A cladistic phytogeny of the family Patellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 353, Issue 1375, 1998, Pages 1645-1671

  Ridgway, S A ^a,b   Reid, D G ^a   Taylor, J D ^a   Branch, G M ^c   Hodgson, A N ^d  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^d RHODES UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Biogeography; Mineralogy; Patella; Radula; Sperm

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOGRAPHY; CLADISTICS; MOLLUSC; PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY; PHYLOGENY;

CYMBULA; GASTROPODA; HELCION; PATELLA; PATELLIDAE; SCUTELLASTRA;

EID: 0032578881     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1998.0316     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Adams, H. & Adams, A. 1853-1854 The genera of recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization, vol. 1. London: John van Voorst.
2. Allman, M. & Lawrence, D. F. 1972 Geological laboratory techniques. London: Blandford Press.
3. Azevedo, G. 1981 The fine structure of the spermatozoon of Patella lusitanica (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia), with special reference to acrosome formation. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 13, 47-56.
4. Boggild, O. B. 1930 The shell structure of the mollusks. K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Roekke 9, 233-326.
5. Born, I. von 1780 Testacea Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Vindobonae.
6. Bowman, R. S. 1981 The morphology of Patella spp. juveniles in Britain, and some phylogenetic inferences. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 61, 647-666.
7. Branch, G. M. 1971 The ecology of Patella Linnaeus from the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. I. Zonation, movements and feeding. Zoologica Africana 6, 1-38.
8. Branch, G. M. 1975 Mechanisms reducing intraspecific competition in Patella spp.: migration, differentiation and territorial behaviour. J. Anim. Ecol. 44, 575-600.
9. Branch, G. M. 1976 Interspecific competition experienced by South African Patella species. J. Anim. Ecol. 45, 507-529.
10. Branch, G. M. 1981 The biology of limpets: physical factors, energy flow and ecological interactions. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. A. Rev. 19, 235-380.
11. Branch, G. M. 1985a Limpets: evolution and adaptation. In The Mollusca, vol. 10 (ed. E. R. Trueman & M. R. Clarke), pp. 187-220. New York: Academic Press.
12. Branch, G. M. 1985b Limpets: their rôle in littoral and sublittoral community dynamics. In The ecology of rocky coasts (ed. P. G. Moore & R. Seed), pp. 97-116. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
13. Brauer, F. 1878 Bemerkungen über die im kaiserlich zoologischen Museum aufgefundenen Original-Exemplare zu Ign. V. Born's Testaceis Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Sitzb. Akad. Wissensch. Wien 77, 117-192.
14. Brian, M. V. & Owen, G. 1952 The relation of the radula fraction to the environment in Patella. J. Anim. Ecol. 21, 241-249.
15. Brooks, D. R. & McLennan, D. A. 1991 Phylogeny, ecology and behaviour. A research program in comparative biology. University of Chicago Press.
16. Brundin, L. Z. 1988 Phylogenetic biogeography. In Analytical biogeography: an integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions (ed. A. A. Myers & P. S. Gill), pp. 343-369. London: Chapman & Hall.
17. Cervella, P., Ramella, L., Robotti, C. A. & Sella, G. 1988 Chromosome analysis of three species of Patella (Archaeogastropoda). Genetica 77, 97-103.
18. Christiaens, J. 1973 Révision du genre Patella. Inf. Soc. Belge Malac. (Sér. 2) 9, 153-155.
19. Christiaens, J. 1974a Révision du genre Patella. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. (Sér. 3) 182, 1305-1392.
20. Christiaens, J. 1974b Additifs à la 'révision du genre Patella'. Inf. Soc. Belge Malac. (Sér. 3) 5, 63-68.
21. Christiaens, J. 1986 Notes sur quelques Patellidae (Gastropoda) de l'Océan Indien. Apex 1, 97-127.
22. Cohen, A. L. & Branch, G. M. 1992 Environmentally controlled variation in the structure and mineralogy of Patella granularis shells from the coast of southern Africa: implications for palaeotemperature assessments. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 91, 49-57.
