Trace element trophic transfer in aquatic organisms: A critique of the kinetic model approach

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 219, Issue 2-3, 1998, Pages 117-135

  Reinfelder, J R ^a   Fisher, N S ^b   Luoma, S N ^c   Nichols, J W ^d   Wang, W X ^e  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Mail Stop 465 USGS 345 M ^*  (United States)

^d U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^e HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Aquatic; Bioaccumulation; Biomagnification; Metal; Model; Trace element

Indexed keywords

METAL; TRACE ELEMENT;

BIOACCUMULATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG UPTAKE; ECOSYSTEM; FISH; FOOD INTAKE; INVERTEBRATE; KINETICS; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MODEL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ZOOPLANKTON;

ANIMALS; DIET; ECOSYSTEM; FISHES; INVERTEBRATES; KINETICS; MARINE BIOLOGY; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOLLUSCA; TRACE ELEMENTS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; ZOOPLANKTON;

BIVALVIA; INVERTEBRATA;

EID: 0032575703     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00225-3     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (124)

1. Amiard-Triquet C, Metayer C, Amiard J-C, Ferre R Study of the transfer of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in neritic trophic chains and estuaries: 2. Biological accumulation in plankton-eating fisher. Water Res. 14:1980;1327-1332.
2. Anastasia JR, Morgan SG, Fisher NS Development of larval tagging methods: assimilation and retention of trace metal elements by crustacean larvae. Limnol Oceanogr. 43:1988;362-368.
3. Arifin Z, Bendell-Young LI Feeding response and carbon assimilation by the blue mussel Mytilus trossulus exposed to environmentally relevant seston matrices. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 160:1997;241-253.
4. 60Co by a freshwater fish. Water Res. 23:1989;817-823.
5. Bayne BL. Feeding physiology of bivalves: time-dependence and compensation for changes in food availability. In: Dame RF, editor. Bivalve filter feeders in estuarine and coastal ecosystem processes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993:1-24.
6. Bayne BL, Newell RC. Physiological energetic of marine molluscs. In: Saleuddin ASM, Wilbur KM, editors. The molluscs, vol 4. New York: Academic Press, 1983:407-515.
7. Bayne BL, Hawkins AJS, Navarro E, Iglesias IP Effects of seston concentration on feeding, digestion and growth in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 55:1989;47-54.
8. Bendell-Young LI, Harvey HH Uptake and tissue distribution of manganese in the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) under conditions of low pH. Hydrobiology. 133:1986;117-125.
9. Bendell-Young LI, Harvey HH, Young JF Accumulation of cadmium by white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in relation to fish growth and lake acidification. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 43:1986;806-811.
10. Bohn A, Fallis BW Metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in shorthorn sculpins Myoxocephalus scorpius (Linnaeus) and Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus), from the vicinity of Strathcona Sound, Northwest Territories. Water Res. 12:1978;659-664.
11. Bollingberg HJ, Johnasen P Lead in spotted wolffish, Anarhichas minor, near a zinc-lead mine in Greenland. J Fish Res Bd Can. 36:1979;1023-1028.
12. 3HgCl - analysis at the organism and organ level. Water Air Soil Pollut. 26:1985;137-148.
13. Bradley R, Duquesnay W, Sprague JB Acclimation of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson to zinc: kinetics and mechanism of enhanced tolerance induction. J Fish Biol. 27:1985;367-379.
14. Brown CL, Luoma SN. Energy-related selenium and vanadium contamination in San Francisco Bay: Effects on biological resources? In: Tenth McKelvey Forum on Mineral and Energy Resources. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey Circular 1108, 1995a:91-93.
15. Brown CL, Luoma SN Use of the euryhaline bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis as a biosentinel species to assess trace metal contamination in San Francisco Bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 124:1995;129-142.
16. Bruland KW. Trace elements in sea-water. In: Riley JP, Chester R, editors. Chemical oceanography, vol. 8. New York: Academic Press, 1983:157-220.
17. Cabana G, Tremblay A, Kalff J, Rasmussen JB Pelagic food chain structure in Ontario lakes: A determinant of mercury levels in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 51:1994;381-389.
18. Cain DJ, Luoma SN, Axtmann EV Influence of gut content in immature aquatic insects on assessments of environmental metal contamination. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 52:1995;2736-2746.
