Excess dissolved Ca in the deep ocean: A hydrothermal hypothesis

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 164, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 627-641

  De Villiers, Stephanie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Alkalinity; Calcium; Hydrothermal processes; Magnesium; Seawater

Indexed keywords

ALKALINITY; CALCIUM; DEEP WATER; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; MAGNESIUM; SEAWATER;

EID: 0032583362     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00232-5     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. L.G. Sillen, The physical chemistry of seawater, in: M. Sears (Ed.), Oceanography, AAAS, Washington, DC, 1961, pp. 549-581.
2. Mackenzie F.T., Garrels R.M. Chemical mass balance between rivers and oceans. Am. J. Sci. 264:1966;507-525.
3. Drever J.I. Early diagenesis of clay minerals, Rio Ameca Basin, Mexico. J. Sediment. Petrol. 41:1971;982-994.
4. E.K. Berner, R.A. Berner, The Global Water Cycle: Geochemistry and Environment, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987, 397 pp.
5. Hart R.A. A model for chemical exchange in the basalt-seawater system of oceanic layer II. Can. J. Earth Sci. 10:1973;799-816.
6. K.S. Deffeyes, The axial valley, a steady-state feature of the terrain, in: H. Johnson, B. Smith (Eds.), The Megatectonics of Continents and Oceans, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 1970, pp. 194-222.
7. G. Thompson, Hydrothermal fluxes in the ocean, in: J.P. Riley, R. Chester (Eds.), Chemical Oceanography, Academic Press, London, 1983, pp. 271-337.
8. McDuff R.E., Morel F.M.M. The geochemical control of seawater. EST. 14:1980;1182-1186.
9. Collier R., Edmond J. The trace element geochemistry of marine biogenic particular matter. Prog. Oceanogr. 13:1984;113-199.
10. M.J. Mottl, C.G. Wheat, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 (1994) 2225.
11. Wheat C.G., Mottl M.J. Hydrothermal circulation, Juan de Fuca Ridge eastern flank: factors controlling basement water composition. J. Geophys. Res. 99:1994;3067-3080.
12. D. Kadko, J. Baross, J. Alt, The magnitude and global implications of hydrothermal flux, in: S. Humphris et al. (Eds.), Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems, AGU, Washington, DC, 1995, pp. 446-466.
13. Elderfield H., Schultz A. Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 24:1996;191-224.
14. Morton J.L., Sleep N.H. A mid-ocean ridge thermal model: constraints on the volume of the axial hydrothermal heat flux. J. Geophys. Res. 90:1985;11345-11354.
15. Spivack A.J., Staudigel H. Low-temperature alteration of the upper oceanic crust and the alkalinity budget of seawater. Chem. Geol. 115:1994;239-247.
16. Milliman J.D. Production and accumulation of calcium carbonate in the ocean: budget of a nonsteady state. Global Biogeochem. Cycl. 7:1993;927-957.
17. W.S. Broecker, T.-H. Peng, Tracers in the Sea, Palisades, NY, 1982, 690 pp.
18. Culkin F., Cox R.A. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and strontium in sea water. Deep-Sea Res. 13:1966;789-804.
19. Tsunogai S., Nishimura M., Nakaya S. Calcium and magnesium in sea water and the ratio of calcium to chlorinity as a tracer of water masses. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 24:1968;153-159.
20. Sagi T. The concentration of calcium and the calcium/chlorosity ratio in the western North Pacific Ocean. Oceanogr. Mag. 21:1969;61-66.
21. Tsunogai S., Yamazaki T., Nishimura M. Calcium in the Pacific Ocean. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 27:1971;191-196.
22. Tsunogai S., Yamahata H., Kudo S., Saito O. Calcium in the Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 20:1973;717-726.
23. Horibe Y., Endo K., Tsubota H. Calcium in the South Pacific, and its correlation with carbonate alkalinity. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 23:1974;136-140.
24. Brewer P.G., Wong G.T.F., Bacon M.P., Spencer D.W. An oceanic calcium problem. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 26:1975;81-87.
25. Chen C.-T.A. Decomposition of calcium carbonate and organic carbon in deep oceans. Science. 201:1978;735-736.
26. Shiller A.M., Gieskes J.M. Processes affecting the oceanic distributions of dissolved calcium and alkalinity. J. Geophys. Res. 85:1980;2719-2727.
27. Tsunogai S., Watanabe Y. Calcium in the North Pacific water and the effect of organic matter on the calcium-alkalinity relation. Geochem. J. 15:1981;95-107.
28. Kanamori S., Ikegami H. Calcium-alkalinity relationship in the North Pacific. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 38:1982;57-62.
