Aerotaxis and other energy-sensing behavior in bacteria

Annual Review of Microbiology

Volumn 53, Issue , 1999, Pages 103-128

  Taylor, Barry L ^a   Zhulin, Igor B ^a   Johnson, Mark S ^a  

^a LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemotaxis; Energy taxis; Oxygen sensing; PAS domains; Phototaxis

Indexed keywords

CELL METABOLISM; CHEMOTAXIS; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENERGY METABOLISM; ENVIRONMENT; ESCHERICHIA COLI; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SWIMMING; TRANSDUCER;

BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY; CHEMOTAXIS; ENERGY METABOLISM; ESCHERICHIA COLI; MOVEMENT; OXYGEN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0032694979     PISSN: 00664227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.103     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Adler J. 1969. Chemoreceptors in bacteria. Science 166:1588-97
2. Adler J. 1975. Chemotaxis in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44:341-56
3. Adler J. 1988. Chemotaxis: old and new. Bot. Acta 101:93-100
4. Ames P, Schluederberg SA, Bergman K. 1980. Behavioral mutants of Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 141:722-27
5. Armitage JP. 1997. Three hundred years of bacterial motility. In Further Milestones in Biochemistry, ed. MG Ord, LA Stocken, 3:107-64. Greenwich, CT: JAI
6. Armitage JP, Ingham C, Evans MCW. 1985. Role of proton motive force in phototactic and aerotactic responses of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, J. Bacteriol. 161:967-72
7. Armitage JP, Schmitt R. 1997. Bacterial chemotaxis: Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Sinorhozobium meliloti - variations on a theme? Microbiology 143:3671-82
8. Baracchini O, Sherris JC. 1959. The chemotactic effect of oxygen on bacteria. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 77:565-74
9. Barak R, Nur I, Okon Y. 1983. Detection of chemotaxis in Azospirillum brasilense. J. Appl. Bacteriol, 53:399-403
10. Barak R, Nur I, Okon Y, Henis Y. 1982. Aerotactic response of Azospirillum brasilense. J. Bacteriol. 152:643-49
11. + in phototaxis of Halobacterium halobium. Nature 292:338-40
12. Bashan Y, Holguin G. 1994. Root-to-root travel of the beneficial bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2120-31
13. Bazylinski DA. 1995. Structure and function of the bacterial magnetosome. ASM News 61:337-43
14. Beijerinck MW. 1893. Ueber Atmungsfiguren beweglicher Bakterien. Zentrabl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. 14:827-45
15. Berg HC. 1975. Chemotaxis in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng, 4:119-36
16. Berg HC, Anderson RA. 1973. Bacteria swim by rotating their flagellar filaments, Nature 245:380-82
17. Berg HC, Brown DA. 1972. Chemotaxis in Escherichia coli analyzed by three-dimensional tracking. Nature 239:500-4
18. Bespalov VA, Zhulin IB, Taylor BL. 1996, Behavioral responses of Escherichia coli to changes in redox potential. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10084-89
19. Bibikov SI, Biran R, Rudd KE, Parkinson JS. 1997. A signal transducer for aerotaxis in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 179:4075-79
20. Bibikov SI, Grishanin RN, Kaulen AD, Marwan W, Oesterhelt D, Skulachev VP. 1993. Bacteriorhodopsin is involved in halobacterial photoreception. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:9446-50
21. Bibikov SI, Skulachev VP. 1989, Mechanisms of phototaxis and aerotaxis in Halobacterium halobium. FEBS Lett. 243: 303-6
22. Blakemore RP. 1975. Magnetotactic bacteria. Science 190:377-79
23. Blakemore RP. 1982. Magnetotactic bacteria. Anna. Rev. Microbiol. 36:217-38
24. Blakemore RP, Frankel RB, Kalmijn AJ. 1980. South-seeking bacteria in the southern hemisphere. Nature 286:384-85
25. Bourret RB, Borkovich KA, Simon MI. 1991. Signal transduction pathways involving protein phosphorylation in prokaryotes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60:401-41
26. Bourret RB, Davagnino J, Simon MI. 1993. The carboxy-terminal portion of the CheA kinase mediates regulation of autophosphorylation by transducer and CheW. J. Bacteriol. 175:2097-101
27. Bourret RB, Hess J-F, Borkovich KA, Pakula AA, Simon MI. 1989. Protein phosphorylation in chemotaxis and two-component regulatory systems of bacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 264:7085-88
28. Boyd A, Krikos A, Simon MI, 1981. Sensory transducers of E. coli are encoded by homologous genes. Cell 26:333-43
