Comparative tolerability of the newer fluoroquinolone antibacterials

Drug Safety

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 407-421

  Ball, Peter ^a,e   Mandell, Lionell ^b   Niki, Yoshihito ^c   Tillotson, Glenn ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

^b MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c KAWASAKI MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Japan)

^d BAYER CORPORATION   (United States)

^e NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; AMINOTRANSFERASE; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINAFLOXACIN; CORTICOSTEROID; FLEROXACIN; FLUCLOXACILLIN; GATIFLOXACIN; GEMIFLOXACIN; GREPAFLOXACIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; LOMEFLOXACIN; MOXIFLOXACIN; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; OXYGEN RADICAL; PEFLOXACIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; SITAFLOXACIN; SPARFLOXACIN; THEOPHYLLINE; TROVAFLOXACIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE; AGING; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ARTHROPATHY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CARCINOGENICITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CONVULSION; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG USE; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIVER TOXICITY; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PHOTOTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; QT INTERVAL; REVIEW; SKIN TOXICITY; TENDINITIS; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; VERTIGO; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; FLUOROQUINOLONES; HEPATITIS, TOXIC; HUMANS; NAPHTHYRIDINES; NAUSEA; PRODUCT SURVEILLANCE, POSTMARKETING;

EID: 0032711437     PISSN: 01145916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00002018-199921050-00005     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. 1. Ball P, Tillotson GS. Tolerability of fluoroquinolone antibiotics: past, present and future. Drug Saf 1995; 13: 343-58
2. 2. Blum MD, Graham DJ, McCloskey CA. Temafloxacin syndrome: review of 95 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 946-50
3. 3. Ball P. The quinolones: history and overview. In: Andriole VT, editor. The quinolones. 2nd ed. San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Melbourne: Academic Press, 1998: 1-28
4. 4. Burkhardt JE, Walterspiel JN, Schaad UB. Quinolone arthropathy in animals and children. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 1196-204
5. 5. Schaad UB. Use of the quinolones in pediatrics. In: Andriole, VT, editor. The quinolones. 2nd ed. San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Melbourne: Academic Press, 1998: 351-67
6. 6. Ball P, Fernald A, Tillotson G. Therapeutic advances of new fluoroquinolones. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 1998; 7: 761-83
7. 7. Data on file. US Food and Drug Administration, Adverse Event Reporting System: data for the periods Nov 1997 to May 1999
8. 8. Data on file. US Food and Drug administration. Adverse Event Reporting System: data for the period Jan 1997 to May 1999
9. 9. Stahlmann R. Safety profile of the quinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 26 Suppl. D: 31-44
10. 10. Suto MJ, Domagala JM, Roland GE, et al. Fluoroquinolones: relationships between structural variations, mammalian cell cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity. J Med Chem 1992; 35 (25): 4745-50
11. 11. Rubinstein E, Potgeiter P, Davey P, et al. The use of fluoroquinolones in neutropenic patients - analysis of adverse effects. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 34: 7-19
12. 12. Hayem G, Carbon C. A reappraisal of quinolone tolerability: the experience of their musculoskeletal adverse effects. Drug Saf 1995; 13: 338-42
13. 13. Lietman PS. Fluoroquinolone toxicities: an update. Drugs 1995; 49 Suppl. 2: 159-63
14. 14. Stahlmann R, Lode H. Safety overview: toxicity, adverse effects and drug interactions. In: Andriole VR, editor. The quinolones, 2nd ed, San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Melbourne: Academic Press, 1998; 369-415
15. 15. Lipsky BA, Baker CA. Fluoroquinolone toxicity profiles: a review focusing on newer agents. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 352-64
