The diversity of eukaryotes

American Naturalist

Volumn 154, Issue 4 SUPPL., 1999, Pages

  Patterson, David J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Eukaryotes; Evolutionary protistology; Extended in group; Protist diversity; Protozoa

Indexed keywords

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; PROTIST; TAXONOMY;

ARCHEZOA; EUKARYOTA; PROTISTA; PROTOZOA; STRAMENOPILES;

EID: 0032744297     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/303287     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Albach, R. A., and T. Booden. 1978. Amoebae. Pages 455-506 in J. P. Kreier, ed. Parasitic Protozoa. Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
2. Andersen, R. A. 1991. The cytoskeleton of chromophyte algae. Protoplasma 164:143-159
3. Anderson, O. R., and W. K. Hoeffler. 1979. Fine structure of a marine proteomyxid and cytochemical changes during encystment. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 66: 276-287.
4. Ashlock, P. D. 1971. Monophyly and associated terms. Systematic Zoology 20:63-69.
5. Bardele, C. F. 1972. Cell cycle, morphogenesis, and ultrastructure in the pseudoheliozoan Clathrulina elegans. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 130:219-242.
6. Barr, D. J. S. 1983. The zoosporic grouping of plant pathogens. Pages 43-83 in S. T. Buczaki, ed. Zoosporic plant pathogens. Academic Press, London.
7. Beakes, G. W. 1998. Relationships between lower fungi and protozoa. Pages 351-374 in G. H. Coombs, K. Vickerman, M. A. Sleigh, and A. Warren, eds. Evolutionary relationships among Protozoa. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
8. Beech, P. L., and Ø. Moestrup. 1986. Light and electron microscopical observations on the heterotrophic protist Thaumatomastix salina comb. nov. (syn. Chrysosphaerella salina) and its allies. Nordic Journal of Botany 6:865-877.
9. Belcher, J. H., and E. M. F. Swale. 1975. Luffisphaera gen. nov., an enigmatic scaley micro-organism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 188:495-499.
10. Bernard, C. A., G. B. Simpson, and D. J. Patterson. 1997. An ultrastructural study of a free-living retortamonad, Chilomastix cuspidata (Larsen and Patterson, 1990) n. comb. (Retortamonadida, Protista). European Journal of Protistology 33:254-265.
11. _. 1999. Some free-living flagellates (Protista) from anoxic habitats. Ophelia (in press).
12. Bhattacharya, D., S. K. Stickel, and M. L. Sogin. 1993. Isolation and molecular phylogenetic analysis of actin-coding regions from Emiliania huxleyi, a prymnesiophyte alga, by reverse transcriptase and PCR methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:689-703.
13. Bhattacharya, D., T. Helmchen, and M. Melkonian. 1995. Molecular evolutionary analyses of nuclear-encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA identify an independent rhizopod lineage containing the Euglyphina and the Chlorarachniophyta. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 42:65-69.
14. Blanton, R. L. 1990. Phylum Acrasea. Pages 75-87 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
15. Brugerolle, G., and H. König. 1997. Ultrastructure and organization of the cytoskeleton in Oxymonas, an intestinal flagellate of termites. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44:305-313.
16. Brugerolle, G., and J.-P. Mignot. 1984. The cell characters of two helioflagellates related to the centrohelidian lineage: Dimorpha and Tetradimorpha. Origins of Life 13: 305-314.
17. Brugerolle, G., and D. J. Patterson. 1990. A cytological study of Aulacomonas submarina Skuja, a heterotrophic flagellate with a novel ultrastructural identity. European Journal of Protistology 25:191-199.
18. _. 1997. Ultrastructure of Trimastix convexa Hollande, an amitochondriate anaerobic flagellate with a previously undescribed organization. European Journal of Protistology 33:121-130.
19. Cachon, J., and M. Cachon. 1978. Sticholonche zanclea Hertwig: a reinterpretation of its phylogenetic position based upon new observations on its ultrastructure. Archiv für Protistenkunde 120:148-168.
20. _. 1985a. Class Phaeodarea Haeckel emend Haeckel, Reschetnyak. Pages 295-302 in: J. J. Lee, S. H. Hutner, and E. C. Bovee, eds. An illustrated guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kans.