29. Brooun A, Bell J, Freitas T, Larsen RW, Alam M. 1998. An archaeal aerotaxis transducer combines subunit I core structures of eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase and eubacterial methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. J. Bacteriol. 180:1642-46
30. Brown S, Poole PS, Jeziorska W, Armitage JP. 1993. Chemokinesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides is the result of a long term increase in the rate of flagellar rotation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1141:309-12
31. Bünning E. 1989. Ahead of his time: Wilhelm Pfeffer. In Early Advances in Plant Biology. Ottawa, Canada: Carlton Univ. Press. pp. 49-53
32. Caetano-Anolles G, Wrobel-Boerner E, Bauer WD. 1992. Growth and movement of spot inoculated Rhizobium meliloti on the root surface of alfalfa. Plant Physiol. 98:1181-89
33. Clancy M, Madill KA, Wood JM. 1981. Genetic and biochemical requirements for chemotaxis to L-proline in Escherichia coli J. Bacteriol. 146:902-6
34. Clayton RK. 1958. On the interplay of environmental factors affecting taxis and motility in Rhodospirillum rubrum. Arch. Microbiol. 29:189-212
35. Clegg DO, Koshland DEJ. 1984. The role of a signaling protein in bacterial sensing: behavioral effects of increased gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 5056-60
36. Cohen Y, Rosenberg E. 1989. Microbial Mats. Physiological Ecology of Benthic Microbial Communities. Washington, DC: Am. Soc. Microbiol.
37. Cornfield DN, Reeve HL, Tolarova S, Weir EK, Archer S. 1996. Oxygen causes fetal pulmonary vasodilation through activation of a calcium-dependent potassium channel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8089-94
38. Cypionka H, Widdel F, Pfenning N. 1985. Survival of sulfate-reducing bacteria after oxygen stress, and growth in sulfate-free oxygen-sulfide gradients. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31:39-45
39. Dang CV, Niwano M, Ryu J-I, Taylor BL. 1986. Inversion of aerotactic response in Escherichia coli deficient in cheB protein methylesterase. J. Bacteriol. 166:275-80
40. 2 or nitrate by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 158:93-99
41. De Wit R, Jonkers HM, Vand den Ende FP, Van Gemerden H. 1989. In situ fluctuations of oxygen and sulphide in marine microbial sediment ecosystems. Neth. J. Sea Res. 23:271-81
42. DeRosier DJ. 1998. The turn of the screw: the bacterial flagellar motor. Cell 93:17-20
43. Dharmatilake AJ, Bauer WD. 1992. Chemotaxis of Rhizobium meliloti towards nodulation gene-inducing compounds from alfalfa roots. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 1153-58
44. Dilling W, Cypionka H. 1990. Aerobic respiration in sulfate-reducing bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 71:123-28
45. Dobell C. 1932. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "Little Animals." London: John Bale, Danielsson
46. Doetsch RN. 1971. Functional aspects of bacterial flagellar motility. Crit. Rev. Microbiol, 1:73-103
47. Eisenbach M. 1996. Control of bacterial chemotaxis. Mol. Microbiol. 20:903-10
48. Engelmann TW. 1881a. Neue Methode zur Untersuchung der Sauerstoffausscheidung pflanzlicher und tierischer Organismen. Pflugers Arch. Gesammte Physiol. 25: 285-92
49. Engelmann TW. 1881b. Zur Biologie der Schizomyceten. Pflugers Arch. Gesammte Physiol. 26:537-45
50. Engelmann TW. 1883. Bacterium photometricum: ein beitrag zur vergleichenden physiologic des licht und fabensinnes. Pfluegers Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere 42:183-86
51. Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA, Johnson MS, Taylor BL. 1997. Magneto-aerotaxis in marine coccoid bacteria. Biophys. J. 73:994-1000
52. Fründ C, Cohen Y. 1992. Diurnal cycles of sulfate reduction under oxic conditions in cyanobacterial mats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:70-77
53. Fu R, Wall JD, Voordouw G. 1994. DcrA, a c-type heme-containing methyl-accepting protein from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, senses the oxygen concentration or redox potential of the environment. J. Bacteriol. 176:344-50
54. Garcia-Pichel F, Mechling M, Castenholz RW. 1994, Diel migrations of microorganisms within a benthic, hypersaline mat community. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1500-11
55. Gauden DE, Armitage JP. 1995. Electron transport-dependent taxis in Rhodobacter spaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 177:5853-59
56. Gennis RB, Stewart V. 1996. Respiration. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology, ed. FC Neidhardt, R Curtiss III, JL Ingraham, ECC Lin, KB Low, et al, Vol. 1, pp. 217-61. Washington, DC: Am, Soc. Microbiol. 2nd ed.