16. 16. Domagala JM. Structure-activity and structure-side-effect relationships for the fluoroquinolone antibacterials. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 33: 685-706
17. 17. Davis R, Bryson HM. Levofloxacin: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1994; 47: 677-700
18. 18. Wang CX, Sabbaj J, Corrado M, et al. World-wide experience with norfloxacin: efficacy and safety. Scand J Infect Dis 1986; 28 Suppl.: 81-9
19. 19. Gonzalez JP, Henwood JM. Pefloxacin: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 1989; 37: 628-68
20. 20. Jungst G, Mohr R. Overview of post-marketing experience with ofloxacin in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988; 22 Suppl. C: 167-75
21. 21. Rizk E. The US clinical experience with lomefloxacin, a new once daily fluoroquinolone. Am J Med 1992; Suppl. 4A: 130S-5S
22. 22. Geddes AM. Safety of fleroxacin in clinical trials. Am J Med 1993; 94 Suppl. 3A: S201-3
23. 23. Carbon C, Rubinstein E. Sparfloxacin monograph. Chester: Adis International Ltd, 1994
24. 24. Rubinstein E. Safety profile of sparfloxacin in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37 Suppl. A: 145-60
25. 25. Stahlmann R, Schwabe R. Safety profile of grepafloxacin compared with other fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40 Suppl. A: 83-92
26. 26. Williams D, Hopkins S. Safety of trovafloxacin in treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 454-8
27. 27. Springsklee M, Reiter C, Mayer JM. Safety and tolerability profile of moxifloxacin (MXF) [abstract P0208]. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999; 5 Suppl. 3: 140
28. 28. Data on file. Sitafloxacin. Daiichi Pharm Co Ltd, Japan, 1999
29. 29. Wilton LV, Pearce GL, Mann RD. A comparison of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, azithromycin and cefixime examined by observational cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 41: 277-84
30. 30. Ball P. Long term use of quinolones and their safety. Rev Infect Dis 1989; II Suppl. 5: S1365-70
31. 31. Segev S, Yaniv I, Haverstock D, et al. Safety of long term therapy with ciprofloxacin: data analysis of controlled clinical trials and review. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 299-308
32. 32. Levaquin package insert (US FDA approved), Raritan (NJ): Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, Dec 1996
33. 33. Anon. Trovafloxacin: a once daily, broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Formulary 1998; 33 Suppl. 3: S2-S12
34. 34. Hwang CC. Safety and efficacy of trovafloxacin in community acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of patients age 65 years and older [abstract P275]. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44 Suppl. A: 100
35. 35. Loffeld RJLF, Flendrig JA. Pseudomembranous colitis under administration of norfloxacin. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1990; 134: 83
36. 36. Golledge CL, Carson CF, O'Neill GL, et al. Ciprofloxacin and Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 30: 141-7
37. 37. Topkis S, Swarz H, Breisch SA, et al. Efficacy and safety of grepafloxacin 600 mg daily for 10 days in patients with community acquired pneumonia. Clin Ther 1997; 19: 975-88
38. 38. Langan C, Cradnfield R, Breisch S, et al. Randomised, double blind study of grepafloxacin versus amoxicillin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40 Suppl. A: 63-72
39. 39. O'Doherty B, Dutchman DA, Pettit R, et al. Randomised, double blind comparative study of grepafloxacin and amoxycillin in the treatment of patients with community acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40 Suppl. A: 73-81
40. 40. Data on file in 4296 patients, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany, 1999
41. 41. Blum A. Ofloxacin induced severe hepatitis [letter]. South Med J 1991; 84 (9): 1158
42. 42. Fuchs S, Simon Z, Brezis M. Fatal hepatic failure associated with ciprofloxacin [letter]. Lancet 1994; 343: 738-9
43. 43. Labowitz JK, Silverman WB. Cholestatic jaundice induced by cipronoxacin. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42 (1): 192-4
44. 44. Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Sanchez-Martinez H, et al. Norfloxacin-induced cholestatic jaundice. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 2309-11
45. 45. Committee for Proprietory Medicinal Products, docuntent 13, Mar, 1998
