aux agressions de l'environnement chez les scorpions, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 118 (1983) 585-592.
49. [49] Goyffon M., Heurtault J., La fonction venimeuse, Masson, Paris, 1995.
50. [50] Granier C., Novotny J., Fontecilla-Camps J.C., Fourquet P., El Ayeb M., Bahraoui M., The antigenic structure of a scorpion toxin, Molec. Immunol. 26 (1989) 503-513.
51. [51] Guatimosim S.C., Prado V.F., Diniz C.R., Chavez-Olortegui C., Kalapothakis E., Molecular cloning and genomic analysis of TsNTxp: an immunogenic protein from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom, Toxicon 37 (1999) 507-517.
52. + channel blocker is located on its amino-terminal portion, J. Neural. Transm. 77 (1989) 11-20.
53. [53] Gysin J., Brahmi Z., Mise en évidence de cellules productrices d'anticorps hémolytiques chez le scorpion Androctonus australis hector, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 273 (1971) 1175-1177.
54. [54] Hadley N.F., Adaptational biology of desert scorpions, J. Arachnol. 2 (1974) 11-23.
55. [55] Hétru C., Bulet P., Strategies for the isolation and characterization of antimicrobial peptides of invertebrates, in : Shafer W.M. (éd.), Methods in Molecular Biology: Antibacterial Protocols, Humana Press Inc., Totowa, USA, 78 (1997) 35-49.
56. [56] Hoffmann J.A., Dimarcq J.L., Bulet P., Les peptides antibactériens inductibles des insectes, Méd. Sci. 8 (1992) 432-439.
57. [57] Houssay B.A., Action physiologique du venin de scorpion (Buthus quinquestriatus et Tityus bahiensis), J. Physiol. Pathol. gén. 18 (1919) 305-317.
58. [58] Huyart N., Calvayrac R., Briand J., Goyffon M., Vuillaume M., Catalatic properties of hemocyanin in helping account for the scorpion's radioresistance, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 46B (1983) 153-159.
59. [59] Jeram A.J., The micropalæontology of palaeozoic scorpions, thèse doct. sci., Manchester, Royaume-Uni, 1989.
60. [60] Jover E., Couraud F., Rochat H., Two types of scorpion neurotoxins characterized by their binding to two separate receptor sites on rat brain synaptosomes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 95 (1980) 1607-1614.
61. [61] Junqua C., Vachon M., Les arachnides venimeux et leurs venins. État actuel des recherches, Acad. Roy. Sci. Outre-mer 17 (1968) 1-136
62. [62] Kharrat R., Darbon H., Rochat H., Gramer C., Sructure/activity relationships of scorpion alpha-toxins. Multiple residues contribute to the interaction with receptors, Eur. J. Biochem. 181 (1989) 381-390.
63. + channels, Eur. J. Biochem. 242 (1996) 491-498.
64. [64] Kharrat R., Mansuelle P., Sampieri F., Crest M., Oughideni R., Van Rietschoten J., Martin-Eauclaire M.F., Rochat H., El Ayeb M., Maurotoxin, a four disulfide bridge toxin from Scorpio maurus venom: purification, structure and action on potassium channels, FEBS Lett. 406 (1997) 184-190.
65. [65] Kjellesving-Waering E.N., A restudy of the fossil Scorpionida of the world, Pateont. Amer. 55 (1986) 1-293.
66. [66] Kopeyan C., Mansuelle P., Martin-Eauclaire M.F., Rochat H., Miranda F., Characterization of toxin III of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus: a new type of alpha-toxin highly toxic both to mammals and insects, Nat. Toxins 1 (1993) 308-312.
67. [67] Kopeyan C., Mansuelle P., Sampieri F., Brando T., Bahraoui E.M., Rochat H., Granier C., Primary structure of scorpion anti-insect toxins isolated from the venom of Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus, FEBS Lett. 261 (1990) 423-426.
68. [68] Kopeyan C., Martinez G., Lissitzky S., Miranda F., Rochat H., Disulfide bonds of toxin II of the scorpion Androctonus australis hector, Eur. J. Biochem. 47 (1974) 483-489.
69. [69] Koschak A., Bugianesi R.M., Mitterdorfer J., Kaczorowski G.J., Garcia M.L., Knaus H.G., Subunit composition of brain voltage-gated potassium channels determined by hongotoxin-1, a novel peptide derived from Centruroides limbatus venom, J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 2639-2644.
