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Stellate ganglia were fixed in glutaraldehyde (2%) and 2.5% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, that contained 0.8 M sucrose. They were then post-fixed for 30 min in 2% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer with 0.8 M sucrose, during which time they were microwaved for short bursts. They were dehydrated and infiltrated in the microwave, then flat embedded in Embed 812 (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Fort Washington, PA). Sections 2 μm thick were cut until the synapse was located, after which 50-nm thin sections were cut. The sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead nitrate and were examined with a Phillips CM12 electron microscope at 60 kV.
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The size of pipette tips was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (18).
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2, and 2 mM ATP, or a similar solution where K aspartate was substituted for KCl. The inner electrode was mounted in a standard electrode holder with a side port attached to manual suction. The outer electrode was made of softer, larger-bore glass, not polished, and only the tip was filled with intracellular solution. The inner electrode was manually inserted into the outer electrode, and microscope oil was placed between the two electrodes. The inner and outer electrodes were operated independently by separate micromanipulators. Both electrodes were moved in unison toward the cell and punctured the presynaptic terminal about 50 to 100 μm from its distal end during monitoring of membrane potential. The outer microelectrode was then retracted, exposing the inner tip. Gigohm seals formed either spontaneously or in response to slight negative pressure. The polarities of potentials reported here refer to those of the patch pipette relative to that of the ground electrode, which was placed in the external medium. The sample rate was 20 kHz, and data were filtered at 500 to 1000 Hz.
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We thank C. Pearson of the University of Connecticut Central Electron Microscope Facility for SEM experiments, T. Eisen and S. Jonas for comments on the manuscript, and K. E. Kaczmarek for technical support. The electrophysiological experiments were carried out at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), Woods Hole, MA. Supported by NIH grants to L.K.K. and a fellowship award from MBL to E.A.J.
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