19. Cammen LM Ingestion rate: an empirical model for aquatic deposit feeders and detritivores. Oecologia. 44:1980;303-310.
20. Campbell PGC. Interactions between trace metals and aquatic organisms: a critique of the free-ion activity model. In: Tessier A, Turner DR, editors. Metal speciation and bioavailability in aquatic systems. Chichester: John Wiley, 1995:45-102.
21. Choi MH, Cech JJ Jr., Lagunas-Solar MC Bioavailability of methyl mercury to Sacramento Blackfish (Orthodon microlepidotus): dissolved organic carbon (DOC) effects. Environ Toxicol Chem. 71:1998;695-701.
22. Connolly JP Application of a food chain model to polychlorinated biphenyl contamination of the lobster and winter flounder food chains in New Bedford Harbor. Environ Sci Technol. 25:1991;760-770.
23. Conover RJ. Transformation of organic matter. In: Kinne O, editor. Marine ecology: a comprehensive, intergrated treatise on life in oceans and coastal waters, vol. 4. Chichester: John Wiley, 1978:221-500.
24. Cowles TJ, Olson RJ Jr., Chisholm SW Food selection by copepods: discrimination on the basis of food quality. Mar Biol. 100:1988;41-49.
25. 203HgCl in the tissues of American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Mar Biol. 31:1975;321-334.
26. Cutshall N Turnover of zinc-65 in oysters. Health Phys. 26:1974;327-331.
27. Dallinger R, Kautzky H The importance of contaminated food for the uptake of heavy metals by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): a field study. Oecologia. 67:1985;82-89.
28. Dam HG, Peterson WT In situ feeding behavior of the copepod Temora longicornis L. effects of seasonal changes in chlorophyll size fractions and female size. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 71:1991;113-123.
29. Dam HG, Peterson WT Seasonal contrasts in the diel vertical distribution, feeding behavior, and grazing impact of the copepod Temora longicornis in Long Island Sound. J Mar Res. 51:1993;561-594.
30. Decho AW, Luoma SN Time-courses in the retention of food material in the bivalves Potamocorbula amurenis and Macoma balthica: significance to the assimilation of carbon and chromium. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 78:1991;303-314.
31. Decho AW, Luoma SN Humic and fulvic acids: Sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Potamocorbula amurenis and Macoma balthica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 108:1994;133-145.
32. Decho AW, Luoma SN Flexible digestive strategies and trace metal assimilation in marine bivalves. Limnol Oceanogr. 41:1996;568-572.
33. Douben PET Metabolic rate and uptake and loss of cadmium from food by the fish Noemacheilus barbatulus L. (stone loach). Environ Pollut. 59:1989;177-202.
34. Douben PET Lead and cadmium in stone loach (Noemacheilus barbatulus L.) from three rivers in Derbyshire. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 18:1989;35-58.
35. Fisher NS, Teyssié J-L Influence of food composition on the biokinetics and tissue distribution of zinc and americium in mussels. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 28:1986;197-207.
36. Fisher NS, Reinfelder JR. The trophic transfer of metals in marine systems. In: Tessier A, Turner DR, editors. Metal speciation and bioavailability in aquatic systems. Chichester: John Wiley, 1995:363-406.
37. 210Pb in two marine algae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 11:1983;233-237.
38. Fisher NS, Nolan CV, Fowler SW Assimilation of metals in marine copepods and its biogeochemical implications. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 71:1991;37-43.
39. Fisher NS, Teyssié J-L, Fowler SW, Wang W-X The accumulation and retention of metals in mussels from food and water: a comparison under field and laboratory conditions. Environ Sci Technol. 30:1996;3232-3242.
40. Fowler SW, Heyraud M, La Rosa J Factors affecting methyl and inorganic mercury dynamics in mussels and shrimp. Mar Biol. 46:1978;267-276.
41. Gagnon C, Fisher NS Bioavailability of sediment-bound methyl and inorganic mercury to a marine bivalve. Environ Sci Technol. 31:1997;993-998.
42. Gagnon C, Fisher NS The bioavailability of sediment-bound Cd, Co, and Ag to the mussel Mytilus edulis. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 54:1997;147-156.
43. George SG. Subcellular accumulation and detoxification of metals in aquatic animals. In: Vernberg WB, Calabrese A, Thurberg FP, Vernberg FJ, editors. Physiological mechanisms of marine pollutant toxicity. Oxford: Academic Press, 1982:3-52.
44. Handy RD The assessment of episodic metal pollution. II. The effects of cadmium and copper enriched diets on tissue contaminant analysis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 22:1992;82-87.
