메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 44, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 19-29

Clostridium difficile-associated disease: Implications for midwifery practice

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; METRONIDAZOLE;

EID: 0032609198     PISSN: 00912182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0091-2182(98)00074-3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (6)

References (132)
  • 1
    • 0027396469 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Fekety R, Shah AB. Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. JAMA 1993;269:71-5.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.269 , pp. 71-75
    • Fekety, R.1    Shah, A.B.2
  • 3
    • 0030969261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile-associaied diarrhea and colitis
    • Fekety R. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile-associaied diarrhea and colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:739-50.
    • (1997) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.92 , pp. 739-750
    • Fekety, R.1
  • 4
    • 0025161604 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage and C difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohort of hospitalized patients
    • McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Stamm WE. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage and C difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohort of hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis 1990;162:678-84.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.162 , pp. 678-684
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Stamm, W.E.3
  • 6
    • 0031939455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective nationwide study of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in Sweden
    • Karlstrom O, Fryklund B, Tallus K, Burman LG. A prospective nationwide study of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in Sweden. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:141-5.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 141-145
    • Karlstrom, O.1    Fryklund, B.2    Tallus, K.3    Burman, L.G.4
  • 7
    • 0031787180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing hospitalization and death possibly due to Clostridium difficile diarrheal disease
    • Available at: Accessed November 5, 1998
    • Frost F, Craun GF, Calderon RL. Increasing hospitalization and death possibly due to Clostridium difficile diarrheal disease. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 1998;4(4). Available at: http://www. cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol4no4/frost.htm. Accessed November 5, 1998.
    • (1998) Emerg Infect Dis [Serial Online] , vol.4 , Issue.4
    • Frost, F.1    Craun, G.F.2    Calderon, R.L.3
  • 11
    • 0029828270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea following decreased restriction of antibiotic use
    • Ho M, Yang D, Wyle FA, Mulligan ME. Increased incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea following decreased restriction of antibiotic use. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23 Suppl 1:102-6.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.23 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 102-106
    • Ho, M.1    Yang, D.2    Wyle, F.A.3    Mulligan, M.E.4
  • 12
    • 0021985883 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial agents and Clostridium difficile in acute enteric disease: Epidemiological data from Sweden, 1980-1982
    • Aronsson B, Mollby R, Nord C-E. Antimicrobial agents and Clostridium difficile in acute enteric disease: epidemiological data from Sweden, 1980-1982. J Infect Dis 1985;151:476-81.
    • (1985) J Infect Dis , vol.151 , pp. 476-481
    • Aronsson, B.1    Mollby, R.2    Nord, C.-E.3
  • 14
    • 0030607891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: A public health perspective
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: a public health perspective. MMWR 1996;45:1-24.
    • (1996) MMWR , vol.45 , pp. 1-24
    • Control, C.F.D.1    Prevention2
  • 15
    • 0030227496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group B streptococcus in the perinatal period: A review
    • Clay LS. Group B streptococcus in the perinatal period: a review. J Nurse Midwifery 1996;41:355-63.
    • (1996) J Nurse Midwifery , vol.41 , pp. 355-363
    • Clay, L.S.1
  • 16
    • 0031226527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early onset group B strep infection in newborns: Prevention and prophylaxis
    • American College of Nurse-Midwives. Early onset group B strep infection in newborns: prevention and prophylaxis. J Nurse Midwifery 1997;42:403-8.
    • (1997) J Nurse Midwifery , vol.42 , pp. 403-408
  • 17
    • 0027228486 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: Clinical disease and diagnosis
    • Knoop FC, Owens M, Crocker C. Clostridium difficile: clinical disease and diagnosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993;6:251-65.
    • (1993) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.6 , pp. 251-265
    • Knoop, F.C.1    Owens, M.2    Crocker, C.3
  • 18
    • 84941814265 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis in adults: A prospective, casecontrolled epidemiologic study
    • Gerding DN, Olson MM, Peterson LR, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis in adults: a prospective, casecontrolled epidemiologic study. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:95-100.
    • (1986) Arch Intern Med , vol.146 , pp. 95-100
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Olson, M.M.2    Peterson, L.R.3
  • 19
    • 0025093525 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: Clinical considerations
    • Bartlett, JG. Clostridium difficile: clinical considerations. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12 Suppl 2:243-51.
    • (1990) Rev Infect Dis , vol.12 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 243-251
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 20
    • 0026746192 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Bartlett JG. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:573-81.