46. 46. Lipsky BA, Dorr MB, Magner DJ, et al. Safety profile of sparfloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Clin Ther 1999; 21: 148-59
47. 47. Wagstaff AJ, Balfour JA. Grepafloxacin. Drugs 1997; 53: 817-24
48. 48. Trovan package insert (US FDA approved), Pfizer Inc., New York, Jan 1998
49. 49. FDA Talk paper: FDA issues public health advisory on liver toxicity associated with the antibiotic Trovan. Rockville (MD): US Department of Health and Human Service, Food and Drug Administration, 6 Jun 1999
50. 50. Press release, 15770/99, London: European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, 20 May, 1999
51. 51. Lopez Navidad A, Domingo P, Cadafalch J, et al. Norfloxacin-induced hepatotoxicity. J Hepatol 1990; 11: 277-8
52. 52. Hautckeete M, Kockx MM, Naegels S, et al. Cholestatic hepatitis related to quinolones. J Hepatol 1995; 23: 759-63
53. 53. European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Public statement on Trovan/Trovan IV/Turvel IV (Trovafloxacin/ Alatrofloxacin). Recommendation to suspend the marketing authorisation in the European Union. London: Human Medicines Evaluation Unit, 15 Jun 1999
54. 54. Olsson R, Wiholm BE, Sand C, et al. Liver damage from flucloxacillin, cloxacillin and dicloxacillin. J Hepatol 1992; 15: 154-61
55. 55. Garcia-Rodriguez L, Stricker BH, Zimmerman HJ. Risk of acute liver injury associated with the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1327-32
56. 56. Inman W, Kubota K, Pearce G, et al. PEM report number 4: ciprofloxacin. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1993; 2: 341-4
57. 57. Jick SS, Jick H, Dean AD. A follow-up safety study of ciprofloxacin users. Pharmacotherapy 1993; 13: 461-4
58. 58. Aggarwal A, Gurka J. Probable ciprofloxacin induced cholestasis. Aust N Z J Med 1995; 25: 541-2
59. 59. Nozaki M. Safety and side effects of ofloxacin: central nervous system effects. Penetration 1996: 32-5
60. 60. Hori S, Shimada J, Saito A, et al. Comparison of the inhibitory effects of new quinolones on gamma aminobutyric acid receptor binding in the presence of anti-inflammatory drugs. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11 Suppl. 5: S1397-8
61. 61. Halliwell RF, Davey PG, Lambert JJ. Antagonism of GABA receptors by 4-quinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 31: 457-62
62. 62. Davey PG, Charter M, Kelly S, et al. Ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin penetration into human brain tissue and their activity as antagonists of GABAa receptor of rat vagus nerve. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1356-62
63. 63. Akahane K, Kimura Y, Tsutomi Y, et al. Possible intermolecular interaction between quinolones and biphenylacetic acid inhibits gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor sites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2323-9
64. 64. Schmuck G, Schurmann A, Schluter G. Determination of the excitatory potencies of fluoroquinolones in the central nervous system by an in vitro model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1831-6
65. 65. Williams PD, Helton DR. The proconvulsive activity of quinolone antibiotics in an animal model. Toxicol Lett 1991; 58: 23-8
66. 66. Tokura Y. Quinolone photoallergy: photosensitivity dermatitis induced by systemic administration of photohaptenic drugs. J Dermatol Sci 1998; 18: 1-10
67. 67. Ferguson J. Fluoroquinolone photosensitisation: a review of clinical and laboratory studies. Photochem Photobiol 1995; 62: 954-8
68. 68. Wagai N, Tawara K. Important role of oxygen metabolites in quinolone antibacterial agent-induced cutaneous phototoxicity in mice. Arch Toxicol 1991; 65: 495-9
69. 69. Wagai N, Tawara K. Possible direct role of reactive oxygens in the cause of cutaneous phototoxicity induced by five quinolones in mice. Arch Toxicol 1992; 66: 392-7
70. 70. Wagai N, Tawara K. Possible reasons for differences in phototoxic potential of 5 quinolone antibacterial agents: generation of toxic oxygen. Free Radic Res Commun 1992; 17: 387-98
71. 71. Bowie WR, Willetts V, Jewesson PJ. Adverse reactions in a dose ranging study with a new long-acting fluoroquinolone, fleroxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 1778-82
72. 72. Marutani K, Matsumotu M, Otabe Y, et al. Reduced phototoxicity of a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent with a methoxy group at the 8 position in mice irradiated with long-wavelength UV light. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 2217-23
