UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3 observations: implications for Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 103, Issue D11, 1998, Pages 13285-13313

  Santee, M L ^a   Tabazadeh, A ^b   Manney, G L ^a   Salawitch, R J ^a   Froidevaux, L ^a   Read, W G ^a   Waters, J W ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NITRIC ACID; OZONE; POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUD;

EID: 0032551123     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/98JD00365     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Andrews, D. G., Some comparisons between the middle atmosphere dynamics of the southern and northern hemispheres, Pure Appl. Geophys., 130, 213-232, 1989.
2. 2O particles: Implications for polar stratospheric cloud formation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,777-10,784, 1997.
3. Arnold, F., H. Schlager, J. Hoffmann, P. Metzinger, and S. Spreng, Evidence for stratospheric nitric acid condensation from balloon and rocket measurements in the Arctic, Nature, 342, 493-497, 1989.
4. Austin, J., R. R. Garcia, J. M. Russell III, S. Solomon, and A. F. Tuck, On the atmospheric photochemistry of nitric acid, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5477-5485, 1986.
5. Barath, F. T., et al., The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,751-10,762, 1993.
6. 3 solutions under polar stratospheric conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 871-874, 1994.
7. Beyerle, G., B. Luo, R. Neuber, T. Peter, and I. S. McDermid, Temperature dependence of ternary solution particle volumes as observed by lidar in the Arctic stratosphere during winter 1992/1993, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3603-3609, 1997.
8. Borrmann, S., S. Solomon, J. E. Dye, D. Baumgardner, K. K. Kelly, and K. R. Chan, Heterogeneous reactions on stratospheric background aerosols, volcanic sulfuric acid droplets, and type I polar stratospheric clouds: Effects of temperature fluctuations and differences in particle phase, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3639-3648, 1997.
9. Browell, E. V., et al., Large scale variations in ozone and polar stratospheric clouds measured with airborne lidar during formation of the 1987 ozone hole over Antarctica, NASA Conf. Publ., 10014, 61-64, 1988.
10. Browell, E. V., C. F. Butler, S. Ismail, P. A. Robinette, A. F. Carter, N. S. Higdon, O. B. Toon, M. R. Schoeberl, and A. F. Tuck, Airborne lidar observations in the wintertime Arctic stratosphere: Polar stratospheric clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 385-388, 1990.
11. Brune, W. H., J. G. Anderson, D. W. Toohey, D. W. Fahey, S. R. Kawa, R. L. Jones, D. S. McKenna, and L. R. Poole, The potential for ozone depletion in the Arctic polar stratosphere, Science, 252, 1260-1266, 1991.
12. Butchart, N., and E. E. Remsberg, The area of the stratospheric polar vortex as a diagnostic for tracer transport on an isentropic surface, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1319-1339, 1986.
13. Carleton, K. L., D. M. Sonnenfroh, W. T. Rawlins, B. E. Wyslouzil, and S. Arnold, Freezing behavior of single sulfuric acid aerosols suspended in a quadrupole trap, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6025-6033, 1997.
14. 3 and water uptake by liquid particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2479-2482, 1994.
15. Clapp, M. L., R. F. Niedziela, L. J. Richwine, T. Dransfield, R. E. Miller, and D. R. Worsnop, Infrared spectroscopy of sulfuric acid/water aerosols: Freezing characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8899-8907, 1997.
16. Climate Prediction Center, National Center for Environmental Prediction, Southern hemisphere winter summary, 1996, Nat. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Washington, D. C., 1996.
17. Crutzen, P. J., and F. Arnold, Nitric acid cloud formation in the cold Antarctic stratosphere: A major cause for the springtime "ozone hole", Nature, 324, 651-655, 1986.
18. de Zafra, R. L., V. Chan, S. Crewell, C. Trimble, and J. M. Reeves, Millimeter wave spectroscopic measurements over the south pole, 3, The behavior of stratospheric nitric acid through polar fall, winter, and spring, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1399-1410, 1997.
19. 3 solutions in Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud aerosol: Observations and implications, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,255-13,282, 1997.
20. Disselkamp, R. S., S. E. Anthony, A. J. Prenni, T. B. Onasch, and M. A. Tolbert, Crystallization kinetics of nitric acid dihydrate aerosols, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 9127-9137, 1996.
21. Drdla, K., A. Tabazadeh, R. P. Turco, M. Z. Jacobson, J. E. Dye, C. Twohy, and D. Baumgardner, Analysis of the physical state of one Arctic polar stratospheric cloud based on observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2475-2478, 1994.
22. Dye, J. E., B. W. Gandrud, D. Baumgardner, K. R. Chan, G. V. Ferry, M. Loewenstein, K. K. Kelly, and J. C. Wilson, Observed particle evolution in the polar stratospheric cloud of January 24, 1989, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 413-416, 1990.
23. Dye, J. E., D. Baumgardner, B. W. Gandrud, S. R. Kawa, K. K. Kelly, M. Loewenstein, G. V. Ferry, K. R. Chan, and B. L. Gary, Particle size distributions in Arctic polar stratospheric clouds, growth and freezing of sulfuric acid droplets, and implications for cloud formation, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8015-8034, 1992.
24. Dye, J. E., et al., In situ observations of an Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud: Similarities with Arctic observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1913-1916, 1996.