57. Gest H. 1995. Phototaxis and other sensory, phenomena in purple photosynthetic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 16:287-94
58. Gilles-Gonzalez MA, Ditta GS, Helinski DR. 1991. A haemoprotein with kinase activity encoded by the oxygen sensor of Rhizobium meliloti. Nature 350:170-72
59. Givaudan A, Effosse A, Faure D, Poller P, Bouillant M-L, Bally R. 1994. Polyphenol oxidase in Azospirillum lipoferum isolated from rice rhizosphere: evidence for laccase activity in non-motile strains of Azospirillum lipoferum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 108:205-10
60. Glagolev AN. 1980. Reception of the energy level in bacterial taxis, J. Theor. Biol. 82:171-85
61. Gostick DO, Green J, Irvine AS, Gasson MJ, Guest JR. 1998. A novel regulatory switch mediated by the FNR-like protein of Lactobacillus casei. Microbiology 144:705-17
62. Götz R, Schmitt R. 1987. Rhizobium meliloti swims by unidirectional, intermittent rotation of right-handed flagellar helices. J. Bacteriol. 169:3146-50
63. Greek M, Platzer J, Sourjik V, Schmitt R. 1995. Analysis of a chemotaxis operon in Rhizobium meliloti. Mol. Microbiol. 15: 989-1000
64. Grishanin RN, Bibikov SI, Altschuler IM, Kaulen AD, Kazimirchuk SB, et al. 1996. Dy-mediated signalling in the bacteriorhodopsin-dependent photoresponse. J. Bacteriol. 178:3008-14
65. Grishanin RN, Chalmina II, Zhulin IB. 1991. Behaviour of Azospirillum brasilense in a spatial gradient of oxygen and in a 'redox' gradient of an artificial electron acceptor. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137:2781-85
66. Grishanin RN, Gauden DE, Armitage JP. 1997. Photoresponses in Rhodobacter sphaeroides: role of photosynthetic electron transport. J. Bacteriol. 179:24-30
67. Guillemin K, Krasnow MA. 1997. The hypoxic response: huffing and HIFing. Cell 89:9-12
68. Hamblin PA, Maguire BA, Grishanin RN, Armitage JP. 1997. Evidence for two chemosensory pathways in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Mol. Microbiol. 26:1083-96
69. Harold FM, Maloney PC. 1996. Energy transduction by ion currents. See Gennis & Stewart 1996, pp. 283-306
70. Harrison DM, Skidmore J, Armitage JP, Maddock JR. 1999. Localisation and environmental regulation of MCP-like proteins in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Mol. Microbiol. 31:885-92
71. Hazelbauer GL, Harayama S. 1983. Sensory transduction in bacterial chemotaxis. Int. Rev. Cytol. 81:33-70
72. Hess JF, Bourret RB, Simon MI. 1988. Histidine phosphorylation and phosphoryl group transfer in bacterial chemotaxis. Nature 336:139-43
73. Hidalgo E, Ding H, Demple B. 1997. Redox signal transduction via iron-sulfur clusters in the SoxR transcription activator. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22:207-10
74. Huang LE, Gu J, Schau M, Bunn HF. 1998. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor lalpha is mediated by an O2-dependent degradation domain via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:7987-92
75. Imhoff JF, Truper HG, Pfenning N. 1984. Rearrangement of the species and genera of the phototrophic "purple non-sulfur bacteria." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34:340-43
76. Jennings MS, Crosby JH. 1901. Studies on reactions to stimuli in unicellular organisms. VII. The manner in which bacteria react to stimuli, especially to chemical stimuli. Am. J. Physiol. 6:31-37
77. Jeziore-Sassoon Y, Hamblin PA, Bootie-Wilbraham CA, Poole PS, Armitage JP. 1998. Metabolism is required for chemotaxis to sugars in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Microbiology 144:229-39
