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The high-speed (30 ms/image) imaging system uses laser illumination and a low-noise frame transfer charge-coupled device camera (128 x 128 pixels, 540 frames/s, 70% quantum efficiency, six-electron readout noise). With a 20-ms exposure time and 10 ms to shift focus, 41 optical sections (z step-0.25 μm) of a mtGFP-transfected cell are obtained in ∼1 s, a time scale in which mitochondrial motion is minimal. The wide-field images were deblurred and reconstructed in 3D as described [W. A. Carrington et al., Science 268, 1483 (1995); R. Rizzuto, W. A. Carrington, R. A. Tuft, Trends Cell Biol., in press].
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The portion of the immunoglobulin heavy chain used for ER targeting (L-VDJ-CH1) was excised from erAEQ [M. Montero et al., EMBO J. 14, 5467 (1995)] and cloned in the expression vector VR1012 in front of either GFPwt or GFP(S65T). The final constructs were designated erGFPwt or erGFP(S65T), respectively. The ER localization of both chimeras was confirmed by the colocalization with the ER marker calreticulin. Given the stronger fluorescence of erGFP(S65T), we used this construct for the experiment of Fig. 1. In double-labeling experiments with erGFP(S65T) and mtGFP(Y66H,Y145F), the sample was alternatively illuminated at each z section with ultraviolet and blue light, and the emitted light was filtered by a two-band filter. The two images were then independently collected and separately processed. Use of high-speed shutters kept the acquisition time of a 40-plane stack short (∼2 s).
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The ER and mitochondria images were separately thresholded over a range that eliminated background but preserved organellar structure. Subresolution functional overlap was determined from the percentage of mitochondria surface voxels that also contained ER; compensating for the limited resolution (which increases apparent overlap) increased the range of estimated overlap.
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R. Rizzuto, P. Pinton, and T. Pozzan, data not shown.
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39
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2642671796
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note
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2+], ionic strength, and temperature (12).
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40
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2642709014
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note
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c (14), was delayed.
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41
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0024442938
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2+-adenosine triphosphatase with 2,5-di(tert-butyl)-1,4-benzohydroquinone (tBuBHQ) [G. E. N. Kass et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264, 15192 (1989)].
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2+] as cAEQ.
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43
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2642703248
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note
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2+] in these microdomains was high enough to cause complete discharge of all their aequorin content, the regions should correspond to ~∼ to 5% of the MIMS.
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44
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note
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We thank M. Murgia for constructing the erGFP(S65T) cDNA; R. Bisson, F. DiLisa, C. Montecucco, and G. Rutter for critically reading and discussing the manuscript; and J. Carmichael, G. Ronconi, and M. Santato for technical assistance. Supported by grants from Telethon (845, 850), from the Human Frontier Science Program, from the E. U. Biomed program (BMH4CT960181), from the Armenise Foundation (Harvard University), from the Italian University Ministry, and from the British Research Council to R.R. and T.P., by grants from NSF (DBI-9200027 and DBI-9724611) and NIH (HL14523 and RR09799) to W.C., F.S.F., K.E.F., L.M.L., and R.A.T.; and by a NATO Travel grant to R.R. and F.S.F. This report is dedicated to the memory of our dear friend and colleague Fredric S. Fay, whose enthusiasm and insights nurtured this collaboration, but who did not live to see its fruition.
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