21. _. 1985b. Class Polycystinea Ehrenberg 1838, emend Riedel 1967. Pages 283-295 in J. J. Lee, S. H. Hutner, and E. C. Bovee. eds. An illustrated guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas.
22. Cachon, J., M. Cachon, and K. W. Estep. 1990. Phylum Actinopoda (Classes Polycystina (=Radiolaria) and Phaeodaria. Pages 334-346 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
23. Canning, E. U. 1990. Phylum Microspora. Pages 53-72 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
24. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1981. Eukaryotic kingdoms: seven or nine? Biosystems 14:461-481.
25. _. 1983. A six-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny. Endocytobiology 2:1027-1034.
26. _. 1987a. Eukaryotes with no mitochondria. Nature (London) 326:332-333.
27. _. 1987b. The origin of eukaryote and archaebacterial cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503:17-54.
28. _. 1989. Archaebacteria and Archezoa. Nature (London) 339:100-101.
29. _. 1990. Microorganism megaevolution: integrating the fossil and living evidence. Revue de Micropaléontologie 33:145-154.
30. _. 1991a. Archamoebae: the ancestral eukaryotes? Biosystems 25:25-38.
31. _. 1991b. The evolution of cells. Pages 271-304 in S. Osawa and T. Honjo, eds. Evolution of life. Springer, Berlin.
32. _. 1992. Percolozoa and the symbiotic origin of the metakaryote cell. Endocytobiology 5:399-406.
33. _. 1993. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 Phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57:953-994.
34. _. 1995. Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification. Cytology 37:1010-1029.
35. _. 1996-1997. Amoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms Eozoa and Neozoa. Archiv für Protistenkunde 147:237-258.
36. _. 1997. Zooflagellate phylogeny and the evolution and classification of protozoa. Page 65 in Programme and abstracts, Tenth International Congress of Protozoology, Sydney.
37. _. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 73:203-266.
38. _. 1999. Zooflagellate phylogeny and the systematics of protozoa. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole) 196: 393-395.
39. Cavalier-Smith, T., and E. E. Chao. 1995. The opalozoan Apusomonas is related to the common ancestor of animals, fungi and choanoflagellates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 261:1-6.
40. _. 1996. Molecular diversity of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43:551-563.
41. Cedhagen, T., and S. Mattson. 1991. Globipelorhiza sublittoralis gen. et sp. n., a komokiacean (Protozoa: Foraminifrida) from the Scandinavian sublittoral. Sarsia 76: 209-213.
42. Clay, B., and P. Kugrens. 1999. Systematics of the enigmatic kathablepharids, including EM characterization of the type species, Kathablepharis phoenikoston, and new observations of K. remigera comb. Nov Protist 150:43-59.
43. Copeland, H. F. 1956. Classification of the lower organisms. Pacific Books, Palo Alto, Calif.
44. Corliss, J. O. 1984. The Kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla. Biosystems 17:87-126.
45. _. 1994. An interim utilitarian ("user friendly") hierarchical classification and characterization of the protists. Acta Protozoologica 33:1-51.
46. Desportes, I., and F. O. Perkins. 1990. Phylum Paramyxea. Pages 30-35 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
47. Drebes, G., S. F. Kühn, A. Gmelch, and E. Schnepf. 1996. Cryothecomonas aestivalis sp. nov., a colourless nanoflagellate feeding on the marine centric diatom Guinardia delicatula (Cleve) Hasle. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 50:497-515.
48. Dylewski, D. P., and C. E. Miller. 1983. Cruciform nuclear division in Woroninan pythii (Plasmodiophoromycetes). American Journal of Botany 70:1325-1339.
49. Ekebom, J., D. J. Patterson, and N. Vørs. 1996. Heterotrophic flagellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Archiv für Protistenkunde 146: 251-272.
50. Espinosa-Cantellano, M., A. González-Robles, B. Chávez, C. Castañón, C. Argüello, A. Lázaro-Haller, and A. Martínez-Palomo. 1998. Entamoeba dispar: ultrastructure, surface properties and cytopathic effect. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 45:265-272.
51. Febvre, J. 1990. Phylum Actinopoda, Class Acantharia. Pages 363-379 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
52. Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1980. Behaviour and cytology of Actinocoryne contractilis, nov. gen., nov. sp., a new stalked heliozoan (Centrohelidia): comparison with the other related genera. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 60:909-928.