23. Collins, T. M., Frazer, K., Palmer, A. R., Vermeij, G. J. & Brown, W. M. 1996 Evolutionary history of northern hemisphere Nucella (Gastropoda, Muricidae): molecular, morphological, ecological, and paleontological evidence. Evolution 50, 2287-2304.
24. Côrte-Real, H. B. S. M. 1992 Taxonomy and population genetics of exploited species of Patella in Azores, Madeira and Canaries. PhD thesis, University of Liverpool.
25. Côrte-Real, H. B. S. M., Hawkins, S. J. & Thorpe, J. P. 1996a An interpretation of the taxonomic relationship between the limpets Patellarustica and P. piperata. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK76, 717-732.
26. Côrte-Real, H. B. S. M., Hawkins, S. J. & Thorpe, J. P. 1996b Population differentiation and the taxonomic status of the exploited limpet Patella candei in the Macaronesian islands (Azores, Madeira, Canaries). Mar. Biol. 125, 141-152.
27. Cretella, M., Scillitani, G., Toscano, F., Turella, P. & Picariello, O. 1990 Comparative morphology of soft parts of Patella L., 1758 from the Bay of Naples (Gastropoda: Patellidae). Soil. Malac. 26, 205-210.
28. Cretella, M., Scillitani, G., Toscano, F., Turella, P., Picariello, O. & Cataudo, A. 1994 Relationships between Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 and the other Tyrrhenian species of Patella (Gastropoda: Patellidae). J. Mollusc. Stud. 60, 9-17.
29. Crisp, D. J. & Southward, A. J. 1958 The distribution of intertidal organisms along the coast of the English Channel. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 37, 157-208.
30. Dali, W. H. 1871a Preliminary sketch of a natural arrangement of the order Docoglossa. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 14, 49-54.
31. Dali, W. H. 1871b On the limpets; with special reference to the species of the west coast of America, and to a more natural classification of the group. Am. J. Conch. 6, 227-282.
32. Davis, J. R. A. & Fleure, H. J. 1903 Patella (the common limpet). L.M.B.C. Memoirs X. Liverpool University Press.
33. Dodd, J. M. 1955 Artificial fertilization, larval development and metamorphosis in Patella vulgata L. and Patella caerulea L. Pubbl. Staz. Zool. Napoli 29, 172-186.
34. Emerson, W. K. 1991 First records for Cymatium mundum (Gould) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, with comments on the zoogeography of the tropical trans-Pacific tonnacean and nontonnacean prosobranch gastropods with Indo-Pacific faunal affinities in West American waters. Nautilus 105, 62-80.
35. Evans, R. G. 1947 Studies on the biology of British limpets. I. The genus Patella in Cardigan Bay. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 117, 411-423.
36. Evans, R. G. 1953 Studies on the biology of British limpets - the genus Patella on the south coast of England. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 123, 357-376.
37. Evans, R. G. 1958 The genus Patella on the west coast of France. J. Conchyl. 98, 126-151.
38. Fischer, P. 1880-1887 Manuel de conchyliologie et de paléontologie conchyliologique. Paris: F. Savy.
39. Fischer-Piette, E. 1935 Systématique et biogéographie - les patelles d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord. J. Conchyl. 79, 5-66.
40. Fischer-Piette, E. 1941 Observations biométriques sur les patelles de la Manche. J. Conchyl. 84, 300-306.
41. Fischer-Piette, E. & Gaillard, J. M. 1959 Les patelles au long des côtes atlantiques ibériques et nord-marocaines. J. Conchyl. 99, 135-200.
42. Fleure, H. J. 1904 On the evolution of topographical relations among the Docoglossa. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 9, 269-290.
