The mitral regurgitation index: An echocardiographic guide to severity

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 33, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 2016-2022

  Thomas, Liza ^a   Foster, Elyse ^a   Hoffman, Julien I E ^a   Schiller, Nelson B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, COLOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; OBSERVER VARIATION; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PULMONARY WEDGE PRESSURE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STROKE VOLUME;

EID: 0032741004     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00111-4     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Reichek N. Mitral regurgitation is this the gold standard (editorial comment)? J Am Coll Cardiol. 23:1994;959-960.
2. Labovitz A.J., Nelson J.G., Windhorst D.M., Kennedy H.L., Williams G.A. Frequency of mitral valve dysfunction from mitral annular calcium as detected by Doppler echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 55:1985;133-137.
3. Labovitz A.J., Pearson A.C., McCluskey M.T., Williams G.A. Clinical significance of the echocardiographic degree of mitral valve prolapse. Am Heart J. 115:1988;842-849.
4. Pearlman A.S., Otto C.M. Quantification of valvular regurgitation. Echocardiography. 4:1987;271-287.
5. Enriquez-Sarano M., Bailey K.R., Seward J.B., Tajik A.J., Krohn M.J., Mays J.M. Quantitative Doppler assessment of valvular regurgitation. Circulation. 87:1993;841-848.
6. Blumlein S., Bouchard A., Schiller N.B., et al. Quantitation of mitral regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography. Circulation. 74:1986;306-314.
7. Rokey R., Sterling L.L., Zoghbi W.A., et al. Determination of regurgitant fraction in isolated mitral or aortic regurgitation by pulsed Doppler two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 7:1986;1273-1278.
8. Ascah K.J., Stewart W.J., Jiang L., et al. A Doppler two-dimensional echocardiographic method for quantitation of mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 72:1985;377-383.
9. Simpson I.A., Shiota T., Gharib M., Sahn D.J. Current status of flow convergence for clinical applications: is it a leaning tower of "PISA?" J Am Coll Cardiol. 27:1996;504-509.
10. Rodriguez L., Thomas J.D., Monterroso V., et al. Validation of the proximal convergence method calculation of orifice area in patients with mitral stenosis . Circulation. 88:1993;1157-1165.
11. Vandervoort P.M., Rivera J.M., Mele D., et al. Application of color Doppler flow mapping to calculate effective regurgitant orifice area an in vitro study and initial clinical observations . Circulation. 88:1993;1150-1156.
12. Schiller N.B., Foster E., Redberg R.F. Transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of mitral regurgitation. The twenty-four signs of severe mitral regurgitation. Cardiology Clinics. 11:1993;399-408.
13. Simonson J.S., Schiller N.B. Sonospirometry a new method for noninvasive estimation of mean right pressure based on two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of the inferior vena cava during measured inspiration . J Am Coll Cardiol. 11:1988;557-564.
14. Schiller N.B., Shah P.M., Crawford M., et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2:1989;358-367.
15. Sellers R.D., Levy M.J., Amplatz K., Lillehei C.W. Left retrograde cardioangiography in acquired cardiac disease technique, indications and interpretations in 700 cases . Am J Cardiol. 14:1964;437-447.
16. Shah P.M. Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 13:1989;591-593.
17. Croft C.H., Lipscomb K., Mathis K., et al. Limitations of qualitative angiographic grading in aortic or mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 4:1984;1593-1598.
18. Miyatake K., Izumi S., Okamoto M., et al. Semiquantitative grading of severity of mitral regurgitation by real-time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging technique. J Am Coll Cardiol. 7:1986;82-88.
19. Hall S.A., Brickner M.E., Willett D.L., Irani W.N., Afridi I., Grayburn P.A. Assessment of mitral regurgitation severity by Doppler color flow mapping of the vena contracta. Circulation. 95:1997;636-642.
20. Enriquez-Sarano M., Tajik A.J., Schaff H.V., et al. Echocardiographic prediction of left ventricular function after correction of mitral regurgitation results and clinical implications . J Am Coll Cardiol. 15:1994;1536-1543.
21. Stewart W.J. Choosing the "Golden Moment" for mitral valve repair. J Am Coll Cardiol. 24:1994;1544-1546.
22. Leung D.Y., Griffin B.P., Stewart W.J., Cosgrove D.M., Thomas J.D., Marwick T.H. Left ventricular function after valve repair for chronic mitral regurgitation predictive value of preoperative assessment of contractile reserve by exercise echocardiography . J Am Coll Cardiol. 28:1996;1198-1205.
23. Thomas J.D. How leaky is that mitral valve? Circulation. 95:1997;548-550.
24. Tribouilloy C., Shen W.F., Quere J.P., et al. Assessment of severity of mitral regurgitation by measuring regurgitant jet width at its origin with transesophageal Doppler color flow imaging. Circulation. 85:1992;1248-1253.