70. [70] Kubota S., An experimental study of the venom of the Manchourian scorpion, J. Pharmacol. 11 (1918) 379-388.
71. + channel blocker, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Communic. 170 (1990) 684-690.
72. [72] Landon C., Détermination de la structure tridimensionnelle d'une toxine de scorpion et d'une protéine de défense d'insecte par résonance magnétique nucléaire et modélisation moléculaire, thèse doct. sci., Orléans, 1997.
73. 1H-NMR-derived secondary structure and the overall fold of the potent anti-mammal and the anti-insect toxin III from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus, Eur. J. Biochem. 236 (1996) 395-404.
74. [74] Landon C., Sodano P., Bonmatin J.M., Kopeyan C., Rochat H., Vovelle F., Ptak M., Refined structure of the anti-mammal and the anti-insect Lqq III scorpion toxin: comparison with other scorpion toxins, Proteins: struct. funct. gen. 28 (1997) 360-374.
75. [75] Landon C., Sodano P., Hétru C., Hoffmann J.A., Ptak M., Solution structure of drosomycin, the first antifungal protein from insects, Protein Sci. 6 (1997) 1878-1884.
76. [76] Laraba-Djebari F., Legros C., Crest M., Céard B., Romi R., Mansuelle P., Jacquet G., Van Rietschoten J., Gola M., Rochat H., Bougis P., Martin-Eauclaire M.F., The kaliotoxin family enlarged. Purification, characterization and precursor nucleotide sequence of KTX2 from Androctonus australis venom, J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 32835-32843.
77. [77] Laurent F., Michel A., Bonnet P.A., Bompart J., Chapat J.P., Boucard M., Effets de toxines, apamine, charybdotoxine et ibériotoxine sur la relaxation de la fibre musculaire lisse induite par un dérivé de l'imidazo(1,2-a) apyrazine, C.R. Soc. Biol. 187 (1993) 526-535.
78. [78] Lawrence R.F., Fluorescence in Arthropoda, J. Ent. Soc. S. Africa 17 (1954) 167-170.
79. [79] Lebreton F., Delepierre M., Ramirez A., Balderas C., Possani L.D., Primary and NMR-three dimensional structure determination of a novel crustacean toxin from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides limpidus limpidus Karsch, Biochemistry 33 (1994) 11135-11149.
80. [80] Lebrun B., Rorrti-Lebrun R., Martin-Eauclaire M.F., Yassuda A., Ishiguro M., Oyama Y., Pongs O., Nakajima T., A four disulfide-bridged toxin, with high affinity towards voltage-gated K+ channels, isolated from Heterometrus spinnifer (Scorpionidæ) venom, Biochem. J. 328 (1997) 321-327.
81. + channels, FEBS Lett. 402 (1997) 45-49.
82. + channels, FEBS Lett. 431 (1998) 375-380.
83. [83] Legros C., Martin-Eauclaire M.F., Les toxines de scorpions, C.R. Soc. Biol. 191 (1997) 345-380.
84. [84] Loret E., Martin-Eauclaire M.F., Mansuelle P., Sampieri F., Granier C., Rochat H., An anti-insect toxin purified from the scorpion Androttonus australis hector also acts on the α- and β-sites of the mammalian sodium channels: sequence and circular dichroism study, Biochemistry 30 (1991) 633-640.
85. [85] Mandard N., Sodano P., Labbe H., Bonmatin J.M., Bulet P., Hétru C., Ptak M., Vovelle F., Solution structure of thanatin, a potent bactericidal and fungicidal insect peptide, determined from proton two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance data, Eur. J. Biochem. 256 (1998) 404-410.
86. [86] Martin M.F., Rochat H., Purification of thirteen toxins active on mice from the venom of the North African scorpion Buthus occitanus tunetanus, Toxicon 22 (1984) 279-291.
87. [87] Martin M.F., Rochat H., Marchot P., Bougis P.E., Use of high performance liquid chromatography to demonstrate quantitative variation in components of venom from the scorpion Androctonus australis hector, Toxicon 25 (1987) 569-573.