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 573-581
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 21
    • 0024239582 scopus 로고
    • Effect of antimicrobial therapy on bowel flora
    • Hooker KD, DiPiro JT. Effect of antimicrobial therapy on bowel flora. Clin Pharm 1988;7:878-88.
    • (1988) Clin Pharm , vol.7 , pp. 878-888
    • Hooker, K.D.1    Dipiro, J.T.2
  • 22
    • 0025305108 scopus 로고
    • The influence of the normal flora on Clostridium difficile colonization of the gut
    • Borriello SP. The influence of the normal flora on Clostridium difficile colonization of the gut. Ann Med 1990;22:61-7.
    • (1990) Ann Med , vol.22 , pp. 61-67
    • Borriello, S.P.1
  • 23
    • 0027196387 scopus 로고
    • The anaerobic microflora of the human body
    • Hentges DJ. The anaerobic microflora of the human body. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16 Suppl 4:175-80.
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.16 , Issue.4 SUPPL. , pp. 175-180
    • Hentges, D.J.1
  • 25
    • 0027223050 scopus 로고
    • The microecology of Clostridium difficile
    • Wilson KH. The microecology of Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16 Suppl 4:214-8.
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.16 , Issue.4 SUPPL. , pp. 214-218
    • Wilson, K.H.1
  • 27
    • 0025641256 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection of the gut
    • Borriello SP. Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection of the gut. J Med Microbiol 1990;33:207-15.
    • (1990) J Med Microbiol , vol.33 , pp. 207-215
    • Borriello, S.P.1
  • 30
    • 0028107662 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of community acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Hirschorn LR, Trnka Y, Onderdonk A, Lee ML, Platt R. Epidemiology of community acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Infect Dis 1994;169:127-33.
    • (1994) J Infect Dis , vol.169 , pp. 127-133
    • Hirschorn, L.R.1    Trnka, Y.2    Onderdonk, A.3    Lee, M.L.4    Platt, R.5
  • 31
    • 0028451494 scopus 로고
    • Ten years of prospective Clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance and treatment at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center, 1982-1991
    • Olson MM, Shanholzer MT, Lee JT Jr, Gerding DN. Ten years of prospective Clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance and treatment at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center, 1982-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:371-81.
    • (1994) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.15 , pp. 371-381
    • Olson, M.M.1    Shanholzer, M.T.2    Lee Jr., J.T.3    Gerding, D.N.4
  • 32
    • 0025954453 scopus 로고
    • Control of nosoco-mial transmission of Clostridium difficile based on sporadic case surveillance
    • Struelens MJ, Maas A, Nonhoff C, et al. Control of nosoco-mial transmission of Clostridium difficile based on sporadic case surveillance. Am J Med 1991-91 Suppl 3B:138-44.
    • (1991) Am J Med , vol.91 , Issue.SUPPL. 3B , pp. 138-144
    • Struelens, M.J.1    Maas, A.2    Nonhoff, C.3
  • 33
    • 0025912191 scopus 로고
    • The clinical significance of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis in the 1990s
    • Andrejak M, Schmit JL, Tondriaux A. The clinical significance of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis in the 1990s. Drug Saf 1991;6:339-49.
    • (1991) Drug Saf , vol.6 , pp. 339-349
    • Andrejak, M.1    Schmit, J.L.2    Tondriaux, A.3
  • 34
    • 0030869717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in obstetric and gynecology patients
    • James AH, Katz VL, Dotters DJ, Rogers RG. Clostridium difficile infection in obstetric and gynecology patients. South Med J 1997;90:889-92.
    • (1997) South Med J , vol.90 , pp. 889-892
    • James, A.H.1    Katz, V.L.2    Dotters, D.J.3    Rogers, R.G.4
  • 35
    • 0026727849 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: Evidence for colonized new admission as a source of infection
    • Clabots CR, Johnson S, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Gerding DN. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admission as a source of infection. J Infect Dis 1992;166:561-7.
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.166 , pp. 561-567
    • Clabots, C.R.1    Johnson, S.2    Olson, M.M.3    Peterson, L.R.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 36
    • 0019503053 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of antibiotic-associated colitis: Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment
    • Fekety R, Kim KH, Brown D, Batts DH, Cudmore M, Silva J Jr. Epidemiology of antibiotic-associated colitis: isolation of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment. Am J Med 1981;70: 906-8.
    • (1981) Am J Med , vol.70 , pp. 906-908
    • Fekety, R.1    Kim, K.H.2    Brown, D.3    Batts, D.H.4    Cudmore, M.5    Silva Jr., J.6
  • 37
    • 0023630793 scopus 로고
    • An epidemic of pseudomembranous colitis: Importance of person to person spread
    • Nolan NPM, Kelly CP, Humphries JF, et al. An epidemic of pseudomembranous colitis: importance of person to person spread. Gut 1987;28:1467-73.