25. Grayburn P.A., Fehske W., Omran H., Brickner E., Luderitz B. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of mitral regurgitation by Doppler color flow mapping of the vena contracta. Am J Cardiol. 74:1994;912-917.
26. Mele D., Vandervoort P., Palacios I., et al. Proximal jet size by Doppler color flow mapping predicts severity of mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 91:1995;746-754.
27. Fujita N., Chazouilleres A.F., Hartiala J.J., et al. Quantification of mitral regurgitation by velocity-encoded cine nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 23:1994;951-958.
28. Helmcke F., Nanda N.C., Hsiung M.C., et al. Color Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation with orthogonal planes. Circulation. 75:1987;175-183.
29. Spain M.G., Smith M.D., Grayburn P.A., et al. Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation by Doppler color flow imaging angiographic and hemodynamic correlations . J Am Coll Cardiol. 13:1989;585-590.
30. Chen C., Thomas J.D., Anconina J., et al. Impact of impinging wall jet on color Doppler quantification of mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 84:1991;712-720.
31. Enriquez-Sarano M., Tajik A.J., Bailey K.R., Seward J.B. Color flow imaging compared with quantitative Doppler assessment of severity of mitral regurgitation influence of eccentricity of jet and mechanism of regurgitation . J Am Coll Cardiol. 21:1993;1211-1229.
32. Recusani F., Bargiggia G.S., Yoganathan A.P., et al. A new method for quantification of regurgitant flow rate using color flow imaging of the flow convergence region proximal to a discrete orifice an in vitro study . Circulation. 83:1991;594-604.
33. Bargiggia G.S., Troconi I., Sahn D.J., et al. A new method for quantification of mitral regurgitation based on color flow Doppler imaging of flow convergence proximal to regurgitant orifice. Circulation. 84:1991;1481-1489.
34. Xie G.Y., Berk M.R., Hixson C.S., Smith A.C., DeMaria A., Smith M.D. Quantification of mitral regurgitant volume by the color Doppler proximal isovelocity surface area method a clinical study . J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 8:1995;48-54.
35. Enriquez-Sarano M., Miller F.A., Hayes S.H., Bailey K.R., Tajik J., Seward J.B. Effective mitral regurgitant orifice area clinical use and pitfalls of the proximal isovelocity surface area method . J Am Coll Cardiol. 25:1995;703-709.
36. Enriquez-Sarano M., Tajik J., Bailey K.R., Seward J.B. Color flow imaging compared with quantitative doppler assessment of severity of mitral regurgitation influence of eccentricity of jet and mechanism of regurgitation . J Am Coll Cardiol. 21:1993;1211-1219.
37. Bolger A.F., Eidenvall L., Ask P., Loyd D., Wranne B. Understanding continuous-wave Doppler signal intensity as a measure of regurgitant severity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 10:1997;613-622.
38. Hatle L., Angelsen B. Doppler Ultrasound In Cardiology. 2nd ed. 1985;161 Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
39. Cohen S.R., Sell J.E., McIntosh C.L., Clark R.E. Tricuspid regurgitation in patients with acquired, chronic, pure mitral regurgitation prevalence, diagnosis, and comparison of preoperative clinical and hemodynamic features in patients with and without tricuspid regurgitation . J Thor Cardiovasc Surg. 94:1987;481-487.
40. Klein A.L., Obarski T.P., Stewart W.J., et al. Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography of pulmonary venous flow a new marker of mitral regurgitation severity . J Am Coll Cardiol. 18:1991;518-526.
41. Klein A.L., Stewart W.J., Bartlett J., et al. Effects of mitral regurgitation on pulmonary venous flow and left atrial pressure an intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic study . J Am Coll Cardiol. 20:1992;1345-1352.
42. Teien D.E., Jones M., Shiota T., Yamada I., Sahn D.J. Doppler evaluation of severity of mitral regurgitation relation to pulmonary venous blood flow patterns in an animal study . J Am Coll Cardiol. 25:1995;264-268.
43. Pieper E.P.G., Hellemans I.M., Hamer H.P.M., et al. Value of systolic pulmonary venous flow reversal and color Doppler jet measurements assessed with transesophageal echocardiography in recognizing severe pure mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 78:1996;444-450.
44. Klein A.L., Savage R.M., Kahan F., et al. Experimental and numerically modeled effects of altered loading conditions on pulmonary venous flow and left atrial pressure in patients with mitral regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 10:1997;41-51.
45. Tanimoto M., Pai R.G. Effect of isolated left atrial enlargement on mitral annular size and valve competence. Am J Cardiol. 77:1996;769-774.
46. Patton R., Dragatakis L., Marpole D., Sniderman A. The posterior left atrial echocardiogram of mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 57:1978;1134-1139.