45. Harrison SE, Klaverkamp JF Uptake, elimination and tissue distribution of dietary and aqueous cadmium by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis Mitchill). Environ Toxicol Chem. 8:1989;87-97.
46. Hart BT, Hines T. Trace elements in rivers. In: Salbu B, Steinnes E, editors. Trace elements in natural waters. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995:203-221.
47. Harvey RW, Luoma SN Effects of adherent bacteria and bacterial extracellular polymers upon assimilation by Macoma balthica of sediment-bound Cd, Zn, and Ag. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 22:1985;281-289.
48. Hatakeyama S., Yasuno M Chronic effects of Cd on the reproduction of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) through Cd-accumulated midge larvae (Chironomus yoshimatsui). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 14:1987;191-207.
49. Headon CM, Hall RJ, Mierle G Dynamics of radiolabelled methylmercury in crayfish (Orconectes virilis). Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 53:1996;2862-2869.
50. Hill WR, Stewart AJ, Napolitano GE Mercury speciation and bioaccumulation in lotic primary producers and primary consumers. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 53:1996;812-819.
51. Hodson PV, Blunt BR, Spry DJ Chronic toxicity of water-borne and dietary lead to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Lake Ontario water. Water Res. 12:1978;869-878.
52. Houde SEL, Roman MR Effects of food quality on the functional ingestion response of the copepod Acartia tonsa. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 40:1987;69-77.
53. Hutchins DA, Stupakoff I, Fisher NS Temperature effects on accumulation and retention of radionuclides in the sea star, Asterias forbesi: implications for contaminated northern waters. Mar Biol. 125:1996;701-707.
54. 137Cs in the bioindicator bivalve Macoma balthica. Mar Environ Res. 45:1998;17-28.
55. Hutchins DA, Wang W-X, Fisher NS Copepod grazing and the biogeochemical fate of diatom iron. Limnol Oceanogr. 40:1995;989-994.
56. Johns C, Luoma SN, Elrod V Selenium accumulation in benthic bivalves and fine sediments of San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, and selected tributaries. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 27:1988;381-396.
57. Jørgensen CB. Bivalve filter feeding: hydrodynamics, bioenergetics, physics and ecology. Olsen and Olsen, 1990.
58. Jørgensen CB Bivalve filter feeding revisited. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 142:1996;287-302.
59. Julshamn K, Andersen K-J, Ringdal O, Brenna J Effect of dietary copper on the hepatic concentration and subcellular distribution of copper and zinc in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquacult. 73:1988;143-155.
60. Kiørboe T, Møhlenberg F Particle selection in suspension-feeding bivalves. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 5:1981;291-296.
61. Kraal MH, Kraak MHS, De Groot CJ, Davids C Uptake and tissue distribution of dietary and aqueous cadmium by carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 31:1995;179-183.
62. Landrum PF, Lee II H, Lydy MJ Toxicokinetics in aquatic systems: model comparisons and use in hazard assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem. 11:1992;1709-1725.
63. Langston WJ Arsenic in UK estuarine sediments and its availability to benthic organisms. J Mar Biol Assn UK. 60:1980;869-881.
64. Lee B-G, Luoma SN. Bioavailability of Cd, Cr, and Zn to bivalves during a phytoplankton bloom in San Francisco Bay. Limnol Oceanogr, 1998;43.
65. Lemly AD. Selenium in aquatic organisms. In: Beyer WN, editor. Environmental contaminants in wildlife: interpreting tissue concentrations. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis, 1996.
66. Lindqvist O, Johnasson K, Aastrup Met al. Mercury in the Swedish environment - recent research on causes, consequences and corrective methods. Water Air Soil Pollut. 55:1991;1-251.
67. Lonsdale DJ, Cosper EM, Doall M Effects of zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton size-structure and biomass in the lower Hudson River Estuary. Estuarine. 19:1996;874-889.
68. Lopez GR, Levinton JS Ecology of deposit-feeding animals in marine sediments. Q Rev Biol. 62:1987;235-260.
69. Luoma SN, Bryan GW Factors controlling the availability of sediment-bound lead the estuarine bivalve Scrobicularia plana. J Mar Biol Assoc UK. 58:1978;793-802.
70. Luoma SN, Jenne EA. The availability of sediment-bound lead to a deposit-feeding clam. In: Drucher H, Wildung RE, editors. Biological implications of metals in the environment. Springfield, VA: NTIS, 1977:213-230.