43. Forey, P. L., Humphries, C. J., Kitching, I. J., Scotland, R. W., Siebert, D. J. & Williams, D. M. 1992 Cladistics. A practical course in systematics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
44. Franzén, Å. 1977 Sperm structure with regard to fertilization biology and phylogenetics. Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges. 70, 123-138.
45. Fretter, V. & Graham, A. 1962 British prosobranch molluscs. London: The Ray Society.
46. Fretter, V. & Graham, A. 1976 The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. I. Pleurotomariacea, Fissurellacea and Patellacea. J. Mollusc. Stud. Suppl. 1, 1-37.
47. Fretter, V. & Graham, A. 1994 British prosobranch molluscs. Revised and updated edition. London: The Ray Society.
48. Fretter, V. & Shale, D. 1973 Seasonal changes in population density and vertical distribution of prosobranch veligers in offshore plankton at Plymouth. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 53, 471-492.
49. Gaffney, P. M. 1980 On the number of Patella species in SouthWest England. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 60, 565-574.
50. Gladenkov, Y. B., Norton, P. & Spaink, G. 1980 Upper Cenozoic of Iceland. (Stratigraphy of Pliocene-Pleistocene and palaeontological assemblages). Trudy Geologicheskii Institut, Leningrad 345, 1-116. (In Russian.)
51. Golikov, A. N. & Starobogatov, Y. I. 1975 Systematics of prosobranch gastropods. Malacologia 15, 185-232.
52. Gray, J. E. 1857 Guide to the systematic distribution of Mollusca in the British Museum. Part I. London: British Museum.
53. Guralnik, R. & de Maintenon, M. J. 1997 Formation and homology of radular teeth: a case study using columbellid gastropods (Neogastropoda: Columbellidae). J. Mollusc. Stud. 63, 65-77.
54. Haszprunar, G. 1985 The fine morphology of the osphradial sense organs of the Mollusca. I. Gastropoda, Prosobranchia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B307, 457-496.
55. Haszprunar, G. 1988 On the origin and evolution of major gastropod groups, with special reference to the Streptoneura. J. Mollusc. Stud. 54, 367-441.
56. Hatch, D. J. 1977 The interrelationships of three Patella species on the south coast of Britain. PhD thesis, University of Southampton.
57. Hawkins, S. J. 1981a The influence of Patella grazing on the fucoid/barnacle mosaic on moderately exposed rocky shores. Kieler Meeresforsch. 5, 537-543.
58. Hawkins, S. J. 1981b The influence of season and barnacles on the algal colonization of Patella tulgata exclusion areas. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 61, 1-15.
59. Hawkins, S. J. & Hiscock, K. 1983 Anomalies in the abundance of common eulittoral gastropods with planktonic larvae on Lundy Island, Bristol Channel. J. Mollusc. Stud. 49, 86-88.
60. Hawkins, S. J., Côrte-Real, H. B. S. de M., Martins, H. R., Santos, R. S. & Frías Martins, A. M. de 1990 A note on thé identity of Patella in the Azores. Açoreana. Suppl. 1990, 167-173.
61. Hawkins, S. J., Hartnoll, R. G., Kain (Jones), J. M. & Norton, T. A. 1992 Plant-animal interactions on hard substrata in the north-east Atlantic. In Plant-animal interactions in the marine benthos (ed. D. M. John, S. J. Hawkins & J. H. Price), Systematics Association Special Vol. 46, pp. 1-32. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
62. Hedegaard, C., Lindberg, D. R. & Bandel, K. 1998 Shell microstructure of a Triassic patellogastropod limpet. Lethaia 30, 331-335.
63. Herbert, D. G. 1991 New records of Mollusca from southern Africa and Mozambique. 1. Mollusca: Gastropoda. Ann. Natal Mus. 32, 305-318.
64. Hernãndez-Dorta, F. J. 1992 Revisiôn del género Patella Linné, 1758 (Mollusca, Gastropoda) en las Islas Canarias. Vieraea 21, 109-135.
65. Hockey, P. A. R. & Branch, G. M. 1994 Conserving marine biodiversity on the African coast: implications of a terrestrial perspective. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 4, 345-362.