    • (1987) Gut , vol.28 , pp. 1467-1473
    • Npm, N.1    Kelly, C.P.2    Humphries, J.F.3
  • 38
    • 0025190736 scopus 로고
    • Prospective, controlled study of vinyl glove use to interrupt Clostridium difficile nosocomial transmission
    • Johnson S, Gerding DN, Olson MM, et al. Prospective, controlled study of vinyl glove use to interrupt Clostridium difficile nosocomial transmission. Am J Med 1990;88:137-40.
    • (1990) Am J Med , vol.88 , pp. 137-140
    • Johnson, S.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 39
    • 0019497353 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibioticassociated colitis
    • Kim KH, Fekety R, Batts DH, et al. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibioticassociated colitis. J Infect Dis 1981;143:42-50.
    • (1981) J Infect Dis , vol.143 , pp. 42-50
    • Kim, K.H.1    Fekety, R.2    Batts, D.H.3
  • 40
    • 0020701403 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Clostridium difficile from patients and the environment of hospital wards
    • Malamou-Ladas H, O'Farrell SO, Nash JO, Tabaqchali S. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from patients and the environment of hospital wards. J Clin Pathol 1983;36:88-92.
    • (1983) J Clin Pathol , vol.36 , pp. 88-92
    • Malamou-Ladas, H.1    O'Farrell, S.O.2    Nash, J.O.3    Tabaqchali, S.4
  • 41
    • 0020953392 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial spread of Clostridium difficile
    • Savage AM, Alford RH. Nosocomial spread of Clostridium difficile. Infect Control 1983;4:31-3.
    • (1983) Infect Control , vol.4 , pp. 31-33
    • Savage, A.M.1    Alford, R.H.2
  • 42
    • 0026816315 scopus 로고
    • Reduction in the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in an acute care hospital and a skilled nursing facility following replacement of electronic thermometers with single-use disposables
    • Brooks SE, Veal RO, Kramer M, Dore L, Schupf N, Adachi M. Reduction in the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in an acute care hospital and a skilled nursing facility following replacement of electronic thermometers with single-use disposables. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:98-103.
    • (1992) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.13 , pp. 98-103
    • Brooks, S.E.1    Veal, R.O.2    Kramer, M.3    Dore, L.4    Schupf, N.5    Adachi, M.6
  • 43
    • 0030099543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile contamination of blood pressure cuffs: A call for a closer look at gloving practices in the era of universal precautions
    • Manian FA, Meyer L, Jenne J. Clostridium difficile contamination of blood pressure cuffs: a call for a closer look at gloving practices in the era of universal precautions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:180-2.
    • (1996) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.17 , pp. 180-182
    • Manian, F.A.1    Meyer, L.2    Jenne, J.3
  • 44
    • 0031712494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and management of pseudomembranous colitis and Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Boardman A. Diagnosis and management of pseudomembranous colitis and Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Prim Care Update Ob/Gyns 1998;5:219-28.
    • (1998) Prim Care Update Ob/Gyns , vol.5 , pp. 219-228
    • Boardman, A.1
  • 45
    • 0028271412 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: History of its role as an enteric pathogen and the current state of knowledge about the organism
    • Bartlett JG. Clostridium difficile: history of its role as an enteric pathogen and the current state of knowledge about the organism. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18 Suppl 4:265-72.
    • (1994) Clin Infect Dis , vol.18 , Issue.4 SUPPL. , pp. 265-272
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 46
    • 0029199077 scopus 로고
    • Update on diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • DeMaio J, Bartlett JG. Update on diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1995;15:97-114.
    • (1995) Curr Clin Top Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 97-114
    • Demaio, J.1    Bartlett, J.G.2
  • 47
    • 0031926083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Johnson S, Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1998-26:102-34.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 102-134
    • Johnson, S.1    Gerding, D.N.2
  • 48
    • 0032574193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile is associated with a decreased risk of subsequent C difficile diarrhea
    • Shim JK, Johnson S, Samore MH, Bliss DZ, Gerding DN. Primary asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile is associated with a decreased risk of subsequent C difficile diarrhea. Lancet 1998;351:633-6.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , pp. 633-636
    • Shim, J.K.1    Johnson, S.2    Samore, M.H.3    Bliss, D.Z.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 49
    • 0026177727 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during a hospital outbreak
    • Thibault A, Miller MA, Gaese C. Risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during a hospital outbreak. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991;12:345-8.