78. Johnson MS, Rowsell EH, Taylor BL. 1995. Investigation of transphosphorylation between chemotaxis proteins and the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system. FEBS Lett. 374:161-64
79. Johnson MS, Taylor BL. 1993. Comparison of methods for specific depletion of ATP in Salmonella typhimurium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3509-12
80. Johnson MS, Zhulin IB, Gapuzan MR, Taylor BL. 1997. Oxygen-dependant growth of the obligate anaerobe Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. J. Bacteriol. 179: 5598-601
81. Jørgensen BB. 1977. The sulfur cycle of a coastal marine sediment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 22:814-32
82. 2S microgradients. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1261-70
83. Jung K-H, Spudich JL. 1996. Protonatable residues at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane helix-2 in the signal transducer HtrI control photochemistry and function of sensory rhodopsin I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6557-61
84. Jung K-H, Spudich JL. 1998. Suppressor mutation analysis of the sensory rhodopsin-I transducer complex: insights into the color-sensing mechanism. J. Bacteriol. 180:2033-42
85. Kehry MR, Dahlquist FW. 1982. The methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins of Escherichia coli. Identification of the multiple methylation sites on methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein I. J. Biol. Chem. 257:10378-86
86. Kihara M, Macnab RM. 1981. Cytoplasmic pH mediates pH taxis and weak-acid repellent taxis of bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 145: 1209-21
87. Kort EN, Goy MF, Larsen SH, Adler J. 1975. Methylation of a membrane protein involved in bacterial chemotaxis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:3939-43
88. Koshland DEJ. 1977. Sensory response in bacteria. Adv. Neurochem. 2:277-341
89. Krekeler D, Teske A, Cypionka H. 1998. Strategies of sulfate-reducing bacteria to escape oxygen stress in a cyanobacterial mat. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 25:89-96
90. Larsen SH, Adler J, Gargus JJ, Hogg RW. 1974. Chemomechanical coupling without ATP: the source of energy for motility and chemotaxis in bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:1239-43
91. Larsen SH, Reader RW, Kort EN, Tso W-W, Adler J. 1974. Change in direction of flagellar rotation is the basis of the chemotactic response in Escherichia coli. Nature 249:74-77
92. Laszlo DJ, Taylor BL. 1981. Aerotaxis in Salmonella typhimurium: role of electron transport. J. Bacteriol. 145:990-1001
93. Lc Moual H, Koshland DEJ. 1996. Molecular evolution of the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of a superfamily of bacterial receptors involved in taxis. J. Mol. Biol. 261:568-85
94. Lindbeck JC, Goulbourne EA Jr, Johnson MS, Taylor BL. 1995. Aerotaxis in Halobacterium salinarium is methylation-dependent. Microbiology 141:2945-53
95. Lopez-Barneo J. 1996. Oxygen-sensing by ion channels and the regulation of cellular functions. Trends Neurosci. 19:435-40
96. + current modulated by PO2 in type I chemoreceptor cells. Science 241:580-82
97. Lux R, Jahreis K, Bettenbrock K, Parkinson JS, Lengeler JW. 1995. Coupling the phosphotransferase system and the methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein-dependent chemotaxis signaling pathways of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11583-87
98. Lynch AS, Lin ECC. 1996. Responses to molecular oxygen. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology, eds. FC Neidhardt, R Curtiss III, ECC Lin, KB Low, B Magasanik, et al, Vol. 1, pp. 1526-38. Washington, DC: Am. Soc. Microbiol. 2nd ed.