29. C.T. Chen, Distributions of dissolved calcium and alkalinity in the Weddell Sea in winter, Antarct. J. (1984) 136-137.
30. C.T.A. Chen, M.R. Rodman, C.L. Wei, E.J. Olson, R.A. Feely, J.F. Gendron, Carbonate chemistry in the North Pacific, U.S. Department of Energy, Tech. Rep. DOE/NBB-0079, 1984, 179 pp.
31. Chen C.T.A. Rates of calcium carbonate dissolution and organic carbon decomposition in the North Pacific Ocean. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 46:1990;201-210.
32. Goldman J.C., Brewer P.G. Effect of nitrogen source and growth rate on phytoplankton mediated changes in alkalinity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25:1980;352-357.
33. B.D. Marshall, Application of the potassium-calcium geochronometer to problems in geochronology and petrogenesis, Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1984, 242 pp.
34. Fiadeiro M. The alkalinity of the deep Pacific. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 49:1980;499-505.
35. S. de Villiers, The geochemistry of strontium and calcium in coralline aragonite and seawater, Thesis, University of Washington, 1994, 125 pp.
36. von Damme K.L., Edmond J.M., Grant B., Measures C.I., Waldon B., Weiss R.F. Chemistry of hydrothermal solutions at 21 degrees N, East Pacific Rise. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 49:1985;2197-2220.
37. 3He/heat ratios in submarine hydrothermal systems: evidence from two plumes over the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Nature. 337:1989;161-163.
38. H.G. Ostlund, H. Craig, W.S. Broecker, D. Spencer (Eds.), GEOSECS Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean Expeditions, NSF, Washington, DC, 1987, 200 pp.
39. Lupton J.E. A far-field hydrothermal plume from Loihi Seamount. Science. 272:1996;976-979.
40. Charlou J.L., Donval J.P., Jean-Baptiste P., Dapoigny A., Rona P.A. Gases and helium isotopes in high temperature solutions sampled before and after ODP Leg 158 drilling at TAG hydrothermal field (26 degrees N, MAR). Geophys. Res. Lett. 23:1996;3491-3494.
41. Merlivat L., Pineau F., Javoy M. Hydrothermal vent waters at 13 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise; isotopic composition and gas concentration. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 84:1987;100-108.
42. Rudnicki M.D., Elderfield H. A chemical model of the buoyant and neutrally buoyant plume above the TAG vent field, 26 degrees N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 57:1993;2939-2957.
43. Lupton J.E., Craig H. A major Helium-3 source at 15°S on the East Pacific Rise. Science. 214:1981;13-18.
44. S. de Villiers, B.K. Nelson (work in progress).
45. Urabe T.et al. The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise. Science. 269:1995;1092-1095.
46. C.A. Stein, S. Stein, A.M. Pelayo, Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation, in: S. Humphris et al. (Eds.), Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems, AGU, Washington, DC, 1995, pp. 425-445.
47. Schultz A., Delaney J.R., McDuff R.E. On the partitioning of heat flux between diffuse and point source seafloor venting. J. Geophys. Res. 97:1992;12299-12314.
48. Rona P.A., Trivett D.A. Discrete and diffuse heat transfer at ASHES vent field, Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 109:1992;57-71.
49. Baker E.T., Massoth G.J., Walker S.L., Embley R.W. A method for quantitatively estimating diffuse and discrete hydrothermal discharge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 118:1993;235-249.
50. 3He/heat ratios as an indicator of magmatic/tectonic activity. Nature. 346:1990;556-558.
51. Ishibashi J.-I., Wakita H., Nojiri Y.et al. Helium and carbon geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the North Fiji Basin spreading ridge (Southwest Pacific). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128:1994;183-197.
52. Hess J., Bender M., Schilling J.G. Assessing seawater/basalt exchange of strontium isotopes in hydrothermal processes on the flanks of mid-ocean ridges. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 103:1992;133-142.
53. Piepgras D.J., Wasserburg G.J. Neodymium isotopic variations in seawater. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 50:1980;128-138.
54. Albarede F., Goldstein S.L. World map of Nd isotopes in sea-floor ferromanganese deposits. Geology. 20:1992;761-763.
55. Broecker W.S., Takahashi T., Takahashi T. Sources and flow patterns of deep-ocean waters as deduced from potential temperature, salinity, and initial phosphate concentration. J. Geophys. Res. 90:1985;6925-6939.