    • (1991) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.12 , pp. 345-348
    • Thibault, A.1    Miller, M.A.2    Gaese, C.3
  • 50
    • 0022402667 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea follows perioperative prophylaxis with cefoxitin
    • Block BS, Mercer LJ, Ismail MA, Moawad AH. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea follows perioperative prophylaxis with cefoxitin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;153:835-8.
    • (1985) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.153 , pp. 835-838
    • Block, B.S.1    Mercer, L.J.2    Ismail, M.A.3    Moawad, A.H.4
  • 51
    • 0025967193 scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of Clostridium difficile intestinal colonization and disease following single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery
    • Privitera G, Scarpellini P, Ortisi G, Nicastro G, Nicolin R, de Lalla F. Prospective study of Clostridium difficile intestinal colonization and disease following single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:208-10.
    • (1991) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.35 , pp. 208-210
    • Privitera, G.1    Scarpellini, P.2    Ortisi, G.3    Nicastro, G.4    Nicolin, R.5    De Lalla, F.6
  • 52
    • 0026024164 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile disease in a department of surgery
    • Yee J, Dixon CM, McLean PH, Meakins JL. Clostridium difficile disease in a department of surgery. Arch Surg 1991;126: 241-6.
    • (1991) Arch Surg , vol.126 , pp. 241-246
    • Yee, J.1    Dixon, C.M.2    McLean, P.H.3    Meakins, J.L.4
  • 53
    • 0019410030 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial agents implicated in Clostridium difficile toxin associated diarrhea or colitis
    • Bartlett JG. Antimicrobial agents implicated in Clostridium difficile toxin associated diarrhea or colitis. Johns Hopkins Med J 1981;149:6-9.
    • (1981) Johns Hopkins Med J , vol.149 , pp. 6-9
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 54
    • 8544276004 scopus 로고
    • The ten most common questions about Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea/colitis
    • Bartlett JG. The ten most common questions about Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea/colitis. Infect Dis Clin Prac 1992-1: 254-9.
    • (1992) Infect Dis Clin Prac , vol.1 , pp. 254-259
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 55
    • 0028266168 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Anand A, Bashey B, Mir T, Glatt AE. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:519-23.
    • (1994) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.89 , pp. 519-523
    • Anand, A.1    Bashey, B.2    Mir, T.3    Glatt, A.E.4
  • 57
    • 0028376123 scopus 로고
    • Epidemic Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: Role of second and third generation cephalosporins
    • Nelson DE, Auerbach SB, Baltch AL, et al. Epidemic Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: role of second and third generation cephalosporins. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:88-94.
    • (1994) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.15 , pp. 88-94
    • Nelson, D.E.1    Auerbach, S.B.2    Baltch, A.L.3
  • 58
    • 0025012555 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colonization after treatment with abdominal infection regimens containing clindamycin or metronidazole
    • Gerding DN, Olson MM, Johnson S, Peterson LR, Lee JT Jr. Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colonization after treatment with abdominal infection regimens containing clindamycin or metronidazole. Am J Surg 1990;159:212-7.
    • (1990) Am J Surg , vol.159 , pp. 212-217
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Olson, M.M.2    Johnson, S.3    Peterson, L.R.4    Lee Jr., J.T.5
  • 59
    • 0027937288 scopus 로고
    • Update on Clostridium difficile-induced colitis, part 1
    • Reinke CM, Messick CR. Update on Clostridium difficile-induced colitis, part 1. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994;51:1771-81.
    • (1994) Am J Hosp Pharm , vol.51 , pp. 1771-1781
    • Reinke, C.M.1    Messick, C.R.2
  • 61
    • 0027175513 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: A review
    • Anand A, Glatt AE. Clostridium difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: a review. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 109-13.
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.17 , pp. 109-113
    • Anand, A.1    Glatt, A.E.2
  • 62
    • 0030802616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Job ML, Jacob NF. Drug-induced Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Drug Saf 1197;17:17-46.
    • Drug Saf 1197 , vol.17 , pp. 17-46
    • Job, M.L.1    Jacob, N.F.2
  • 63
    • 0027411929 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile diarrhea in patients with AIDS versus non-AIDS controls. Methods of treatment and clinical response to treatment
    • Cozart JC, Kalangi SS, Clench MH, et al. Clostridium difficile diarrhea in patients with AIDS versus non-AIDS controls. Methods of treatment and clinical response to treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993;16:192-4.
    • (1993) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.16 , pp. 192-194
    • Cozart, J.C.1    Kalangi, S.S.2    Clench, M.H.3
  • 64
    • 0345093827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and older adults: What primary care providers should know
    • Melillo KD. Clostridium difficile and older adults: what primary care providers should know. Nurse Prac 1998;23:25-43.