99. Macnab RM. 1987. Motility and chemotaxis. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, eds. FC Neidhardt, JL Ingraham, KB Low, B Magasanik, M Schaechter, HE Umbarger, Washington, DC: Am. Soc. Microbiol. pp. 732-59
100. Maeda K, Imae Y. 1979. Thermosensory transduction in Escherichia coli: inhibition of the thermoresponse by L-serine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:91-95
101. Manson MD. 1992. Bacterial motility and chemotaxis. Adv. Microbiol. Physiol. 33:277-346
102. Manten A. 1948. Phototaxis in the purple bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum and the relationship between phototaxis and photosynthesis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 14:65-86
103. Milburn MV, Prive GG, Scott WG, Yeh J, Jancarik J, et al. 1991. Three-dimensional structures of the ligand-binding domain of the bacterial aspartate receptor with and without a ligand. Science 254:1342-47
104. Mir J, Martinez-Alonso M, Esteve I, Guerrero R. 1991. Vertical stratification and microbial assemblage of a microbial mat in Ebro Delta (Spain). FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 86:59-68
105. Mitchell JG, Okubo A, Fuhrman JA. 1985. Microzones surrounding phytoplankton form the basis for a stratified marine microbial ecosystem. Nature 316:58-59
106. Mitchell JG, Pearson L, Dillon S, Kantalis K. 1995. Natural assemblages of marine bacteria exhibiting high-speed motility and large accelerations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:4436-40
107. Mizuno T, Imae Y. 1984. Conditional inversion of the thermoresponse in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 159:360-67
108. Møller MM, Nielsen LP, Jørgensen BB. 1985. Oxygen responses and mat formation by Beggiatoa sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:373-82
109. Murvanidze GV, Glagolev AN. 1982. Electrical nature of the taxis signal in cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 150:239-44
110. Muskavitch MA, Kort EN, Springer MS, Goy MF, Adler J. 1978. Attraction by repellents: an error in sensory information processing by bacterial mutants. Science 201:63-65
111. Nara T, Kawagishi I, Nishiyama S, Homma M, Imae Y. 1996. Modulation of the thermosensing profile of the Escherichia coli aspartate receptor tar by covalent modification of its methyl-accepting sites. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 17932-36
112. Nara T, Lee L, Imae Y. 1991.Thermosensing ability of Trg and Tap chemoreceptors in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 173: 1120-24
113. Netzly DH, Riopel JL, Ejeta G, Butler LG. 1988. Germination stimulants of witchweed (Striga asiatica) from hydrophobic root exudate of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Weed Sci. 36:441-46
114. Niwano M, Taylor BL. 1982. Novel sensory adaptation mechanism in bacterial chemotaxis to oxygen and phosphotransferase substrates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:11-15
115. Olson KD, Zhang X-N, Spudich JL. 1995. Residue replacements of buried aspartyl and related residues in sensory rhodopsin I: D201N produces inverted phototaxis signals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:3185-89
116. Parkc D, Ornston LN, Nester EW. 1987. Chemotaxis to plant phenolic inducers of virulence genes is constitutively expressed in the absence of the Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Bacteriol. 169:5336-38
117. Parkinson JS. 1993. Signal transduction schemes of bacteria. Cell 73:857-71
118. Parkinson JS, Kofoid EC. 1992. Communication modules in bacterial signaling proteins. Annu. Rev. Genet. 26:71-112
119. Pfeffer W. 1883. Locomotorische richtungsbewegungen dutch chemische rieze. Ber. Dtsch Bot. Ges. 1:524-33
120. Pickard GL. 1963. Descriptive physical oceanography. New York: Pergamon
121. Platzer J, Sterr W, Hausmann M, Schmitt R. 1997. Three genes of a motility operon and their role in flagellar rotary speed variation in Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 179:6391-99
122. Ponting CP, Aravind L. 1997. PAS: a multifunctional domain family comes to light. Curr. Biol. 7:R674-R677
123. Poole PS, Brown S, Armitage JP. 1991. Chemotaxis and chemokinesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides: modelling of the two effects. Binary, 3:183-90
124. Postma PW, Lengeler JW, Jacobson GR. 1996. Phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase systems. See Gennis & Stewart 1996, pp. 1149-74