88. [88] Martin-Eauclaire M.F., Couraud F., Scorpion neurotoxins: effects and mechanisms, in : Chang L.W., Dyer R.S. (éd.), Handbook of Neurotoxicology, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1995, pp.683-716.
89. [89] Ménez A., Dauplais M., The diversity of toxins in scorpion venoms, Science Spectra 8 (1997) 44-50.
90. + channel-blocking peptides, Neuron 15 (1995) 5-10.
91. + channels from mammalian skeletal muscle, Nature 313 (1985) 316-318.
92. [92] Millot J., Vachon M., Ordre des Scorpions, in : Grasse P.P. (éd.), Traité de Zoologie, 6, Masson, Paris, 1949, pp. 386-436.
93. [93] Miranda F., Purification et caractérisation des neurotoxines des venins de scorpions (scorpamines), thèse doct. sci., Aix-Marseille, 1964.
94. [94] Miranda F., Kopeyan C., Rochat H., Rochat C., Lissitzky S., Purification of animal neurotoxins. Isolation and characterisation of eleven neurotoxins from the venom of the scorpions Androctonus australis hector, Buthus occitanus tunetanus and Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus, Eur. J. Biochem. 16 (1970) 514-523.
95. [95] Miranda F., Lissitzky S., Scorpamins: the toxic proteins of scorpion venoms, Nature 190 (1961) 443-444.
96. [96] Miranda F., Rochat H., Lissitzky S., Sur la neurotoxine du venin des scorpions. I. Purification à partir du venin de deux espèces de scorpions, Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 42 (1960) 379-391.
97. [97] Miranda F., Rochat H., Lissitzky S., Sur les neurotoxines de deux espèces de scorpions nord-africaines. I - Purification des neurotoxines (scorpamines) d'Androctonus australis (L.) et de Buthus occitanus (Am.), Toxicon 2 (1964) 51-69.
98. [98] Miranda F., Rochat H., Lissitzky S., Sur les neurotoxines de deux espèces de scorpions nord-africaines. II - Propriétés des neurotoxines (scorpamines) d'Androctonus australis (L.) et de Buthus occitanus (Am.), Toxicon 2 (1964) 113-121.
99. [99] Miranda F., Rochat H., Lissitzky S., Sur les neurotoxines de deux espèces de scorpions nord-africaines. III - Déterminations préliminaires aux études de structure sur les neurotoxines (scorpamines) d'Androctonus australis (L.) et de Buthus occitanus (Am.), Toxicon 2 (1964) 123-138.
100. [100] Miranda F., Rochat H., Rochat C., Lissitzky S., Essais de purification des neurotoxines du venin d'un scorpion d'Amérique du Sud (Tityus serrulatus L. et M.) par des méthodes chromatographiques, Toxicon 4 (1966) 145-152.
101. [101] Morel G., Recherches sur l'action de bactéries entomopathogènes chez le scorpion Buthus occitanus (Am.), thèse doct. sci., Montpellier, 1972.
102. [102] Morel G., Étude de l'action de Bacillus thuringiensis chez le scorpion Buthus occitanus, Entomophaga 19 (1974) 85-95.
103. [103] Moskovitz H., Herrmann R. Jones A.D., Hammock B.D., A depressant insect-selective toxin analog from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebræus, Eur. J. Biochem. 254 (1998) 44-49.
104. + channels, Toxicon 37 (1999) 651-660.
105. + channel blocking toxin from the scorpion Pandinus imperator, Biochem. J. 315 (1996) 977-981.
106. + channels, Toxicon 36 (1998) 759-770.
107. + channels, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 2046-2050.
108. [108] Pattus F., Les armes peptidiques de la défense anti-microbienne : un champ d'investigation en pleine expansion, Méd. Sci. 8 (1992) 420-422.
109. [109] Pavan M., Presenza e distribuzione di una sostanza fluorescente nel tegumento degli scorpioni, Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 30 (1954) 801-803.
110. [110] Pavan M., Vachon M., Sur l'existence d'une substance fluorescente dans les téguments des scorpions (Arachnides) C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 239 (1954) 1700-1702.
111. [111] Pelhate M., Zlotkin E., Actions of insect toxins and other toxins derived from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis on isolated giant axons of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, J. Exp. Biol. 97 (1982) 67-97.
112. [112] Phisalix C., Varigny H. de, Recherches expérimentales sur le venin du scorpion (Buthus australis), Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 2 (1896) 67-73.