    • (1998) Nurse Prac , vol.23 , pp. 25-43
    • Melillo, K.D.1
  • 65
    • 0031016896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea: Characteristics of and risk factors for patients enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial
    • Fekety R, McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, Elmer GW, Mulligan ME. Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea: characteristics of and risk factors for patients enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24: 324-33.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 324-333
    • Fekety, R.1    McFarland, L.V.2    Surawicz, C.M.3    Greenberg, R.N.4    Elmer, G.W.5    Mulligan, M.E.6
  • 66
    • 0019979693 scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous colitis: Pathogenesis and therapy
    • Tedesco FJ. Pseudomembranous colitis: pathogenesis and therapy. Med Clin North Am 1986;66:655-64.
    • (1986) Med Clin North Am , vol.66 , pp. 655-664
    • Tedesco, F.J.1
  • 67
    • 0027512221 scopus 로고
    • Postoperative Clostridium difficile gastroenteritis
    • Godet AS, Williams RD. Postoperative Clostridium difficile gastroenteritis. J Urol 1993;149:142-4.
    • (1993) J Urol , vol.149 , pp. 142-144
    • Godet, A.S.1    Williams, R.D.2
  • 68
    • 0026663447 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole: A randomized placebo-controlled trial
    • Johnson S, Homann SR, Bettin KM, et al. Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:279-302.
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.117 , pp. 279-302
    • Johnson, S.1    Homann, S.R.2    Bettin, K.M.3
  • 69
    • 0027223065 scopus 로고
    • Optimal methods for identifying Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gerding DN, Brazier JS. Optimal methods for identifying Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16 Suppl 4:43942.
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.16 , Issue.4 SUPPL. , pp. 43942
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Brazier, J.S.2
  • 70
    • 0029896316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: Patient selection and test perfection
    • Gerding DN. Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: patient selection and test perfection. Am J Med 1996;100: 485-6.
    • (1996) Am J Med , vol.100 , pp. 485-486
    • Gerding, D.N.1
  • 71
    • 0026643403 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated gastrointestinal disease: Comparison of a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxins a and B with a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxin a only and two cytoxicity assays
    • Doern GV, Coughlin RT, Wu L. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated gastrointestinal disease: comparison of a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxins A and B with a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxin A only and two cytoxicity assays. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30: 2042-6.
    • (1992) J Clin Microbiol , vol.30 , pp. 2042-2046
    • Doern, G.V.1    Coughlin, R.T.2    Wu, L.3
  • 72
    • 0029767451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of four laboratory tests for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Jacobs J, Rudensky B, Dresner J, et al. Comparison of four laboratory tests for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996;15:561-6.
    • (1996) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 561-566
    • Jacobs, J.1    Rudensky, B.2    Dresner, J.3
  • 73
    • 0028265436 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of four commercially available rapid enzyme immunoassays with cytotoxin assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin(s) from stool specimens
    • Merz CS, Kramer C, Forman M, et al. Comparison of four commercially available rapid enzyme immunoassays with cytotoxin assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin(s) from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1142-7.
    • (1994) J Clin Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 1142-1147
    • Merz, C.S.1    Kramer, C.2    Forman, M.3
  • 74
    • 0028105883 scopus 로고
    • Update on Clostridium difficileinduced colitis, part 2
    • Reinke CM, Messick CR. Update on Clostridium difficileinduced colitis, part 2. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994;51:1892-901.
    • (1994) Am J Hosp Pharm , vol.51 , pp. 1892-1901
    • Reinke, C.M.1    Messick, C.R.2
  • 75
    • 0023021529 scopus 로고
    • A role for colonic stasis in the pathogenesis related to Clostridium difficile
    • Church JM, Fazio WW. A role for colonic stasis in the pathogenesis related to Clostridium difficile. Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29: 804-9.
    • (1986) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.29 , pp. 804-809
    • Church, J.M.1    Fazio, W.W.2
  • 76
    • 0022491104 scopus 로고
    • Fecal metronidazole concentrations during oral and intravenous therapy for antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile
    • Bolton RP, Culshaw MA. Fecal metronidazole concentrations during oral and intravenous therapy for antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile. Gut 1986;27:1169-72.
    • (1986) Gut , vol.27 , pp. 1169-1172
    • Bolton, R.P.1    Culshaw, M.A.2
  • 78
    • 0018906911 scopus 로고
    • In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolates from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or colitis
    • Dzink J, Bartlett JG. In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolates from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or colitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980;17:695-8.
