The formation of a forward-tilting cold front with multiple cloud bands during superstorm 1993

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 127, Issue 6 I, 1999, Pages 1108-1124

  Schultz, David M ^a   Steenburgh, W James ^b  

^a NATIONAL SEVERE STORMS LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BAROCLINIC MODE; COLD FRONT; FRONTOGENESIS; SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY;

MEXICO;

EID: 0032749262     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<1108:TFOAFT>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Bedard, A. J., Jr., and M. J. Sanders Jr., 1978: Thunderstorm-related wind shear detected at Dulles International Airport using a Doppler acoustic/microwave radar, a monostatic sounder and arrays of surface sensors. Proc. Conf. on Weather Forecasting and Analysis and Aviation Meteorology, Silver Spring, MD, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 347-352.
2. Berry, F A., Jr., E. Bollay, and N. R. Beers, 1945: Handbook of Meteorology. McGraw-Hill, 1068 pp.
3. Bjerknes, J., 1930: Practical examples of polar-front analysis over the British Isles in 1925-6. Geophys. Mem., 5 (10), 1-21 and 28 pp. of figures.
4. Bluestein, H. B., 1993: Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes. Vol. 2, Observations and Theory of Weather Systems, Oxford University Press, 594 pp.
5. Bond, N. A., and R. G. Fleagle, 1985: Structure of a cold front over the ocean. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 739-759.
6. _, and M. A. Shapiro, 1991: Research aircraft observations of the mesoscale and microscale structure of a cold front over the eastern Pacific Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 3080-3094.
7. Bosart, L. F., G. J. Hakim, K. R. Tyle, M. A. Bedrick, W. E. Bracken, M. J. Dickinson, and D. M. Schultz, 1996: Large-scale antecedent conditions associated with the 12-14 March 1993 cyclone ("Superstorm '93") over eastern North America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1865-1891.
8. Browning, K. A., 1990: Organization of clouds and precipitation in extratropical cyclones. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 129-153.
9. _, and T. W. Harrold, 1970: Air motion and precipitation growth at a cold front. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 369-389.
10. _, N. M. Roberts, and A. J. Illingworth, 1997: Mesoscale analysis of the activation of a cold front during cyclogenesis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 2349-2375.
11. Brunt, D., 1934: Physical and Dynamical Meteorology. Cambridge University Press, 411 pp.
12. Bryan, G. H., and J. M. Fritsch, 1998: Discrete frontal propagation induced by convection. Preprints, 16th Conf. on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 152-154.
13. Charney, J. J., and J. M. Fritsch, 1996: The formation of mesohighs in non-convective environments. Preprints, 15th Conf. on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Norfolk, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 242-244.
14. Colle. B. A., and C. F. Mass. 1995: The structure and evolution of cold surges east of the Rocky Mountains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2577-2610.
15. Dickinson, M. J., L. F. Bosart, W. E. Bracken, G. J. Hakim, D. M. Schultz, M. A. Bedrick, and K. R. Tyle, 1997: The March 1993 Superstorm cyclogenesis: Incipient phase synoptic- and convective-scale flow interaction and model performance. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3041-3072.
16. Dudhia, J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077-3107.
17. _, 1993: A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State-NCAR mesoscale model: Validation tests and simulation of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1493-1513.
18. Fermor. J. H., 1971: The weather during northers at Kingston, Jamaica. J. Trop. Geogr., 32, 31-37.
19. Flower, W. D., 1931: An analysis of the cold front over Egypt on March 7, 1929. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 57, 275-287.
20. Forsdyke, A. G., 1949: Weather forecasting in tropical regions. Geophys. Mem., 10 (2). 1-47.
21. Garratt, J. R., 1988: Summertime cold fronts in southeast Australia - Behavior and low-level structure of main frontal types. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 636-649.
22. Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, 1994: A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-398+STR, 138 pp. [Available from NCAR, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000.]
23. Hanstrum, B. N., K. J. Wilson, and S. L. Barrell, 1990a: Prefrontal troughs over Southern Australia. Part 1: A climatology. Wea. Forecasting. 5, 22-31.
24. _, _, and _, 1990b: Prefrontal troughs over Southern Australia. Part II: A case study of frontogenesis. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 32-46.
25. Hardy, K. R., R. J. Reed, and G. K. Mather, 1973: Observation of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows and their mesoscale environment by radar, instrumented aircraft, and a dense radiosonde network. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 279-293.
26. Hastenrath, S., 1985: Climate and Circulation of the Tropics. D. Reidel, 455 pp.
27. Hobbs, P. Y, J. D. Locatelli. and J. E. Martin, 1990: Cold fronts aloft and the forecasting of precipitation and severe weather east of the Rocky Mountains. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 613-626.
28. Hutchinson, T. A., and H. B, Bluestein, 1998: Prefrontal wind-shift lines in the Plains of the United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 141-166.
29. Janes, S. A., H. W. Brandli, and J. W. Orndorff. 1976: "The blue line" depicted on satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1178-1181.
30. Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1993: Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: The Kain-Fritsch scheme. The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Meteor. Monogr., No. 24, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 165-170.
31. Keyser, D., 1986: Atmospheric fronts: An observational perspective. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, P. S. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 216-258.
32. Klemp, J. B., and D. R. Durran, 1983: An upper boundary condition permitting internal gravity wave radiation in numerical mesoscale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 430-444.
33. Knight, D. J., and P. V. Hobbs, 1988: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in mid-latitude cyclones. Part XV: A numerical modeling study of frontogenesis and cold-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 915-930.
34. Kocin, P. J., P. N. Schumacher, R. F. Morales Jr., and L. W. Uccellini, 1995: Overview of the 12-14 March 1993 Superstorm. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 165-182.
35. Kuo, Y.-H., and R. J. Reed, 1988: Numerical simulation of an explosively deepening cyclone in the eastern Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2081-2105.
36. Locatelli, J. D., J. M. Sienkiewicz, and P. V. Hobbs, 1989: Organization and structure of clouds and precipitation on the midAtlantic coast of the United States. Part I: Synoptic evolution of a frontal system from the Rockies to the Atlantic Coast. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1327-1348.
37. Martin, J. E., J. D. Locatelli, and P. V. Hobbs. 1990: Organization and structure of clouds and precipitation on the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. Part III: The evolution of a middle-tropospheric cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 195-217.
38. Mass, C. E, and D. M. Schultz, 1993: The structure and evolution of a simulated midlatitude cyclone over land. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 889-917.
39. Miller, J. E., 1948: On the concept of frontogenesis. J. Meteor., 5, 169-171.
40. Morales, H. C., 1981: A case study of a dust storm weather situation in the Sudan in April 1973. Pure Appl. Geophys., 119, 658-676.
41. Neiman, P. J., P. T. May, B. B. Stankov, and M. A. Shapiro, 1991: Radio acoustic sounding system observations of an arctic front. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 881-892.
42. _, F. M. Ralph, M. A. Shapiro, B. F. Smull, and D. Johnson, 1998: An observational study of fronts and frontal mergers over the continental United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2521-2554.
43. Newton, C. W., 1950: Structure and mechanism of the prefrontal squall line. J. Meteor., 7, 210-222.
44. _, 1963: Dynamics of severe convective storms. Severe Local Storms, Meteor. Monogr., No, 5. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 33-58.
45. Palmer, C. E., 1951: Tropical meteorology. Compendium of Meteorology, T. F. Malone, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 859-880.
46. Petterssen, S., 1936: Contribution to the theory of frontogenesis. Geophys. Publ., 11 (6), 1-27.
47. Sanders, F., 1955: An investigation of the structure and dynamics of an intense surface frontal zone. J. Meteor., 12, 542-552.
48. _, 1983: Observations of fronts. Mesoscale Meteorology - Theories, Observations and Models, D. K. Lilly and T. Gal-Chen, Eds., D. Reidel, 175-203.
49. _, 1998: A proposed method of surface map analysis. Preprints, 16th Conf. on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 214-217.
50. _, and C. A. Doswell III, 1995: A case for detailed surface analysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 505-521.
51. Schultz, D. M., and C. F. Mass, 1993: The occlusion process in a midlatitude cyclone over land. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 918-940.
52. _, W. E. Bracken, L. E Bosart, G. J. Hakim, M. A. Bedrick, M. J. Dickinson, and K. R. Tyle, 1997: The 1993 Superstorm cold surge: Frontal structure, gap flow, and tropical impact. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 5-39: Corrigendum, 125, 662.
53. Seaman, N. L., 1987: Program TRAJEC: Documentation and user's guide. PSU-NWPLIB-0010-87, 95 pp. [Available from Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.]
54. Shapiro, M. A., 1982: Mesoscale weather systems of the central United States. CIRES/NOAA Tech. Rep., 78 pp. [Available from Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado/NOAA, Boulder, CO 80309.]
55. _, 1984: Meteorological tower measurements of a surface cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1634-1639.
56. _, and D. Keyser, 1990: Fronts, jet streams, and the tropopause, Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 167-191.
57. Smith, R. B., 1982: A differential advection model of orographic rain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 306-309.
58. Steenburgh, W. J., and C. F. Mass, 1994: The structure and evolution of a simulated Rocky Mountain lee trough. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2740-2761.
59. _, D. M. Schultz, and B. A. Colle, 1998: The structure and evolution of gap outflow over the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2673-2691.
60. Tepper, M., 1950: A proposed mechanism of squall lines: The pressure jump line. J. Meteor., 7, 21-29.
61. Trewartha, G. T., 1966: The Earth's Problem Climates. University of Wisconsin Press, 334 pp.
62. Zhang, D., and R. A. Anthes, 1982: A high-resolution model of the planetary boundary layer-Sensitivity tests and comparisons, with SESAME-79 data. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 1594-1609.