53. Foissner, I., and W. Foissner. 1993. Revision of the Family Spironemidae Doflein (Protista, Hemimastigophora), with description of two new species, Spironema terricola n. sp. and Stereonema geiseri n.g., n. sp. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40:422-438.
54. Frederick, L. 1990. Phylum plasmodial slime moulds Class Myxomycota. Pages 467-483 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
55. Gabrielson, P. W., D. J. Garbary, M. R. Sommerfeld, R. A. Townsend, and P. L. Tyler. 1990. Incertae sedis Ellobiopsida. Pages 108-119 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
56. Gajadhar, A. A., W. C. Marquardt, R. Hall, J. Gunderson, E. V. Ariztia-Carmona, and M. L. Sogin. 1991. Ribosomal RNA sequences of Sarcocystis muris, Theileria annulata and Crypthecodinium cohnii reveal evolutionary relationships among apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, and ciliates. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 45: 147-154.
57. Gillott, M. A. 1990. Phylum Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads). Pages 139-151 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
58. Green, J. C., and B. S. C. Leadbeater. 1994. The haptophyte algae. Oxford Scientific, Oxford.
59. Green, J. C., B. S. C. Leadbeater, and W. L. Diver, eds. 1989. The chromophyte algae: problems and perspectives. Clarendon, Oxford.
60. Grell, K. G. 1991. Leucodictyon marinum n. gen., n. sp., a plasmodial protist with zoospore formation from the Japanese coast. Archiv für Protistenkunde 140:1-21.
61. Grell, K. G., and S. Schüller. 1991. The ultrastructure of the plasmodial protist Leucodictyon marinum Grell. European Journal of Protistology 27:168-177.
62. Harrell, L. W., R. A. Elston, T. M. Scott, and M. T. Wilkinson. 1986. A significant new systemic disease of net-pen reared chinook salmon (Oncorhyncus tsahwytscha) brood stock. Aquaculture 55:249-262.
63. Hibberd, D. J. 1976a. The fine structure of the colonial colorless flagellates Rhipidodendron splendidum Stein and Spongomonas uvella Stein with special reference to the flagellar apparatus. Journal of Protozoology 23: 372-385.
64. _. 1976b. The ultrastructure and taxonomy of the Chrysophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae): a survey with some new observations on the ultrastructure of the Chrysophyceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 72:55-80.
65. _. 1983. Ultrastructure of the colonial colourless zooflagellates Phalansterium digitatum Stein (Phalansteriida ord. nov.) and Spongomonas uvella Stein (Spongomonadida ord. nov.). Protistologica 19:523-535.
66. Hinkle, G., D. D. Leipe, T. A. Nerad, and M. L. Sogin. 1994. The unusually long small subunit ribosomal RNA of Phreatamoeba balamuthi. Nucleic Acids Research 22: 465-469.
67. Honigberg, B. M., W. Balamuth, E. C. Bovee, J. O. Corliss, M. Gojdics, R. P. Hall, R. R. Kudo, et al. 1964. A revised classification of the phylum Protozoa. Journal of Protozoology 11:7-20.
68. Hülsmann, N., and K. Hausmann. 1994. Towards a new perspective in protozoan evolution. European Journal of Protistology 30:365-371.
69. Jones, W. C. 1980. The ultrastructure of Gymnosphaera albida Sassaki, a marine axopodiate protozoon. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 275:349-384.
70. Karpov, S. A. 1997. Cercomonads and their relationship to the myxomycetes. Archiv für Protistenkunde 148: 297-307.
71. Karpov, S. A., and A. P. Mylnikov. 1997. Ultrastructure of the colourless flagellate Hyperamoeba flagellata with special reference to the flagellar apparatus. European Journal of Protistology 33:349-355.
72. Katz, L. A. 1999. The tangled web: gene genealogies and the origin of eukaryotes. American Naturalist 154(suppl.):S137-S145.
73. Kerk, D., A. Gee, M. Standish, P. O. Wainright, A. S. Drum, R. A. Elston, and M. L. Sogin. 1995. The rosette agent of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawwytscha) is closely related to choanoflagellates, as determined by the phylogenetic analyses of its small ribosomal subunit RNA. Marine Biology 122:187-192.