    • (1980) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.17 , pp. 695-698
    • Dzink, J.1    Bartlett, J.G.2
  • 79
    • 0021038539 scopus 로고
    • Prospective randomized trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis
    • Teasley DG, Gerding DN, Olson MM, et al. Prospective randomized trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Lancet 1983;2:1043-6.
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1043-1046
    • Teasley, D.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 80
    • 0028832393 scopus 로고
    • Diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile: Response time for treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin
    • Wilcox MH, Howe R. Diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile: response time for treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995;36:673-9.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 673-679
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Howe, R.2
  • 81
    • 0028945667 scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
    • Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Am J Infect Control 1995;23: 87-94.
    • (1995) Am J Infect Control , vol.23 , pp. 87-94
  • 83
    • 0029909615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manipulation of a hospital antimicrobial formulary to control an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
    • Quale J, Landman O, Saurina G, Atwood E, DiTore V, Patel K. Manipulation of a hospital antimicrobial formulary to control an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:1020-5.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.23 , pp. 1020-1025
    • Quale, J.1    Landman, O.2    Saurina, G.3    Atwood, E.4    Ditore, V.5    Patel, K.6
  • 85
    • 0024492975 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: Comparison of two dosage regimens
    • Fekety R, Silva J, Kauffman C, Buggy B, Deery HG. Treatment of antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens. Am J Med 1989; 86:15-9.
    • (1989) Am J Med , vol.86 , pp. 15-19
    • Fekety, R.1    Silva, J.2    Kauffman, C.3    Buggy, B.4    Deery, H.G.5
  • 86
    • 84941818386 scopus 로고
    • Oral bacitracin versus vancomycin therapy for Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea: A randomized double-blind trial
    • Dudley MN, McLaughlin JC, Carrington G, Frick J, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R. Oral bacitracin versus vancomycin therapy for Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:1101-4.
    • (1986) Arch Intern Med , vol.146 , pp. 1101-1104
    • Dudley, M.N.1    McLaughlin, J.C.2    Carrington, G.3    Frick, J.4    Nightingale, C.H.5    Quintiliani, R.6
  • 87
    • 0026784482 scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of oral teicoplanin versus oral vancomycin for therapy of pseudomembranous colitis and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • de Lalla F, Nicolin R, Rinaldi E, et al. Prospective study of oral teicoplanin versus oral vancomycin for therapy of pseudomembranous colitis and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:2192-6.
    • (1992) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 2192-2196
    • Lalla, F.1    Nicolin, R.2    Rinaldi, E.3
  • 88
    • 0030056217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenhundl M, Hirschl AM, Graninger W. Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis;22:813-8.
    • Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 813-818
    • Wenisch, C.1    Parschalk, B.2    Hasenhundl, M.3    Hirschl, A.M.4    Graninger, W.5
  • 89
    • 0031958706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile infection. Ann Rev Med 1998;49:375-90.
    • (1998) Ann Rev Med , vol.49 , pp. 375-390
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 90
    • 0025153259 scopus 로고
    • Role of surgery in antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis
    • Morris JB, Zollinger RM, Stellato TA. Role of surgery in antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Surg 1990;160: 535-9.
    • (1990) Am J Surg , vol.160 , pp. 535-539
    • Morris, J.B.1    Zollinger, R.M.2    Stellato, T.A.3
  • 91
    • 0024587254 scopus 로고
    • Recurrences of Clostridium difficile not caused by the original infecting organism
    • Johnson S, Adelman A, Clabots CR, Peterson LR, Gerding DN. Recurrences of Clostridium difficile not caused by the original infecting organism. J Infect Dis 1989;159:340-3.
    • (1989) J Infect Dis , vol.159 , pp. 340-343
    • Johnson, S.1    Adelman, A.2    Clabots, C.R.3    Peterson, L.R.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 92
    • 0026495166 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: Responses, relapses, and reinfections
    • Wilcox MH, Spencer RC. Clostridium difficile infection: responses, relapses, and reinfections. J Hosp Infect 1992;22:85-92.
    • (1992) J Hosp Infect , vol.22 , pp. 85-92
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Spencer, R.C.2
  • 93
    • 0031891748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrence of symptoms in Clostridium difficile infection: Relapse or reinfection?
    • Wilcox MH, Fawley WN, Settle CD, Davidson A. Recurrence of symptoms in Clostridium difficile infection: relapse or reinfection? J Hosp Infect 1998;38:93-100.