113. + channel blocking peptide purified from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann, Carlsberg Res. Commun. 47 (1982) 285-289.
114. [114] Pussard R., La chenille verte velue de la lavande, Rev. Zool. agr. appl. 38 (1939) 1-11.
115. [115] Quéinnec E., Gardès-Albert M., Goyffon M., Ferradini C., Vuillaume M., Anti-oxidant activity of hemocyanin, a pulse radiolysis study, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1041 (1991) 153-159.
116. [116] Rochat C., Rochat H., Miranda F., Lissitzky S., Purification and some properties of the neurotoxins of Androctonus australis hector. Biochemistry 6 (1967) 578-585.
117. [117] Rochat H., Bernard P., Couraud F., Scorpions toxins: chemistry and mode of action, Adv. Cytopharmacol. 3 (1979) 325-334.
118. + channels, Toxicon 36 (1998) 1609-1611.
119. [119] Rochat H., Rochat C., Kupeyan C., Miranda F., Lissitzky S., Edman P., Scorpions: a family of homologous proteins, FEBS Lett. 10 (1970) 349-351.
120. + channels: structure-activity analysis using synthetic analogs, Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 43 (1994) 486-495.
121. + channels with increased affinity, Biochemistry 32 (1993) 2763-2770.
122. [122] Sautière P., Cestèle S., Kopeyan C., Martinage A., Drobecq H., Doljansky Y., Gordon D., New toxins acting on sodium channels from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebrxus suggest a clue to mammalian vs insect selectivity, Toxicon 36 (1998) 1141-1154.
123. [123] Selsted M.E., Harvig S.L.S., Ganz T., Schilling J.W., Lehrer R.I., Primary structure of three human neutrophil defensins, J. Clin. Invest. 76 (1985) 1436-1439.
124. [124] Shulov A., The venom of the scorpion Buthus quinquestriatus and the preparation of an antiserum, Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33 (1939) 253-256.
125. [125] Steiner H., Hultmark D., Engström A., Bennich H., Boman H.G., Sequence and specificity of two antibacterial proteins involved in insect immunity, Nature 292 (1981) 246-248.
126. + channel, J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 18745-18748.
127. [127] Vachon M., Études sur les scorpions, Institut Pasteur d'Alger, Alger, 1952.
128. [128] Vachon M., Notes biologiques sur quelques scorpions en captivité, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 29 (1957) 83-87.
129. [129] Vita C., Roumestand C., Toma F., Ménez A., Scorpion toxins as natural scaffolds for protein engineering, Proc. natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 6404-6408.
130. + channels participate in the regulation of pituitary prolactin secretion, Brain Res. 662 (1994) 83-87.
131. + channel, Mol. Pharmacol. 44 (1993) 430-436.
132. [132] Wilson W.H., The physiological action of the scorpion venom, Proc. Physiol. Soc. 29 (1904) 48-49.
133. + channel of Hb A and Hb S red cells: individual differences in the number of channels, J. Membr. Biol. 106 (1988) 243-252.
134. [134] Yanagisawa M., Kurihara H., Kimura S., Tomobe Y., Kobayashi M., Mitsui Y., Yasaki Y., Goto K., Masaki T., A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells, Nature 332 (1988) 411-415.
135. [135] Zerrouk H., Mansuelle P., Benslimane A., Rochat H., Martin-Eauclaire M.F., Characterization of a new leiurotoxin I-like scorpion toxin, FEBS Lett. 320 (1993) 189-192.
136. [136] Zlotkin E., Gurevitz M., Fowler E., Adams M.E., Depressant insect selective neurotoxins from scorpion venom: chemistry, action and gene cloning, Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 22 (1993) 55-73.
137. [137] Zlotkin E., Kadouri D., Gordon D., Pelhate M., Martin M.F., Rochat H., An excitatory and a depressant insect toxin from scorpion venom both affect sodium conductance and possess a common binding site, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 240 (1985) 877-887.
138. [138] Zlotkin E., Miranda F., Lissitzky S., Proteins in scorpion venoms toxic to mammal and insects, Toxicon 10 (1972) 207-209.
139. [139] Zlotkin E., Miranda F., Lissitzky S., A factor toxic to crustacean in the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis hector, Toxicon 10 (1972) 211-216.