71. Luoma SN, Johns C, Fisher NS, Steinberg NA, Oremland RS, Reinfelder JR Determination of selenium bioavailability to a benthic bivalve from particulate and solute pathways. Environ Sci Technol. 26:1992;485-491.
72. Luoma SN, Fisher NS. Uncertainties in assessing contaminant exposure from sediments. In: Ingersoll CG, Dillon T, Biddinger GR, editors. Ecological risk assessments of contaminated sediments. Pensacola: SETAC Spec Publ Ser, 1997:211-237.
73. Luoma SN, van Geen A, Lee B-G, Cloern JE. Metal uptake by phytoplankton during a bloom in south San Francisco Bay: implications for metal cycling in estuaries. Limnol Oceanograph 1998;43.
74. Mason RP, Reinfelder JR, Morel FMM The uptake, toxicity and trophic transfer of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in a marine diatom. Environ Sci Technol. 30:1996;1835-1845.
75. Mayer LM, Chen Z, Findlay RHet al. Bioavailability of sedimentary contaminants subject to deposit-feeder digestion. Environ Sci Technol. 30:1996;2641-2645.
76. McCloskey JT, Schultz IR, Newman MC. Estimating the oral bioavailability of methyl mercury to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Environ Toxicol Chem 1998: in press.
77. Mihuc TB, Minshall GW Trophic generalists vs. trophic specialists: implications for food web dynamics in post-fire streams. Ecology. 76:1995;2361-2372.
78. Miller PA, Lanno RP, McMaster ME, Dixon DG Relative contributions of dietary and waterborne copper to tissue copper burdens and waterborne-copper tolerance in rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss). Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 50:1993;1683-1689.
79. Miller PA, Munkittrick KR, Dixon DG Relationship between concentrations of copper and zinc in water, sediment, benthic invertebrates, and tissues of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) at metal-contaminated sites. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 49:1992;978-984.
80. Moore JN, Luoma SN, Peters D Downstream effects of mine effluent in an intermountaine riparian system. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 60:1991;45-55.
81. Munger C, Hare L Relative importance of water and food as cadmium sources to an aquatic insect (Chaoborus puntipennis): implications for predicting Cd bioaccumulation in nature. Environ Sci Technol. 31:1997;891-895.
82. Norstrom RJ, McKinnon AE, deFreitas ASW A bioenergetics-based model for pollutant accumulation by fish. Simulation of PCB and methylmercury residue levels in Ottawa River yellow perch (Perca flavescens). J Fish Res Board Can. 33:1976;248-267.
83. Nott JA, Nicolaidou A Transfer of metal detoxification along marine food chains. J Mar Biol Assn UK. 70:1990;905-912.
84. Ohta H, Cherian MG Gastrointestinal absorption of cadmium and metallothionein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 107:1991;63-72.
85. Okazaki RK, Panietz MH Depuration of twelve trace metals in tissues of the oysters Crassostrea gigas and C. virginica. Mar Biol. 63:1981;113-120.
86. Overnell J, Fletcher TC, McIntosh R The apparent lack of effect of supplementary dietary zinc on zinc metabolism and metallothionein concentrations in the turbot, Scophthalmus maximum (Linnaeus). J Fish Biol. 33:1988;563-570.
87. Reinfelder JR, Fisher NS The assimilation of elements ingested by marine copepods. Science. 251:1991;794-796.
88. Reinfelder JR, Fisher NS The assimilation of elements ingested by marine planktonic bivalve larvae. Limnol Oceanogr. 39:1994;12-20.
89. Reinfelder JR, Fisher NS The retention of elements absorbed by juvenile fish (Menidia menidia, M. beryllina) from zooplankton prey. Limnol Oceanogr. 39:1994;1783-1789.
90. Reinfelder JR, Wang W-X, Luoma SN, Fisher NS Assimilation efficiencies and turnover rates of trace elements in marine bivalves: a comparison of oysters, clams, and mussels. Mar Biol. 129:1997;443-452.
91. Riisgard HU, Hansen S Biomagnification of mercury in a marine grazing food-chain: algal cells Phaeodactylum tricornutum, mussels Mytilus edulis and flounders Platichthys flesus studied by means of a stepwise-reduction-CVAA method. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 62:1990;259-270.
92. Riisgaard HU, Kiørboe T, Møhlenberg F, Drabæk I, Madsen PP Accumulation, elimination and chemical speciation of mercury in the bivalves Mytilus edulis and Macoma balthica. Mar Biol. 86:1985;55-62.
93. Roesijadi G Metallothioneins in metal regulation and toxicity in aquatic animals. Aquat Toxicol. 22:1992;81-114.
94. Roesijadi G, Robinson WE. Metal regulation in aquatic animals: mechanisms of uptake, accumulation, and release. In: Malins DC, Ostrander GK, editor. Aquatic Toxicology. Molecular, biochemical, and cellular perspectives. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis, 1994.
95. Rowan DJ. Cesium bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms. Sci Tot Environ 1998.