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.38 , pp. 93-100
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Settle, C.D.3    Davidson, A.4
  • 94
    • 0020065163 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of recurrent antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Tedesco FJ. Treatment of recurrent antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1982;77:220-1.
    • (1982) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.77 , pp. 220-221
    • Tedesco, F.J.1
  • 95
    • 0022348861 scopus 로고
    • Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Tedesco FJ, Gordon D, Fortson WC. Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1985;80:867-8.
    • (1985) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.80 , pp. 867-868
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Gordon, D.2    Fortson, W.C.3
  • 96
    • 0024602516 scopus 로고
    • Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea responding to an extended course of cholestyramine
    • Pruksananonda P, Powell KR. Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea responding to an extended course of cholestyramine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:175-8.
    • (1989) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.8 , pp. 175-178
    • Pruksananonda, P.1    Powell, K.R.2
  • 97
    • 0026722862 scopus 로고
    • Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a cancer patient: Successful control with long-term cholestyramine therapy
    • Moncino MD, Falletta JM. Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a cancer patient: successful control with long-term cholestyramine therapy. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1992;14:361-4.
    • (1992) Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol , vol.14 , pp. 361-364
    • Moncino, M.D.1    Falletta, J.M.2
  • 99
    • 0024312284 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhea in six patients
    • Tvede M, Rask-Madsen J. Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhea in six patients. Lancet 1989;1: 1156-60.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1156-1160
    • Tvede, M.1    Rask-Madsen, J.2
  • 100
    • 0007097659 scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of relapsing C difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG
    • Gorbach SL, Chang T, Golden B. Successful treatment of relapsing C difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG [letter]. Lancet 1987;2:1519.
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1519
    • Gorbach, S.L.1    Chang, T.2    Golden, B.3
  • 101
    • 0024317452 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of recurrent C difficile colitis with vancomycin and Saccharomyces boulardii
    • Surawicz CM, McFarland LV, Elmer G, Chinn J. Treatment of recurrent C difficile colitis with vancomycin and Saccharomyces boulardii. Am J Gastroenterol 1989;84:1285-7.
    • (1989) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.84 , pp. 1285-1287
    • Surawicz, C.M.1    McFarland, L.V.2    Elmer, G.3    Chinn, J.4
  • 102
    • 0025325025 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of further recurrences of Clostridium difficile colitis with Saccharomyces boulardii
    • Kimmey MB, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM, McFarland LV. Prevention of further recurrences of Clostridium difficile colitis with Saccharomyces boulardii. Dig Dis Sei 1990;35:837-901.
    • (1990) Dig Dis Sei , vol.35 , pp. 837-901
    • Kimmey, M.B.1    Elmer, G.W.2    Surawicz, C.M.3    McFarland, L.V.4
  • 103
    • 0027516691 scopus 로고
    • Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin a binding and enterotoxicity in rat ileum
    • Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP, Joshi MA, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin A binding and enterotoxicity in rat ileum. Gastroenterol 1993;104:1108-15.
    • (1993) Gastroenterol , vol.104 , pp. 1108-1115
    • Pothoulakis, C.1    Kelly, C.P.2    Joshi, M.A.3
  • 104
    • 0028226085 scopus 로고
    • Randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1994;271:1913-8.
    • (1994) J Am Med Womens Assoc , vol.271 , pp. 1913-1918
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Greenberg, R.N.3
  • 107
    • 0030703162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metronidazole: A therapeutic review and update
    • Freeman CD, Klutman NE, Camp KC. Metronidazole: a therapeutic review and update. Drugs 1997;54:679-708.
    • (1997) Drugs , vol.54 , pp. 679-708
    • Freeman, C.D.1    Klutman, N.E.2    Camp, K.C.3
  • 109
    • 10144259500 scopus 로고
    • Metronidazole in pregnancy
    • Peterson JF. Metronidazole in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;94:343-9.
    • (1966) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.94 , pp. 343-349
    • Peterson, J.F.1
  • 110
    • 0020361645 scopus 로고
    • Midline facial defect as a teratogenic effect of metronidazole
    • Cantu JM, Garcia-Cruz D. Midline facial defect as a teratogenic effect of metronidazole. Birth Defects 1982;18:85-8.
    • (1982) Birth Defects , vol.18 , pp. 85-88
    • Cantu, J.M.1    Garcia-Cruz, D.2
  • 111
    • 0022201447 scopus 로고
    • Possible metronidazole teratogenicity and clefting [letter]
    • Greenberg F. Possible metronidazole teratogenicity and clefting [letter]. Am J Med Genet 1985;22:825.
    • (1985) Am J Med Genet , vol.22 , pp. 825
    • Greenberg, F.1
  • 112
    • 0031938752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A population based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy
    • Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M. A population based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:322-7.