66. Hodgson, A. N. & Bernard, R. T. F. 1988 A comparison of the structure of the spermatozoa and spermatogencsis of 16 species of patellid limpet (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Archaeogastropoda). J. Morphol. 195, 205-223.
67. Hodgson, A. N. & Bernard, R. T. F. 1989 Spermatozoan structure and the taxonomic affinity of the limpet Nacella delesserti (Gastropoda: Patellidae). J. Mollusc. Stud. 55, 145-147.
68. Hodgson, A. N. & Chia, F.-S. 1993 Spermatozoon structure of some North American prosobranchs from the families Lottidae (Patellogastropoda) and Fissurellidae (Archaeogastropoda). Mar. Biol. 116, 97-101.
69. Hodgson, A. N. & Morton, B. 1998 Spermiogcnesis and sperm structure in three species of Patelloida and one species of Nipponacmaea (Patellogastropoda: Acmaeoidea). J. Mollusc. Stud. 64, 11-19.
70. Hodgson, A. N., Hawkins, S. J., Cross, R. H. M. & Dower, K. 1987 Comparison of the structure of the pallial tentacles of seven species of South African patellid limpet. J. Mollusc. Stud. 53, 229-240.
71. Hodgson, A. N., Ridgway, S. A., Branch, G. M. & Hawkins, S. J. 1996 Spermatozoan morphology of 19 species of prosobranch limpets (Patellogastropoda) with a discussion of patellid relationships. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B351, 339-347.
72. Jamieson, B. G. M. 1987 A biological classification of sperm types, with special reference to annelids and molluscs and an example of spermiocladistics. In New horizons in sperm cell research (ed. H. Mohri), pp. 311-332. New York: Gordon & Branch Scientific Publications.
73. Jamieson, B. G. M., Hodgson, A. N. & Bernard, R. T. F. 1991 Phylogenetic trends and variation in the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of sympatric species of South African patellid limpets (Archaeogastropoda, Mollusca). Invert. Reprod. Devel. 20, 137-146.
74. Jeffreys, J. G. 1865 British conchology; vol. 3. London: J. van Voorst.
75. Jones, H. D., Hawkins, S. J., Watson, D. C., Jack, E. M. & Kyriakides, M. A. 1984 The radula formula of Patella species. J. Mollusc. Stud. 50, 123-124.
76. Kabat, A. R. 1996 Biogeography of the genera of Naticidae (Gastropoda) in the Indo-Pacific. Am. Malac. Bull. 12, 29-35.
77. Kase, T. 1994 New species of Patella (Gastropoda: Mollusca) from the Miocene and Pliocene of Japan: a clade extinct from the Pacific. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo C20, 53-65.
78. Kase, T. & Shigeta, Y. 1996 New species of Patellogastropoda (Mollusca) from the Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan and Sakhalin, Russia. J. Paleontol. 70, 762-771.
79. Keen, A. M. 1960 Superfamily Patellacea Rafinesque 1815. In Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. I. Mollusca 1 (ed. R. C. Moore), pp. 231-236. Lawrence, KS: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
80. Kennish, M. J., Lutz, R. A. & Rhoads, D. C. 1980 Preparation of acetate peels and fractured sections for observation of growth patterns within the bivalve shell. In Skeletal growth of aquatic organisms, vol. 1 (ed. D. C. Rhoads & R. A. Lutz), pp. 597-601. New York and London: Plenum Press.
81. Kensley, B. & Pether, J. 1986 Late Tertiary and early Quaternary fossil Mollusca of the Hondeklip area, Cape Province, South Africa. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 97, 141-225.
82. Kobelt, W. 1879 Illustriertes Conchylienbuch, vol. 2. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
83. Koch, H. J. 1949 A review of the South African representatives of the genus Patella Linnaeus. Ann. Natal Mus. 11, 487-517.