96. 2 in water and sediment. Water Res. 27:1993;1041-1048.
97. Schultz IR, Peters EL, Newman MC Toxicokinetics and disposition of inorganic mercury and cadmium in channel catfish after intravascular administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 140:1996;39-50.
98. Spry DJ, Wiener JG Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low-alkalinity lakes: a critical review. Environ Pollut. 71:1991;243.
99. Spry DJ, Hodson PV, Wood CM Relative contributions of dietary and waterborne zinc in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 45:1988;32-41.
100. Tessier A, Campbell PGC, Auclair JC, Bisson M Relationship between the partitioning of trace metals in sediments and their accumulation in the tissues of the freshwater mollusc Elliptio complanata in a mining area. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 41:1994;1463-1472.
101. Thomann RV, Mahony JD, Meuller R Steady-state model of biota sediment accumulation factor for metals in two marine bivalves. Environ Toxicol Chem. 14:1995;1989-1998.
102. Thomann RV, Shkreli F, Harrison S A pharmacokinetic model of cadmium in rainbow trout. Environ Toxicol Chem. 16:1997;2268-2274.
103. Timmermans KR, Van Hattum B, Kraak MHS, Davids C Trace metals in a littoral footweb. Concentrations in organisms sediment and water. Sci Total Environ. 87/88:1989;477-494.
104. Trudel M, Rasmussen JB Modeling the elimination of mercury by fish. Environ Sci Technol. 31:1997;1716-1722.
105. Turner JT, Tester PA Zooplankton feeding ecology: nonselective grazing by the copepods Acartia tonsa Dana, Centropages velificatus De Oliveira, and Eucalanus pileatus Giesbrecht in the plume of the Mississippi River. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 126:1989;21-43.
106. Wallace WG, Lopez GR Relationship between subcellular cadmium distribution in prey and cadmium trophic transfer to a predator. Estuarine. 19:1996;923-930.
107. Wang W-X, Fisher NS Assimilation of trace elements by the mussel Mytilus edulis: effects of diatom chemical composition. Mar Biol. 125:1996;715-724.
108. Wang W-X, Fisher NS Assimilation of trace elements and carbon by the mussel Mytilus edulis: effects of food composition. Limnol Oceanogr. 41:1996;197-207.
109. Wang W-X, Fisher NS Modeling metal bioavailability for marine mussels. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 151:1997;39-65.
110. Wang W-X, Fisher NS Modeling the influence of body size on trace element accumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 161:1997;103-115.
111. Wang W-X, Fisher NS Accumulation of trace elements in a marine copepod. Limnol Oceanogr. 43:1998;273-283.
112. Wang W-X, Fisher NS Excretion of trace elements by marine copepods and their bioavailability to diatoms. J Mar Res. 56:1998;713-729.
113. Wang W-X, Fisher NS, Luoma SN Assimilation of trace elements ingested by the mussel Mytilus edulis: effects of algal food abundance. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 129:1995;165-176.
114. Wang W-X, Fisher NS, Luoma SN Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 140:1996;91-113.
115. Wang W-X, Reinfelder JR, Lee B-G, Fisher NS Assimilation and regeneration of trace elements by marine copepods. Limnol Oceanogr. 41:1996;70-81.
116. Wang W-X, Griscom SB, Fisher NS Bioavailability of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) to marine mussels form solute and particulate pathways. Environ Sci Technol. 31:1997;603-611.
117. Wang W-X, Stupakoff I, Fisher NS. Bioavailability of dissolved and sediment-bound metals to a marine deposit-feeding polychaete. Mar Ecol Prog Ser in press.
118. Watras CJ, Bloom NS Mercury and methylmercury in individual zooplankton: implications for bioaccumulation. Limnol Oceanogr. 37:1992;1313-1318.
119. 109Cd-labeled Daphnia magna. Chemosphere. 24:1992;359-368.
120. Widdows J, Fieth P, Worrall CM Relationship between seston, available food and feeding activity in the common mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar Biol. 50:1979;195-207.
121. Wiener JG, Giesy JP Jr. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn in fishes in a highly organic softwater pond. J Fish Res Bd Can. 36:1979;270-279.
122. Wiener JG, Spry DJ. Toxicological significance of mercury in freshwater fish. In: Beyer WN, editor. Environmental contaminants in wildlife: interpreting tissue concentrations. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis, 1996.
123. Williams DR, Giesy JP Relative importance of food and water sources to cadmium uptake by Gambusia affinis (Poeciliidae). Environ Res. 16:1978;326-332.
124. Young DR, Mearns AJ, Jan T-Ket al. Trophic structure and pollutant concentrations in marine ecosystems of Southern California. CalCOFI Rept. 21:1980;197-206.