74. Kies, L., and B. P. Bremer. 1990. Phylum Glaucocystophyta. Pages 152-166 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
75. Klaveness, D. 1995. Collodictyon triciliatum H.J. Carter (1865) - a common but fixation-sensitive algivorous flagellate from the limnopelagial. Nordic Journal of Freshwater Research 70:3-11.
76. Kristiansen, J. 1993. The "tridentata" parasite of Mallomonas teilingii (Synurophyceae) - a new dinophyte? or what? Archiv für Protistenkunde 143:195-214.
77. Krylov, M. V., A. A. Dobrovolskii, I. V. Issi, B. I. Michaelevich, S. A. Podlipaev, V. V. Reshetnyak, L. N. Seravin, et al. 1980. New concepts for the system of unicellular organisms. Trudy Zoologischkei Institut Akademiya Nayuk, SSSR 94:122-132. (In Russian.)
78. Lange, C. E. 1993. Unclassified protists of arthropods: the ultrastructure of Nephridiophaga periplanetae (Lutz and Splendore, 1903) n. comb., and the affinities of the Nephridiophagidae to other protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40:689-700.
79. Larsson, R. 1986. Ultrastructure, function, and classification of Microsporidia. Pages 325-390 in J. O. Corliss and D. J. Patterson, eds. Progress in protistology. Vol. 1. Biopress, Bristol.
80. Lee, J. J. 1990. Phylum Granuloreticulosea. Pages 524-548 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
81. Lee, J. J., S. H. Hutner, and E. C. Bovee. 1985. An illustrated guide to the protozoa. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kans.
82. Lee, R. E., and P. Kugrens. 1991. Katablepharis ovalis, a colorless flagellate with interesting cytological characteristics. Journal of Phycology 27:505-513.
83. Lee, R. E., C. Miller-Hughes, and P. Kugrens. 1993. Ultrastructure of mitosis and cytokinesis in the colorless flagellate Katablepharis ovalis Skuja. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40:377-383.
84. Leipe, D., and K. Hausmann. 1993. Neue Erkenntnisse zur Stammesgeschichte der Eukaryoten. Biologie in unserer Zeit 23:178-183.
85. Leipe, D. D, P. O. Wainright, J. H. Gunderson, D. Porter, D. J. Patterson, F. Valois, S. Himmerich, and M. L. Sogin. 1994. The stramenopiles from a molecular perspective: small subunit rDNA sequences from Labyrinthuloides minuta and Cafeteria roenbergensis. Phycologia 33: 369-377.
86. Levine, N. D., J. O. Corliss, F. E. G. Cox, G. Deroux, J. Grain, B. M. Honigberg, G. F. Leedale, et al. 1980. A newly revised classification of the protozoa. Journal of Protozoology 27:37-58.
87. Lipscomb, D. L. 1984. Methods of systematic analysis: the relative superiority of phylogenetic systematics. Origins of Life 13:235-248.
88. _. 1985. The eukaryotic kingdoms. Cladistics 1: 127-140.
89. Lipscomb, D. L., J. S. Farrts, M. Källersjö, and A. Tehler. 1998. Support, ribosomal sequences and the phylogeny of the eukaryotes. Cladistics 14:303-338.
90. Manier, J.-F., M. Akbarieh, and G. Bouix. 1976. Coelosporidium chydoricola Mesnil et Marchoux, 1897: observations ultrastructurales données nouvelles sur le cycle et la position systématique. Protistologica 12: 599-612.
91. Margulis, L., J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
92. McFadden, G. I., P. R. Gilson, and C. J. B. Hofmann. 1997. Division Chlorarachniophyta. Plant Systematics and Evolution 11(suppl.):175-185.
93. Mignot, J. P. 1984. Étude ultrastructurale d'un protiste flagellé incolore: Pseudodendromonas vlkii Bourrelly. Protistologica 10:397-412.
94. Mignot, J. P., and G. Brugerolle. 1975. Étude ultrastructurale du flagellé phagotrophe Colponema loxodes Stein. Protistologica 11:429-444.
95. Mignot, J. P., L. Joyon, and E. G. Pringsheim. 1969. Quelques particularités de Cyanophora paradoxa Korsch., protozoaire flagellé. Journal of Protozoology 16: 138-145.
96. Mikrjukov, K. A. 1996a. Revision of the genera and species composition of lower centroheliozoa. I. Family Heterophryidae Poche. Archiv für Protistenkunde 147: 107-113.