125. Rasmussen JA, Hejl AM, Einhellig FA, Thomas JA. 1998. Sorgoleone from root exudate inhibits mitochondrial functions. J. Chem. Ecol. 18:197-207
126. Ravid S, Matsumura P, Eisenbach M. 1986. Restoration of flagellar clockwise rotation in bacterial envelopes by insertion of the chemotaxis protein CheY. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7157-61
127. Rebbapragada A, Johnson MS, Harding GP, Zuccharelli AJ, Fletcher HM, et al. 1997. The Aer protein and the serine chemoreceptor Tsr independently sense intracellular energy levels and transduce oxygen, redox, and energy signals for Escherichia coli behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10541-46
128. Reiner O, Okon Y. 1986. Oxygen recognition in aerotactic behaviour of Azospirillum brasilense Cd. Can. J. Microbiol. 32:829-34
129. 2S and pH profiles of a microbial mat. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28:1062-74
130. 2 solubility in aqueous media determined by a kinetic method, Anal. Biochem. 145:406-18
131. 4 dicarboxylic acid transport and chemotaxis in Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 175:2284-91
132. Romagnoli S, Armitage JR 1999. The role of the chemosensory pathways in transient changes in swimming speed of Rhodobacter sphaeroides induced by changes in photosynthetic electron transport. J. Bacteriol. 181:34-9
133. Rosario ML, Ordal GW. 1996. CheC and CheD interact to regulate methylation of Bacillus subtilis methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 21: 511-18
134. Rowsell EH, Smith JM, Wolfe A, Taylor BL. 1995. CheA, CheW, and CheY are required for chemotaxis to oxygen and sugars of the phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 177:6011-14
135. Rudolph J, Nordmann B, Storch K-F, Gruenberg H, Rodewald K, Oesterhelt D. 1996. A family of halobacterial transducer proteins. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 139:161-68
136. Santos H, Fareleira P, Xavier AV, Chen L, Liu MY, Legall J. 1993. Aerobic metabolism of carbon reserves by the obligate anaerobe Desulfovibrio gigas. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195: 551-57
137. Sass H, Cypionka H, Babenzien H-D. 1997. Vertical distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria atg the oxic-anoxic interface in sediments of the oligotrophic Lake Stechlin. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 22: 245-55
138. Seligman L, Bailey J, Manoil C. 1995. Sequences determining the cytoplasmic localization of a chemoreceptor domain, J. Bacteriol. 177:2315-20
139. Shaw CH, Ashby AM, Brown A, Royal C, Loake GJ, 1988. virA and virG are the Ti-plasmid functions required for chemotaxis of Argobacterium tumefaciens towards acetosyringone. Mol. Microbiol. 2: 413-17
140. Shioi J-I, Galloway RJ, Niwano M, Chinnock RE, Taylor BL. 1982. Requirement of ATP in bacterial chemotaxis. J. Biol. Chem, 257:7969-75
141. Shioi J-I, Taylor BL. 1984. Oxygen taxis and proton motive force in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Biol. Chem. 259:10983-88
142. Shioi J, Dang CV, Taylor BL. 1987. Oxygen as attractant and repellent in bacterial chemotaxis, J. Bacteriol. 169:3118-23
143. Shioi J, Tribhuwan RC, Berg ST, Taylor BL. 1988. Signal transduction in chemotaxis to oxygen in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 170:5507-11
144. Slonczewski JL, Macnab RM, Alger JR, Castle AM. 1982. Effects of pH and repellent tactic stimuli on protein methylation levels in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 152:384-99
145. Smith CE, Ruttledge T, Zeng Z, O'Malley RC, Lynn DG. 1996. A mechanism for inducing plant development: the genesis of a specific inhibitor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6986-91
146. Sourjik V, Schmitt R. 1996. Different roles of CheY1 and CheY2 in the chemotaxis of Rhizobium meliloti. Mol. Microbiol. 22:427-36
147. Sourjik V, Schmitt R. 1998. Phosphotransfer between CheA, CheY1, and CheY2 in the chemotaxis siganl transduction chain of Rhizobium meliloti. Biochemistry 37:2327-2335
148. Springer MS, Goy MF, Adler J. 1977. Sensory transduction in Escherichia coli: two complementary pathways of information processing that involve methylated proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:3312-16
149. Springer WR, Koshland DEJ. 1977. Identification of a protein methyltransferase as the cheR gene product in the bacterial sensing system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:533-37
150. Spudich JL. 1998. Variations on a molecular switch: transport and sensory signalling by archaeal rhodopsins. Mol. Microbiol. 28:1051-58