84. Lebour, M. V. 1937 The eggs and larvae of the British prosobranchs with special reference to those living in the plankton. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 22, 105-166.
85. Lindberg, D. R. 1988a The Patellogastropoda. Malac. Rev. Suppl. 4, 35-63.
86. Lindberg, D. R. 19884 Heterochrony in gastropods: a neontological view. In Heterochrony in evolution (ed. M. L. McKinney), pp. 197-216. New York and London: Plenum Press.
87. Lindberg, D. R. 1998 Order Patellogastropoda. In Mollusca: the southern synthesis. Fauna of Australia, vol. 5, part B (ed. P. L. Beesley, G. J. B. Ross & A. Wells), pp. 639-652. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing.
88. Lindberg, D. R. & Hedegaard, C. 1996 A deep water patellogastropod from Oligocene water-logged wood of Washington state, USA (Acmaeoidea: Pectinodonta). J. Mollusc. Stud. 62, 299-314.
89. Lindberg, D. R. & Hickman, C. S. 1986 A new anomalous giant limpet from the Oregon Eocene (Mollusca: Patellida). J. Paleontol. 60, 661-668.
90. Lindberg, D. R. & McLean, J. H. 1981 Tropical eastern Pacific limpets of the family Acmaeidae (Mollusca: Archaeogastropoda): generic criteria and descriptions of six new species from the mainland and the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 42, 323-339.
91. MacClintock, C. 1967 Shell structure of patelloid and bellerophontid gastropods (Mollusca). Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. 22, 1-140.
92. Maddison, W. P. & Maddison, D. R. 1992 MacClade. Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
93. Mann, S., Perry, C. C., Webb, J., Luke, B. & Williams, R. J. P. 1986 Structure, morphology, composition and organization of biogenic minerals in limpet teeth. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B227, 179-190.
94. Maxwell, W. L. 1983 Mollusca. In Reproductive biology of invertebrates (ed. K. G. Adiyodi & R. G. Adiyodi), pp. 275-342. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
95. Moore, H. B. 1934 The relation of shell growth to environment in Patella vulgata. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 21, 217-222.
96. Nordsieck, F. 1982 Die europäischen Meeres-Gehäuseschnecken (Prosobranchia) Vom Eismeer bis Kapverden, Mittelmeer und Schwarzes Meer, vol. 2. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.
97. Nuwayhid, M. A., Spencer Davies, P. & Elder, H. Y. 1978 Gill structure in the common limpet Patella vulgata. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 58, 817-823.
98. Paredes, F. & Acuna, J. D. 1991 Consideraciones sobre los caracteres biométricos usados para la distinciòn de las especies del género Patella en Europa occidental. Boll. Malac. 27, 77-94.
99. Pilsbry, H. A. (ed.) 1891 Acmaeidae, Lepetidae, Palellidae, Titiscaniidae. Manual of conchology; structural and systematic, vol. 13. Philadelphia, PA: Academy of Natural Sciences.
100. Ponder, W. F. & Lindberg, D. R. 1997 Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 119, 83-265.
101. Powell, A. W. B. 1925 Description of a new species of Scutellastra (S. tucopiana) from Tucopia Island, Melanesia. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 16, 169-170.
102. Powell, A. W. B. 1973 The patellid limpets of the world (Patellidae). Indo-Pacif. Mollusc. 3, 75-206.
103. Reid, D. G. 1990 Trans-Arctic migration and speciation induced by climatic change: the biogeography of Littorina (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Bull. Mar. Sci. 47, 35-49.
104. Reid, D. G. 1996 Sytematics and evolution of Littorina. London: The Ray Society.
105. Richmond, R. H. 1990 The effects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation on the dispersal of corals and other marine organisms. In Global ecological consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ed. P.W. Glynn), pp. 127-140. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
106. Ridgway, S. A. 1994 The systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the limpet genus Patella (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the northern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. PhD thesis, University of London.