73. 73. Rosen JE, Chen D, Prahalad AK, et al. A fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a methoxy group at the 8 position yields reduced generation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine after ultraviolet-A irradiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145: 381-7
74. 74. Wagai N, Yamuguchi F, Sekiguchi M, et al. Phototoxic potential of quinolone antibacterial agents in Balb/c mice. Toxicol Lett 1990; 54: 299-308
75. 75. Mayne JT, Johnson NJ, Kluwe WM, et al. A study of the phototoxic potential of trovafloxacin in BALB/c mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 39 Suppl. B: 67-73
76. 76. Owen K. Comparative grepafloxacin phototoxicity in mouse skin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 261-4
77. 77. Ferguson J, Johnson BE. Clinical and laboratory studies of the photosensitising potential of norfloxacin, a 4-quinolone broad spectrum antibiotic. Br J Dermatol 1993; 128: 285-95
78. 78. Ferguson J, Dawe R. Phototoxicity in quinolones: comparison of ciprofloxacin and grepafloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40 Suppl. A: 93-8
79. 79. Ferguson J, Patterson BE, Purkins L, et al. An open, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised, parallel-group study to investigate the phototoxic potential of trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin. [abstract A15]. Program and Abstracts 36th ICAAC; 1996 Sep 15-18; New Orleans (LA)
80. 80. Ferguson J, MeEwen J, Gohler K, et al. A double-blind, placebo-and positive-controlled, randomised study to investigate the phototoxic potential of gatifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic [abstract]. 6th International Symposium on New Quinolones: 1998 Nov 15-17; Denver (CO): 24
81. 81. Ferguson J, Richards J, Vousden M, et al. The low phototoxic potential of gemifloxacin in healthy volunteers. 9th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; 1999 Mar 21-24: Berlin
82. 82. Man I, Murphy J, Ferguson J. Fluoroquinolone phototoxicity: a comparison of moxifloxacin and lomefloxacin in normal volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43 Suppl. B: 77-82
83. 83. Data on file, Pfizer, Bayer, 1998 to 1999
84. 84. Tack KJ, Eisemann I, Zervos M. Clinafloxacin for the treatment of serious infections caused by multiply-resistant pathogens [poster]. 6th International Symposium on New Quinolones: 1998 Nov 15-17: Denver (CO)
85. 85. Solomkin JS, Wilson SE, Benniou RS, et al. Results of a prospective blinded RCT comparing clinafloxacin (CLX) to imipenem/cilastatin for complicated intra-abdominal infections [abstract MN-55]. Program and abstracts of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1998 Sep 24-27; San Diego (CA): 604
86. 86. Burdge DR, Nakielna EM, Rabin HK. Photosensitivity associated with ciprofloxacin use in adult patients with cystic fibrosis [letter]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 793
87. 87. Klecak G, Urbach F, Urwyler H. Fluoroquinolone antibacterials enhance UVA-induced skin tumours. J Photochem Photobiol B 1997; 37: 174-81
88. 88. Makinen M, Forbes PD, Stenback F. Quinolone antibacterials: a new class of photochemical carcinogens. J Photochem Photobiol B 1997; 37: 182-7
89. 89. Jaillon P, Morganroth J, Brumpt I, et al. Overview of electrocardiographic and cardiovascular safety data for sparfloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37 Suppl. A: 161-7
90. 90. Anon. Grepafloxacin clinical investigators brochure. Greenford, UK: GlaxoWellcome research and development, 1996
91. 91. Drici M-D, Knollmann BC, Wang W-X, et al. Cardiac actions of erythromycin: influence of female sex. JAMA 1998; 280: 1774-6
92. 92. Royer RJ, Pierfitte C, Netter P. Features of tendon disorders with fluoroquinolones. Therapie 1994; 49: 75-6
93. 93. Huston KA. Achilles tendinitis and tendon rupture due to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 748
94. 94. Kahn MF, Hayem G. Tendons and fluoroquinolones: unresolved issues. Rev Rhum 1997; 64: 437-9
95. 95. Pierfitte C, Royer RJ. Tendon disorders with fluoroquinolones. Therapie 1996; 51: 419-20
96. 96. Decocq G, Moriniere P, Dufour I, et al. Is hemodialysis a risk factor for tendinopathies due to fluoroquinolones? Therapie 1997; 52: 613-4