97. _. 1996b. Revision of the genera and species composition of lower centroheliozoa. II. Family Raphidiophryidae n. fam. Archiv für Protistenkunde 147: 205-212.
98. Mikrjukov, K. A., and A. P. Mylnikov. 1998a. The fine structure of a carnivorous multiflagellar protist, Mulicilia marina Cienkowski, 1881 (Flagellata Incertae sedis). European Journal of Protistology 34:391-401.
99. _. 1998b. A study of the structure and the life cycle of Gymnophrys cometa Cienkowski, 1876 (Gymnophrea cl. n.) with remarks on the taxonomy of the amoeboflagellated genera Gymnophrys and Borkovia. Acta Protozoologica 37:179-189.
100. Möhn, E. 1984. System und Phylogenie der Lebewesen. Schweizerbart'sche, Stuttgart.
101. Morris, P. J. 1993. The developmental role of the extracellular matrix suggests a monophyletic origin of the Kingdom Animalia. Evolution 47:152-165.
102. Müller, W. E. G., ed. 1998. Molecular evolution: towards the origin of Metazoa. Springer, Berlin.
103. Mylnikov, A. P. 1990. Characteristic features of the ultrastructure of colourless flagellate Heteromita sp. Tsitologiya 32:567-571. (In Russian)
104. O'Kelly, C. 1993. The jakobid flagellates: structural features of Jakoba, Reclinomonas and Histiona and implications for the early diversification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40:627-636.
105. O'Kelly, C., and T. Nerad. 1998. Kinetid architecture and bicosoecid affinities of the marine heterotrophic nanoflagellate Caecitellus parvulus (Griessmann, 1913) Patterson et al., 1993. European Journal of Protistology 34: 369-375.
106. Ostwald, H. 1988. Ein Riese unter den Wurzelfüssern: Reticulomyxa filosa. Mikrokosmos 77:123-125.
107. Page, F. C., and R. L. Blanton. 1985. The Heterolobosea (Sarcodina: Rhizopoda), a new class uniting the Schizopyrenida and the Acrasidae (Acrasida). Protistologica 21:121-132.
108. Patterson, D. J. 1983. On the organization of the naked filose amoeba, Nuclearia moebiusi Frenzel, 1897 (Sarcodina, Filosea) and its implications. Journal of Protozoology 30:301-307.
109. _. 1986. The fine structure of Opalina ranarum (Family Opalinidae): opalinid phylogeny and classification. Protistologica 21:413-428.
110. _. 1988. The evolution of Protozoa. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 83(suppl. 1):580-600.
111. _. 1989. Stramenopiles: chromophytes from a protistan perspective. Pages 357-379 in J. C. Green, B. S. C. Leadbeater, and W. L. Diver, eds. The chromophyte algae: problems and perspectives. Clarendon, Oxford.
112. _. 1994. Protozoa: evolution and systematics. Pages 1-14 in K. Hausmann and N. Hülsmann, eds. Progress in protozoology. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Protozoology. Fischer, Stuttgart.
113. Patterson, D. J., and G. Brugerolle. 1988. The ultrastructural identity of Stephanopogon apogon and its relatedness to other kinds of protists. European Journal of Protistology 23:279-290.
114. Patterson, D. J., and J. Larsen, eds. 1991. The biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
115. Patterson, D. J., and A. G. B. Simpson. 1996. Heterotrophic flagellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia. European Journal of Protistology 32:423-448.
116. Patterson, D. J., and M. Zölffel. 1991. Heterotrophic flagellates of uncertain taxonomic position. Pages 427-475 in D. J. Patterson and J. Larsen, eds. The biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
117. Patterson, D. J., K. Nygaard, G. Steinberg, and C. M. Turley. 1993. Heterotrophic flagellates and other protists associated with detritus in the mid North Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association 73:67-95.
118. Patterson, D. J., A. Rogerson, and A. G. B. Simpson. 1999. Other amoebae. In J. J. Lee, G. F. Leedale, and P. Bradbury, eds. Illustrated guide to the Protozoa. 2d ed. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kans. (in press).
119. Pecka, Z., E. Nohýnková, and J. Kulda. 1996. Ultrastructure of Cochlosonm anatis Kotlán, 1923 and taxonomic position of the Family Cochlosomatidae (Parabasala: Trichomonadida). European Journal of Protistology 32: 190-201.