    • (1998) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.105 , pp. 322-327
    • Czeizel, A.E.1    Rockenbauer, M.2
  • 113
    • 0017852486 scopus 로고
    • Metronidazole treatment in pregnancy
    • Morgan L. Metronidazole treatment in pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1978;15:501-2.
    • (1978) Int J Gynecol Obstet , vol.15 , pp. 501-502
    • Morgan, L.1
  • 115
    • 0023121455 scopus 로고
    • Pregnancy outcomes after first trimester vaginitis drug therapy
    • Rosa FW, Baum C, Shaw M. Pregnancy outcomes after first trimester vaginitis drug therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:751-5.
    • (1987) Obstet Gynecol , vol.69 , pp. 751-755
    • Rosa, F.W.1    Baum, C.2    Shaw, M.3
  • 116
    • 0027338114 scopus 로고
    • Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth difects: No association
    • Piper JM, Mitchel EF, Ray WA. Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth difects: no association. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:348-52.
    • (1993) Obstet Gynecol , vol.82 , pp. 348-352
    • Piper, J.M.1    Mitchel, E.F.2    Ray, W.A.3
  • 118
    • 0027938439 scopus 로고
    • Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: A placebo-controlled double-blind study
    • Morales WJ, Schorr S, Albritton J. Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:345-9.
    • (1994) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.171 , pp. 345-349
    • Morales, W.J.1    Schorr, S.2    Albritton, J.3
  • 119
    • 0020581910 scopus 로고
    • Blood and milk concentrations of metronidazole in mothers and infants
    • Heisterberg L, Branebjerg PE. Blood and milk concentrations of metronidazole in mothers and infants. J Perinat Med 1983;11: 114-20.
    • (1983) J Perinat Med , vol.11 , pp. 114-120
    • Heisterberg, L.1    Branebjerg, P.E.2
  • 120
  • 121
    • 0017749980 scopus 로고
    • Anaerobic infection in a neonate. Early detection by gas liquid chromatography and response to metronidazole
    • Rom S, Flynn D, Noone P. Anaerobic infection in a neonate. Early detection by gas liquid chromatography and response to metronidazole. Arch Dis Child 1977;52:740-1.
    • (1977) Arch Dis Child , vol.52 , pp. 740-741
    • Rom, S.1    Flynn, D.2    Noone, P.3
  • 122
  • 125
    • 0004206721 scopus 로고
    • The WHO Working Group, Bennet PN, editor. New York: Elsevier
    • The WHO Working Group, Bennet PN, editor. Drugs and human lactation. New York: Elsevier, 1988.
    • (1988) Drugs and Human Lactation
  • 126
    • 0028107176 scopus 로고
    • The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk
    • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 1994;93:137-150.
    • (1994) Pediatrics , vol.93 , pp. 137-150
  • 128
    • 1842378647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breastfeeding and the use of human milk
    • American Academy of Pediatrics Working Group on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 1997; 100:1035-9.
    • (1997) Pediatrics , vol.100 , pp. 1035-1039
  • 129
    • 0023944515 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment
    • Kaatz GW, Gitlin SD, Schaberg DR, et al. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127:1289-94.
    • (1988) Am J Epidemiol , vol.127 , pp. 1289-1294
    • Kaatz, G.W.1    Gitlin, S.D.2    Schaberg, D.R.3
  • 130
    • 0022654055 scopus 로고
    • Is Clostridium difficile endemic in chronic care facilities?
    • Bender BS, Bennett R, Laughon BE, et al. Is Clostridium difficile endemic in chronic care facilities? Lancet 1986;2:11-3.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 11-13
    • Bender, B.S.1    Bennett, R.2    Laughon, B.E.3
  • 131
    • 0025104032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of Clostridium difficile colitis outbreak by treating asymptomatic carriers with metronidazole
    • Kerr RB, McLaughlin DI, Sonnenberg LW. Control of Clostridium difficile colitis outbreak by treating asymptomatic carriers with metronidazole. Am J Infect Control; 18:332-3.
    • Am J Infect Control , vol.18 , pp. 332-333
    • Kerr, R.B.1    McLaughlin, D.I.2    Sonnenberg, L.W.3
  • 132
    • 0028005353 scopus 로고
    • Decrease in nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use
    • Pear SM, Williamson TH, Bettin KM, Gerding DN, Galgiani JN. Decrease in nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:272-7.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.120 , pp. 272-277
    • Pear, S.M.1    Williamson, T.H.2    Bettin, K.M.3    Gerding, D.N.4    Galgiani, J.N.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.