151. Stock JB, Koshland DEJ. 1978. A protein methylesterase involved in bacterial sensing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:3659-63
152. Stock JB, Surette MG. 1996. Chemotaxis. See Gennis & Stewart 1996, pp. 1103-29
153. Taylor BL. 1983. Role of proton motive force in sensory transduction in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 37:551-73
154. Taylor BL, Johnson MS. 1998. Rewiring a receptor: negative output from positive input. FEBS Lett. 425:377-81
155. Taylor BL, Lengeler JW. 1990. Transductive coupling by methylated transducing proteins and permeases of the phosphotransferase system in bacterial chemotaxis. In Membrane Transport and Information Storage, eds. RC Aloia, CC Curtain, LM Gordon. New York: Wiley-Liss. pp. 69-90
156. Taylor BL, Miller JB, Warrick HM, Koshland DEJ. 1979. Electron acceptor taxis and blue light effect on bacterial chemotaxis. J. Bacteriol. 140:567-73
157. Taylor BL, Zhulin IB. 1998. In search of higher energy: metabolism-dependent behaviour in bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 28: 683-90
158. Taylor BL, Zhulin IB. 1999. PAS domains: internal sensors of oxygen, redox and light. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. In press
159. Teske A, Ramsing NB, Habicht K, Fukui M, Kuver J, et al. 1998. Sulfate-reducing bacteria and their activities in cyanobacterial mats of solar lake (Sinai, Egypt). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 2943-51
160. Teske A, Wawer C, Muyzer G, Ramsing NB. 1996. Distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a stratified fjord (Mariager Fjord, Denmark) as evaluated by most-probable-number counts and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA fragments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 1405-15
161. Van Gemerden H. 1993. Microbial mats: a joint venture. Mar. Geol. 113:3-25
162. Ward MJ, Bell AW, Hamblin PA, Packer HL, Armitage JP. 1995. Identification of a chemotaxis operon with two they genes in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Mol. Microbiol. 17:357-66
163. Willey JM, Waterbury JB. 1989. Chemotaxis toward nitrogenous compounds by swimming strains of marine Synechococcus spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1888-94
164. Wong LS, Johnson MS, Zhulin IB, Taylor BL. 1995. Role of methylation in aerotaxis in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 177: 3985-91
165. Yamamoto K, Macnab RM, Imae Y. 1990. Repellent response functions of the Trg and Tap chemoreceptors of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 172:383-88
166. +: effects of bacteriorhodopsin photoactivation on cellular proton fluxes and swimming behaviour. Photochem. Photobiol. 56:553-61
167. Zhang W, Brooun A, McCandless J, Banda P, Alam M. 1996. Signal transduction in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarium is processed through three subfamilies of 13 soluble and membrane-bound transducer proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:4649-54
168. Zhulin IB, Armitage JP. 1992. The role of taxis in the ecology of Azospirillum. Symbiosis 13: 199-206
169. Zhulin IB, Armitage JP. 1993. Motility, chemokinesis and methylation-independent chemotaxis in Azospirillum brasilense. J. Bacteriol. 175:952-58
170. Zhulin IB, Bespalov VA, Johnson MS, Taylor BL. 1996. Oxygen taxis and proton motive force in Azospirillum brasilense. J. Bacteriol. 178:5199-204
171. Zhulin IB, Johnson MS, Taylor BL. 1997. How do bacteria avoid high oxygen concentrations? Biosci. Rep. 17:335-42
172. Zhulin IB, Lois AF, Taylor BL. 1995. Behavior of Rhizobium meliloti in oxygen gradients. FEBS Lett. 367:180-82
173. Zhulin IB, Rowsell EH, Johnson MS, Taylor BL. 1997. Glycerol elicits energy taxis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 179:3196-201
174. Zhulin IB, Taylor BL. 1995. Chemotaxis in plant-associated bacteria: the search for the ecological niche. In Azospirillum VI and Related Microorganisms, ed. I Fendrik, M Del Gallo, J Vanderleyden, M de Zamaroczy, Vol. G37:451-59. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
175. Zhulin IB, Taylor BL. 1998. Correlation of PAS domains with electron transport-associated proteins in completely sequenced microbial genomes. Mol. Microbiol. 29:1522-23
176. Zhulin IB, Taylor BL, Dixon R. 1997. PAS domain S-boxes in archaea, bacteria and sensors for oxygen and redox. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22:331-33