120. Perkins, F. O. 1990. Phylum Haplosporidia. Pages 19-29 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
121. Perty, M. 1852. Zur Kenntnis kleinster Lebensformen nach Bau, Funktionen, Systematik, mit Spezialverzeichniss der in der Schweiz beobachteten. Jent & Reinert, Bern.
122. Ragan, M. A., and R. R. Guttell. 1995. Are red algae plants? Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 118:81-105.
123. Roberts, K. R., 1984. Structure and significance of the cryptomonad flagellar apparatus. 1. Cryptomonas ovata (Cryptophyta). Journal of Phycology 20:590-599.
124. Roger, A. J. 1999. Reconstructing early events in eukaryotic evolution. American Naturalist 154(suppl.):S146-S163.
125. Roos, U.-P. 1975. Fine structure of an organelle associated with the nucleus and cytoplasmic microtubules in the cellular slime mould Polysphondylium violaceum. Journal of Cell Sciences 18:315-326.
126. Röpstorf, P., N. Hülsmann, and K. Hausmann. 1994. Comparative fine structural investigations of interphase and mitotic nuclei of vampyrellid filose amoebae. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 41:18-30.
127. Saunders, G. W., and G. T. Kraft. 1997. A molecular perspective on red algal evolution: focus on the Floridophycae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 11(suppl.): 115-138.
128. Saunders, G. W., D. Potter, M. P. Paskind, and R. A. Andersen. 1995. Cladistic analyses of combined traditional and molecular data sets reveal an algal lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 92:244-248.
129. Schnepf, E., and M. Schweikert. 1996. Pirsonia, phagotrophic nanoflagellate incertae sedis, feeding on marine diatoms: attachment, fine structure and taxonomy. Archiv für Protistenkunde 147:361-371.
130. Schweikert, M., and E. Schnepf. 1996. Pseudaphelidium drebesii, gen. et spec. nov. (incertae sedis), a parasite of the marine centric diatom Thalassiosira punctigera. Archiv für Protistenkunde 147:11-17.
131. Seagrave, C., D. Bucke, and D. Alderman. 1980. The causative agent of proliferative kidney disease may be a member of the Haplosporidia. Pages 174-181 in W. Ahne, ed. Fish diseases, third COPRAQ-session. Springer, Berlin.
132. Siddall, M. E., N. A. Stokes, and E. M. Burreson. 1995. Molecular phylogenetic evidence that the phylum Haplosporidia has an alveolate ancestry. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12:573-581.
133. Silberman, J. D., M. L. Sogin, D. D. Leipe, C. G. Clark. 1996. Human parasite finds taxonomic home. Nature (London) 380:398.
134. Simpson, A. G. B. 1997. The identity and composition of the Euglenozoa. Archiv für Protistenkunde 148: 318-328.
135. Simpson, A. G. B., and D. J. Patterson. 1999. The ultrastructure of Carpediemonas membranifera (Eukaryota) with reference to the excavate taxa. European Journal of Protistology (in press).
136. Simpson, A. G. B., C. Bernard, T. Fenchel, and D. J. Patterson. 1997. The organization of Mastigamoeba schizophrenia n. sp.: more evidence of ultrastructural idiosyncrasy and simplicity in pelobiont protists. European Journal of Protistology 33:87-98.
137. Sleigh, M. A., J. D. Dodge, and D. J. Patterson. 1984. Pages 25-88 in R. S. K. Barnes, ed. A synoptic classification of living organisms. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
138. Smith, R. M., and D. J. Patterson. 1986. Analyses of heliozoan interrelationships: an example of the potentials and limitations of ultrastructural approaches to the study of protistan phylogeny. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 227:325-366.
139. Sogin, M. L., J. D. Silberman, G. Hinkle, and H. G. Morrison. 1996. Problems with the molecular diversity within the Eukarya. Pages 167-184 in D. M. Roberts, P. Sharp, G., Alderson, and M. Collins, eds. Evolution of microbial life (Society for General Microbiology, Symposium 54). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
140. Spiegel, F. W. 1990. Phylum plasmodial slime moulds, Class Protostelida. Pages 484-497 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
141. _. 1991. A proposed phylogeny of the flagellated protostelids. Biosystems 25:113-120.
