Optical limiting and nonlinear absorption of excited states in metalloporphyrin-doped sol gels

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Volumn 35, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 1004-1014

  Dou, Kai ^a   Sun, Xiaodong ^a   Wang, Xiaojun ^b   Parkhill, Robert ^a   Guo, Yin ^a   Knobbe, Edward T ^a  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DENSITY (OPTICAL); DOPING (ADDITIVES); LIGHT ABSORPTION; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; SOL-GELS;

EXCITED STATE PROCESSES; METALLOPORPHYRIN-DOPED SOL GELS; NONLINEAR ABSORPTIONS; UPCONVERTED LUMINESCENCE;

NONLINEAR OPTICS;

EID: 0032655375     PISSN: 00189197     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/3.772169     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. M. Gouterman, "The Porphyrins," Physical Chemistry, Part A, D. Dolphin, Ed. New York: Academic, 1978.
2. K. Smith, Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, 1976.
3. W. Blau, H. Byrne, and W. M. Dennis, "Reverse saturable absorption in tetraphenyl-porphyrin," Opt. Commun., vol. 56, pp. 25-29, 1985.
4. M. L. Shand J. C. Walling, and R. C. Morris, "Excited state absorption in the pump region of alexandrite," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 52, pp. 953-955, 1981.
5. R. C. Hoffman, K. A. Stetyick, and R. S. Potember, "Reverse saturable absorber: indanthrone and its derivatives," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 6, pp. 112-111, 1989.
6. L. W. Tutt and S. W. McCahon, "Reverse saturable absorption in metal cluster compounds," Opt. Lett., vol. 15, pp. 700-702, 1990.
7. M. P. Tsvirko, G. F. Stelmakh, V. E. Pyatosin, K. N. Solovyov, and T. F. Kachura, "Fluorescence from upper electronic states of lanthannide-porphyrin complexes," Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 73, pp. 80-83, 1980.
8. S. Tobita and I. Tanaka, "Two-photon absorption study of Zn(II) Tetraporphyrin: Role of a higher excited singlet state of gerade symmertry," Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, pp. 517-521, 1983.
9. S. Tobita, Y. Kaizu, H. Kobayashi, and I. Tanaka, "Study of higher excited singlet states of zinc(II)-tetraphenylporphyrin," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 81, pp. 2962-2969, 1984.
10. L. Bajema and M. Gouterman, "Porphyrins XXIII: Fluorescence of the second excited singlet and quasiline structure of zinc tetrabenzporphin," J. Mot. Spectr., vol. 39, pp. 421-431, 1971.
11. J. W. Perry, "Organic and metal containing reverse saturable absorbers for optical limiters," in Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, H. S. Nalwa and S. Miyata, Ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997, pp. 813-840.
12. J. W. Perry, K. Mansour, I. Y. Lee, X. L. Wu, P. V. Bedworth, C. T. Chen, D. Ng, S. R. Marder, P. Miles, T. Wada, M. Tian, and H. Sasabe, "Organic optical limiter with a strong nonlinear absorptive response," Science, vol. 273, pp. 1533-1536, 1996.
13. P. Prasad and D. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical effects in Molecules and Polymers. New York: Wiley, 1991.
14. L. Hench and J. West, "The sol-gel processes," Chem. Rev., vol. 90, pp. 33-72, 1990.
15. J. C. Pouxviel, J. P. Boilot, O. Poncelet, L. Hubert-Pfalzgraf, J. P. Lecomte, A. Dauger, and J.C. Beloeil, "An aluminosiloxane as a ceramic precursor," J. Non-Crystall. Solids, vol. 93, pp. 277-286, 1987.
16. J. C. Pouxviel, B. Dunn, and J. I. Zink, "Fluorescence study of aluminosilicate sols and gels doped with hydroxy trisulfonated pyrene," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 93, pp. 2134-2139, 1989.
17. K. Kamitani, M. Uo, H. Inoue, A. Makishima, T. Suzuki, and K. Horie, "Synthesis and spectroscopy of TPP derivative-doped silica gels prepared by the sol-gel process," J. Lumin., vol. 64, pp. 291-294, 1995.
18. A. Veret-Lemarinier, J. Galaup, A. Ranger, F. Chaput, and Boilot, "High temperature spectral hole burning on porphyrins grafted to sol-gel matrices," J. Lumin., vol. 64, pp. 223-229, 1995.
19. J. Chen, R. Xu, and J. Mackenzie, "Ferroelectric coatings by the sol-gel method," Sol Gel Opt. I, vol. 1307, pp. 143-153, 1990.
20. J. Janata, "Chemical sensors," Anal. Chem., vol. 64, pp. 196R-219R, 1992.
21. K. Mansour, P. Fuqua, S. Marder, B. Dunn, and J. Perry, "Solid state optical limiting materials based on phthalocyanine containing polymers and organically-modified sol-gels," Sol Gel Opt. II, vol. 2143, pp. 239-250, 1994.
22. L. W. Tutt and T. F. Boggess, "A review of optical limiting mechanisms and devices using organic, fullerenes, semiconductors and other materials," Prog. Quantum Electron., vol. 17, pp. 299-338, 1993.
23. T. Wie, D. Hagan, M. Sence, E. Van Stryland, J. Perry, and D. Coulter, "Direct measurements of nonlinear absorption and refraction in solutions of phthalocyanines," Appl. Phys., vol. B54, pp. 46-51, 1992.
24. T. Xia, D. Hagan, A. Dogariu, A. Said, and E. Van Stryland, "Optimization of optical limiting devices based on excited-state absorption," Appl. Opt., vol. 36, pp. 4110-4122, 1997.
25. J. Shirk, R. Pong, F. Bartoli, and A. Snow, "Optical limiter using a lead phthalocyanine," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 63, pp. 1880-1882, 1993.
26. J. A. Armstrong, " Saturable optical absorption in phthalocyanine dyes," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 36, pp. 471-473, 1965.
27. C. R. Giuliano and L. D. Hess, "Nonlinear absorption of light: Optical saturation of electronic transitions in organic molecules with high intensity laser radiation," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-3, pp. 358-367, 1967.
28. M. Hercher, W. Chu, and D. Stockman, "An experimental study of saturable absorbers for ruby lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-4, pp. 954-968, 1968.
29. X. D. Sun, X. J. Wang, W. Shan, J. J. Song, M. G. Fan, and E. T. Knobbe, "Nonlinear effects in chromophore doped sol-gel photonic materials," J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., vol. 9, pp. 169-181, 1997.
30. X. J. Wang, L. M. Yates III, and E. T. Knobbe, "Excited state absorption and radiative upconversion in porphyrin-doped gels," Sol-Gel Opt. III, vol. 2288, pp. 264-275, 1994.
31. K. Dou, X. D. Sun, X. J. Wang, and E. T. Knobbe, "Nonlinear absorption and emission of excited states in metalloporphyrin-doped sol gels," Sol-Gel Opt. IV, vol. 3136, pp. 48-56, 1997.
32. K. Dou, X. D. Sun, X. J. Wang, R. Parkhill, Y. Guo, and E. T. Knobbe, "Optical limiting and upconverted luminescence in metalloporphyrindoped sol-gels," Solid State Commun., vol. 107, pp. 101-106, 1998.
33. M. Hercher, W. Chu, and D. Stockman, "An experiment study of saturable absorbers for ruby laser," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-4, pp. 954-968, 1968.
34. B. Smith and M. Gouterman, Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 2, pp. 517-519, 1968.
35. R. Ake and M. Gouterman, Theoret. Chim. Acta, vol. 15, p. 20, 1969.