Is there a role for exercise in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures?

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 33, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 378-386

  Rutherford, Olga M ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bone; Exercise; Fracture; Hormone; Osteoporosis; Replacement therapy

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; ESTROGEN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BONE ATROPHY; BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE MINERAL; BONE STRENGTH; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; EXERCISE; FALLING; FEMALE; FRACTURE; HIP FRACTURE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; JOINT MOBILITY; LIFESPAN; MALE; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; MUSCLE STRENGTH; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL STRESS; POSTMENOPAUSE; REVIEW; SKELETON; SPINE; TRAINING; WRIST;

EID: 0032750907     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.33.6.378     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Kannus P, Niemi S, Palvanen M, et al. Fall-induced injuries among elderly people. Lancet 1997;350:1174.
2. Wallis R. Epidemiological overview of the health of elderly people. London: Department of Health, 1991.
3. Lord SR, McLean D, Strathers G. Physiological factors associated with injurious falls in older people living in the community. Gerontology 1992;38:338-46.
4. Lord SR, Sambrook PN, Gilbert C, et al. Postural stability, falls and fractures in the elderly. Results from the Dubbo osteoporosis epidemiology study Med J Aust 1994;160: 684-5.
5. Salgado R, Lord SR, Packer J, et al. Factors associated with falling in elderly hospital patients. Gerontology 1994;40: 325-31.
6. Duncan PW, Studenski S, Chandler J, et al. Functional reach: predictive validity in a sample of elderly male veterans. J Gerontol 1992;47:M93-8.
7. Rutherford OM, Jones, DA The relationship of muscle and bone loss and activity levels with age in women. Age Ageing 1992;21:286-93.
8. Phillips SK, Rook K, Siddle NC, et al. Muscle weakness in women occurs at an earlier age than in men, but strength is preserved by hormone replacement therapy. Clin Sci 1993; 84:95-8.
9. Skelton DA, Phillips SK, Bruce SA, et al. Hormone replacement therapy increases isometric muscle strength of adductor pollicis in post-menopausal women. Clin Sci 1999;96:357-64.
10. Jones DA, Rutherford OM. Effect of ageing and osteoporosis on the force-generating capacity of the quadriceps muscle in women. J Physiol (Lond) 1990;423 84P.
11. The WHO study group. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1994;5-6
12. Wahner HW, Fogelman IThe evaluation of osteoporosis: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in clinical practice. London. Martin Dunitz, 1994.
13. Calvo MS, Eyre DR, Gundberg CM. Molecular basis and clinical application of biological markers of bone turnover. Endocr Rev 1996;17:333-60.
14. Ernst E. Exercise for female osteoporosis. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Sports Med 1998;25:359-63.
15. Gutin B, Kasper MJ. Can vigorous exercise play a role in osteoporosis prevention? A Review. Osteoporos Int 1992;2:55-69.
16. Drinkwater BL Does physical activity play a role in preventing osteoporosis? Res Q Exerc Sport 1994;65:197-206.
17. Forwood MR, Burr DB. Physical activity and bone mass: exercise in futility? Bone and Mineral 1993;21:89-112.
18. Nilsson BE, Westlin NE. Bone density in athletes. Clin Orthop 1971;77:179-82.
19. Heinonen A, Oja P, Kannus P, et al. Bone mineral density of female athletes in different sports. Bone and Mineral 1993; 23:1-14.
20. Fehling PC, Alekel L, Clasey J, et al. A comparison of bone mineral densities among female athletes in impact loading and active loading sports Bone 1995;17:205-10
21. Jones H, Priest JD, Hayes WC, et al. Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise. J Bone Joint Surg 1977;59:204-8.
22. Mitchell S, Creed G. Physiotherapy guidelines for the management of osteoporosis. Glasgow. Royal Infirmary, 1999.
23. National Osteoporosis Society. Exercise and bone health. Bath, NOS, 1999.
24. Beverly MC, Rider TA, Evans MJ, et al. Local bone mineral response to brief exercise that stresses the skeleton. BMJ 1989;299.233-5.
25. Ayalon J, Simkin A, Leichter I, et al. Dynamic bone loading exercises for postmenopausal women: effect on the density of the distal radius. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1987;6:280-3.
26. Martin D, Notelovitz M Effects of aerobic training on bone mineral density of postmenopausal women. J Bone Joint Res 1993;8:931-6.
27. Nelson ME, Fisher EC, Dilmanian FA, et al. A 1-y walking program and increased dietary calcium in postmenopausal women: effects on bone. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1304-11.
28. Cavanaugh DJ, Cann CE. Brisk walking does not stop bone loss in postmenopausal women. Bone 1988;9:201-4.
29. Hatori M, Hasegawa A, Adachi H, et al. The effects of walking at the anaerobic threshold level on vertebral bone loss in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 1993;52:411-14.
30. Krolner B, Toft B, Pors Nielson S, et al. Physical exercise as prophylaxis against involutional vertebral bone Loss: a controlled trial. Clin Sci 1983;64:541-6
31. Chow R, Harrison JE, Notarius C. Effect of two randomised exercise programmes on bone mass of healthy postmenopausal women. BMJ 1987;295:1441-4.
32. Dalsky GP, Stocke KS, Ehsani AA, et al. Weight-bearing exercise training and lumber bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Ann Int Med 1988;108:824-8
33. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66:397-417.
34. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude. Calcif Tissue Int 1985,37. 411-17.
35. Pruitt LA, Jackson RD, Bartels RL, et al. Weight-training effects on bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1992;7:179-85.
36. Pruitt LA, Taafe DR, Marcus R. Effects of a one-year high-intensity resistance training program on bone mineral density in older women. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:1788-95.
37. Kerr D, Morton A, Dick I, et al. Exercise effects on bone mass are site-specific and load-dependent. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:218-25.
38. Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, et al. Effects of high intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. JAMA 1994;272:1909-14.
39. Bassey EJ, Ramsdale SJ Increase in femoral bone density in young women following high impact exercise. Osteoporos Int 1994;4:72-5.
40. Bassey EJ, Ramsdale SJ. Weight-bearing exercise and ground reaction forces, a 12-month randomized controlled trial of effects on bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women. Bone 1995;16:469-76
41. Bassey EJ, Rothwell MC, Litlewood JJ, et al. Pre- and postmenopausal women have different bone mineral density responses to the same high impact exercise. J Bone Miner Res 1998;13:1805-13.
42. Welsh L, Rutherford OM. Hip bone mineral density is improved by high-impact exercise in post-menopausal women and men over 50 years. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996;74: 511-17.
43. Heinonen A, Kannus P, Siavann H, et al. Randomised control trial of effect of high-impact exercise on selected risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 1996;348:1343-7.
44. Kohrt W, Snead D, Slatopolsky E, et al. Additive effects of weight-bearing exercise and estrogen on bone mineral density in older women. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:1303-11.
45. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Gardner MM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a general practice programme of home based exercise to prevent falls in elderly women. BMJ 1997;315 1065-9.
46. Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, et al. Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of tai chi and computerised balance training. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44: 489-97.
47. Skelton DA, Dinan SM. Exercise for falls management: rationale for an exercise programme aimed at reducing postural instability. Physiotherapy, Theory and Practice 1999; 15:105-20.
48. Kennedy J, Skelton DA, Rutherford OM. Lower limb muscle strength in frequently falling community dwelling women aged 65 and over. EGREPA Conference, France, 1999.
49. Skelton DA, Kennedy J, Rutherford OM. Lower limb muscle power in frequently falling community dwelling women aged 65 and over. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, in press.
50. Kannus P, Haapasalo H, Sankelo M, et al. Effect of starting age of physical activity on bone mass in the dominant arm of tennis and squash players. Ann Intern Med 1995,123.27-31.
51. Carbon RJ. Exercise, amenorrhoea and the skeleton. Br Med Bull 1992,48:546-60.
52. Loucks AB, Vaitukaitis J, Cameron JL, et al. The reproductive system and exercise in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:S288-93
53. Malina RM. Menarche in athletes: a synthesis and hypothesis. Ann Hum Biol 1983,10:1-24.
54. Stager JM, Hatler LK. Menarche in athletes: the influence of genetics and prepubertal training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988;20:369-73.
55. Drinkwater BL, Nilson K, Chesnut CH, et al. Bone mineral content of amenorrhoeic and eumenorrhoeic athletes. N Engl J Med 1984;5:277-81.
56. Rutherford OM. Spine and total body bone mineral density in amenorrhoeic athletes. J Appl Physiol 1993,74:2904-8.
57. Stacey E, Korkia P, Hukkanen MVJ, et al. Decreased nitric oxide levels and bone turnover in amenorrhoeic athletes with spinal osteopenia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83: 3056-61.
58. Cicinelli E, Ignarro LJ, Lograno M, et al. Acute effects of transdermal estradiol administration on plasma levels of nitric oxide in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 1997;67:63-6
59. Rosselli M, Imthurn B, Keller PJ, et al. Circulating nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) levels in postmenopausal women substituted with 17B-estradiol and norethisteroneacetate: a two-year follow-up study. Hypertension 1995;25:848-53.
60. Wimalawansa SJ, De Marco G, Gangula P, et al. Nitric oxide donor alleviates ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Bone 1996;18.301-4.
61. Smith R, Rutherford OM. Spine and total body bone mineral density and testosterone levels in male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993;67:330-4.
62. Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Wark JD, et al. Skeletal effects of menstrual disturbances in athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997;7 261-73.
63. Wilson JH, Wolman RL. Osteoporosis and fracture complications in an amenorrhoeic athlete. Br J Rheumatol 1094,33.480-1.
64. Keen AD, Drinkwater BL. Irreversible bone loss in former amenorrhocic athletes. Osteoporos Int 1997;7:311-15.
65. Law MR, Wald NJ, Meade TW. Strategies for prevention of osteoporosis and hip fractures. BMJ 1991;303:453-9.
66. Joakimsen RM, Magnus JH, Fonnebo V, et al. Physical activity and predisposition for hip fractures: a review. Osteoporos Int 1997;7:503-13.