97. 97. Marti HP, Stoller R, Frey FJ. Fluoroquinolones as a cause of tendon disorders in patients with renal failure/renal transplants. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37: 343-4
98. 98. Koeger AC, Bellaiche L, Roger B. Magnetic resonance imaging in fluoroquinolone induced tendinopathy. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 1015-7
99. 99. Carrasco JM, Garcia B, Andujar C, et al. Tendinitis associated with ciprofloxacin [letter]. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31: 120
100. 100. Poon CC, Sundaram NA. Spontaneous bilateral Achilles tendon rupture associated with ciprofloxacin [letter]. Med J Aust 1997; 166: 665
101. 101. West MB, Gow P. Ciprofloxacin, bilateral Achilles tendonitis and unilateral tendon rupture - a case report. N Z Med J 1998; 111: 18-9
102. 102. Kahn MF. Achilles tendinitis and ruptures [letter]. Br J Sports Med 1998; 32: 266
103. 103. Green SD. Ten years of pediatric experience with ciprofloxacin. Infect Dis Clin Pract 1998; 7 Suppl. 3: S175-183
104. 104. Maggiolo F, Caprioli S, Suter F. Risk/benefit analysis of quinolone use in children: the effect on diarthrodial joints. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 26: 469-71
105. 105. Jick S. Ciprofloxacin safety in a paediatric population. Paediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 130-4
106. 106. Hampel B, Hullmann R, Schmidt H. Ciprofloxacin in pediatrics: worldwide clinical experience based on compassionate use - safety report. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 127-9
107. 107. Schaad UB, Stoupis C, Wedgwood J, et al. Clinical, radiologic and magnetic resonance monitoring for skeletal toxicity in paediatric patients receiving a three month course of ciprofloxacin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10: 723-9
108. 108. Danisicova A, Kremeryova T, Belan S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of potential arthropathogenicity in children receiving quinolones: no evidence of quinolone-induced arthropathy. Drugs 1995; 49 Suppl. 2: 492-4
109. 109. Fujii R. The use of norfloxacin in children in Japan. In: Adam D, Rubio TT, editors. The use of new quinolones in pediatric medicine. Munich: Futuramed Publications, 1992; 219-30
110. 110. Green S, Tillotson G. Use of ciprofloxacin in developing countries Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 150-9
111. 111. Schaad UB, Salam MA, Aujard Y, et al. Use of fluoroquinolones in paediatrics: consensus report of an International Society of Chemotherapy commission. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14: 1-9
112. 112. Data on file, Pfizer, New York, 1999
113. 113. Atasoy H. Hypertension associated with ciprofloxacin use in an infant. Ann Pharmacother 1995; 29: 1049
114. 114. Singh J, Agarwal AK, Sudrania SP. Extrapyramidal syndrome following ciprofloxacin treatment [letter]. Indian Pediatr 1994; 31: 608-9
115. 115. Winrow AP, Supramanian G. Benign intracranial hypertension after ciprofloxacin administration. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 1165-6
116. 116. Niki Y, Watanabe S, Tamada S, et al. Effect of HSR-903, a new fluoroquinolone, on the concentration of theophylline in serum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43 (6): 1494-6
117. 117. Niki Y, Hashiguchi K, Kimura M, et al. Quinolone antimicrobial agents and theophylline. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 1992; 40: 592-601
118. 118. Niki Y, Hashiguchi K, Okimoto K, et al. Quinolone antimicrobial agents and theophylline [letter]. Chest 1992; 101: 881
119. 119. Efthymiopoulos C, Bramer SL, Maroli A, et al. Theophylline and warfarin interaction studies with grepafloxacin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 33 Suppl. 1: 39-46
120. 120. Vincent J, Teng R, Dogolo LC, et al. Effect of trovafloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, on the steady state pharmacokinetics of theophylline in volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 39 Suppl. B: 81-6
121. 121. Stass H, Kubitza D. Interaction profile of moxifloxacin. Drugs 1999; 58 Suppl. 2: 265-6
122. 122. Davy M, Allen A, Bird N, et al. Lack of effect of gemifloxacin on the steady state pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers [abstract P419]. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44 Suppl. A: 133