107. Robson, G. 1986 A new species of South African limpet, Patella aphanes (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Patellidae), with a discussion of P. obtecta Krauss, 1848. Durban Mus. Novit. 13, 305-320.
108. Runham, N. W., Thornton, P. R., Shaw, D. A. & Wayte, R. C. 1969 The mineralization and hardness of the radula teeth of the limpet Patella vulgata L. Zeitschr. Zellforsch. 99, 608-626.
109. Sasaki, T., Kusakari, T., Arima, Y. & Okutani, T. 1994 Identity of Patella (Penepatella) flexuosa Quoy & Gaimard and Patella (Penepatella) optima Pilsbry. Chiribotan 25, 29-31.
110. Sella, G., Robotti, C. A. & Biglione, V. 1993 Genetic divergence among three sympatric species of Mediterranean Patella. Mar. Biol. 115, 401-405.
111. Smaldon, P. R. & Duffus, J. H. 1985 An ultrastructural study of gametes and fertilization in Patella vulgata L. J. Mollusc. Stud. 51, 116-132.
112. Southward, A. J. 1964 Limpet grazing and the control of vegetation on rocky shores. In Grazing in terrestrial and marine environments (ed. D. J. Crisp), pp. 265-273. Oxford: Blackwell.
113. Swofford, D. L. 1993 PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version 3.1.1. Champaign, IL: Illinois Natural History Survey.
114. Taylor, J. D., Kennedy, W. J. & Hall, A. 1969 The shell structure and mineralogy of the Bivalvia. Introduction. Nuculacea Trigoniacea. Bull. Br. Mus. Zool. Suppl. 3, 1-125.
115. Thiele, J. 1891 Docoglossa. In Das Gebiss der Schnecken, vol. 2 (ed. F. H. Troschel), pp. 303-352. Berlin: Nicolaische VerlagsBuchhandlung.
116. Thiele, J. 1893 Über die Kiemensinnesorgane der Patelliden. Zool. Anzeig. 16, 49-50.
117. Thiele, J. 1929 Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, vol. 1. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
118. Thiem, H. 1917 Beiträge zur Anatomie und Phylogenie der Docoglossen. I. Zur Anatomie von Helcioniscus ardosiaeus Hombron et Jacquinot unter Bezugnahme auf die Bearbeitung von Erich Schuster in den Zool. Jahrb., Supplement XIII, Bd. IV, 1913. Jenaische Zeitschr. Naturwissenschaft. 54, 333-404.
119. Tomlin, J. R. le B. & Stephenson, T. A. 1942 South African Patellidae. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 25, 4-9.
120. van der Wal, P. 1989 Structural and material design of mature mineralized radula teeth of Patella vulgata (Gastropoda). J. Ultraslr. Molec. Struct. Res. 102, 147-161.
121. Vermeij, G. J. 1987 The dispersal barrier in the tropical Pacific: implications for molluscan speciation and extinction. Evolution 41, 1046-1058.
122. Vermeij, G. J. 1991 Anatomy of an invasion: the trans-Arctic interchange. Paleobiology 17, 281-307.
123. Vermeij, G. J. 1992 Trans-equatorial connections between biotas in the temperate eastern Atlantic. Mar. Biol. 112, 343-348.
124. Walker, C. G. 1968 Studies of the jaws, digestive system, and coelomic derivation in representatives of the genus Acmaea. Veliger 11 (suppl.), 88-97.
125. Warburton, K. 1976 Shell form, behaviour, and tolerance to water movement in the limpet Patina pellucida (L.) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 23, 307-325.
126. Weber, L. I., Gray, D. R., Hodgson, A. N. & Hawkins, S. J. 1998 Genetic divergence between South African Helcion species and north-east Atlantic Helcion pellucidum (Mollusca: Patellogastropoda). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 77, 1139-1150.
127. Wenz, W. 1938 Gastropoda, vol. 1. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
128. Wiley, E. O. 1981 Phylogenetics. The theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
129. Wiley, E. O. 1988 Vicariance biogeography. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 513-542.