142. Stiller, J. W., E. C. S. Duffield, and B. D. Hall. 1998. Amitochondriate amoebae and the evolution of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase ii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95: 11769-11774.
143. Strüder-Kypke, M. C., and K. Hausmann. 1998. Ultrastructure of the heterotrophic flagellates Cyathobodo sp., Rhipidodendron huxleyi Kent, 1880, Spongomonas sacculus Kent, 1880, and Spongomonas sp. European Journal of Protistology 34:376-390.
144. Swale, E. M. F. 1969. The fine structure of a species of the amoebo-flagellate Pseudospora Cienk. Archiv für Mikrobiologie 67:71-90.
145. Swale, E. M. F., and J. H. Belcher. 1974. Gyromitus disomatus Skuja - a free-living colourless flagellate. Archiv für Protistenkunde 116:211-220.
146. Taylor, F. J. R. 1990. Incertae sedis Ebridians. Pages 720-712 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
147. Tendal, O. S. 1972. A monograph of the Xenophyophoria (Rhizopodea, Protozoa). Galathea Report 12:1-103.
148. Tendal, O. S., and R. R. Hessler. 1977. An introduction to the biology and systematics of the Komokiacea (Textulariina, Foraminiferida). Galathea Report 14:165-194.
149. Thomsen, H. A., K. R. Buck, P. A. Bolt, and D. Garrison. 1991. Fine structure and biology of Cryothecomonas gen. nov. (Protista incertae sedis) from the ice biota. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:1048-1070.
150. van den Hoek, C., W. T. Stam, and J. L. Olsen. 1991. The Chlorophyta: systematics and phylogeny. Pages 330-368 in H. Stabenau, ed. Phylogenetic changes in peroxisomes of algae, phylogeny of plant peroxisomes. University of Oldenburg Press, Oldenburg.
151. Verhagen, F. J. M., M. Zölffel, G. Brugerolle, and D. J. Patterson. 1994. Adriamonas peritocrescens gen. nov. sp. nov., a new free-living soil flagellate (Protista, Pseudodendromonadidae Incertae Sedis). European Journal of Protistology 30:295-308.
152. Vickerman, K. 1990. Phylum Zoomastigina Class Diplomonadida. Pages 200-210 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman. eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
153. Vørs, N. 1988. Discocelis saleuta gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Protista incertae sedis) - a new heterotrophic marine flagellate. European Journal of Protistology 23:297-308.
154. _. 1992a. Heterotrophic amoebae, flagellates and heliozoa from the Tvärminne area, Gulf of Finland, in 1988. Ophelia 36:1-109.
155. _. 1992b. Heterotrophic protists (excl. dino flagellates, loricate choanoflagellates and ciliates). In H. A. Thomsen, ed. Plankton from inner Danish waters: an analysis of the algae and heterotrophic protists in Kattegat. Hav90 Report. Danish National Agency for Environmental Protection 11:195-249.
156. _. 1992c. Ultrastructure and autecology of the marine, heterotrophic flagellate Leucocryptos marina (Braarud) Butcher 1967 (Katablepharidaceae/Kathablepharidae), with a discussion of the genera Leucocryptos and Katablepharis/Kathablepharis. European Journal of Protistology 28:369-389.
157. _. 1993. Marine heterotrophic amoebae, flagellates and heliozoa from Belize (Central America) and Tenerife (Canary Islands) with descriptions of new species Luffisphaera bulbochaete n. sp., L. longihastis n. sp., L. turriformis n. sp. and Paulinella intermedia n. sp. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40:272-287.
158. Wainright, P. O., G. Hinkle, M. L. Sogin, and S. K. Stickel. 1993. Monophyletic origins of the Metazoa: an evolutionary link with fungi. Science (Washington, D.C.) 260: 340-342.
159. Wainright, P. O., D. J. Patterson, and M. L. Sogin. 1994. Monophyletic origin of animals: a shared ancestry with fungi. Pages 39-53 in D. M. Farmborough, ed. Molecular evolution of physiological processes. Society of General Physiologists Series, no. 49. Rockefeller, New York.
160. Whisler, H. C. 1990. Incertae sedis Ellobiopsida. Pages 715-719 in L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones & Bartlett, Boston.
161. Wiley, E. O. 1981. Phylogenetics. Wiley, New York.