25. Fahey, D. W., K. K. Kelly, G. V. Ferry, L. R. Poole, J. C. Wilson, D. M. Murphy, M. Loewenstein, and K. R. Chan, In situ measurements of total reactive nitrogen, total water, and aerosol in a polar stratospheric cloud in the Antarctic, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,299-11,315, 1989.
26. Fahey, D. W., K. K. Kelly, S. R. Kawa, A. F. Tuck, M. Loewenstein, K. R. Chan, and L. E. Heidt, Observations of denitrification and dehydration in the winter polar stratospheres, Nature, 344, 321-324, 1990.
27. Fox, L. E., D. R. Worsnop, M. S. Zahniser, and S. C. Wofsy, Metastable phases in polar stratospheric aerosols, Science, 267, 351-355, 1995.
28. Fromm, M. D., J. D. Lumpe, R. M. Bevilacqua, E. P. Shettle, J. Hornstein, S. T. Massie, and K. H. Fricke, Observations of Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds by POAM II: 1994-1996, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,659-23,672, 1997.
29. Godin, S., G. Mégie, C. David, D. Haner, C. Flesia, and Y. Emery, Airborne lidar observation of mountain-wave-induced polar stratospheric clouds during EASOE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1335-1338, 1994.
30. 3 onto ice, NAT, and frozen sulfuric acid, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 2063-2066, 1992.
31. Hanson, D., and K. Mauersberger, Laboratory studies of the nitric acid trihydrate: Implications for the south polar stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 855-858, 1988.
32. Hofmann, D. J., and T. Deshler, Stratospheric cloud observations during formation of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2897-2912, 1991.
33. Hübler, G., D. W. Fahey, K. K. Kelly, D. D. Montzka, M. A. Carroll, A. F. Tuck, L. E. Heidt, W. H. Pollock, G. L. Gregory, and J. F. Vedder, Redistribution of reactive odd nitrogen in the lower Arctic stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 453-456, 1990.
34. Imre, D. G., J. Xu, and A. C. Tridico, Phase transformations in sulfuric acid aerosols: Implications for stratospheric ozone depletion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 69-72, 1997.
35. Iraci, L. T., A. M. Middlebrook, M. A. Wilson, and M. A. Tolbert, Growth of nitric acid hydrates on thin sulfuric acid films, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 867-870, 1994.
36. Iraci, L. T., A. M. Middlebrook, and M. A. Tolbert, Laboratory studies of the formation of polar stratospheric clouds: Nitric acid condensation on thin sulfuric acid films, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20,969-20,977, 1995.
37. Kawa, S. R., D. W. Fahey, K. K. Kelly, J. E. Dye, D. Baumgardner, B. W. Gandrud, M. Loewenstein, G. V. Ferry, and K. R. Chan, The Arctic polar stratospheric cloud aerosol: Aircraft measurements of reactive nitrogen, total water, and particles, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7925-7938, 1992.
38. Kelly, K. K., et al., Dehydration in the lower Antarctic stratosphere during late winter and early spring, 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,317-11,357, 1989.
39. Kent, G. S., L. R. Poole, and M. P. McCormick, Characteristics of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds as measured by airborne lidar, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2149-2161, 1986.
40. Koop, T., U. M. Biermann, W. Raber, B. P. Luo, P. J. Crutzen, and T. Peter, Do stratospheric aerosol droplets freeze above the ice frost point?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 917-920, 1995.
41. 3 version 7 from the CLAES instrument deployed on the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9621-9656, 1996.
42. Larsen, N., B. M. Knudsen, J. M. Rosen, N. T. Kjome, and E. Kyrö, Balloonborne backscatter observations of type 1 PSC formation: Inference about physical state from trajectory analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1091-1094, 1996.
43. Larsen, N., B. M. Knudsen, J. M. Rosen, N. T. Kjome, R. Neuber, and E. Kyrö, Temperature histories in liquid and solid polar stratospheric cloud formation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,505-23,517, 1997.
44. Manney, G. L., R. W. Zurek, A. O'Neill, and R. Swinbank, On the motion of air through the stratospheric polar vortex, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2973-2994, 1994.
45. Manney, G. L., R. W. Zurek, L. Froidevaux, and J. W. Waters, Evidence for Arctic ozone depletion in late February and early March 1994, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2941-2944, 1995a.
46. Manney, G. L., et al., Lagrangian transport calculations using UARS data, I, Passive tracers, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3049-3068, 1995b.
47. Manney, G. L., R. Swinbank, S. T. Massie, M. E. Gelman, A. J. Miller, R. Nagatani, A. O'Neill, and R. W. Zurek, Comparison of U.K. Meteorological Office and U.S. National Meteorological Center stratospheric analyses during northern and southern winter, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10,311-10,334, 1996.
48. Marti, J., and K. Mauersberger, Laboratory simulations of PSC particle formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 359-362, 1993.
49. McCormick, M. P., H. M. Steele, P. Hamill, W. P. Chu, and T. J. Swissler, Polar stratospheric cloud sightings by SAM II, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1387-1397, 1982.
50. McCormick, M. P., P. Hamill, and U. O. Farrukh, Characteristics of polar stratospheric clouds as observed by SAM II, SAGE, and lidar, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 63, 267-276, 1985.
51. McCormick, M. P., C. R. Trepte, and M. C. Pitts, Persistence of polar stratospheric clouds in the southern polar region, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,241-11,251, 1989.
52. McCormick, M. P., G. S. Kent, W. H. Hunt, M. T. Osborn, L. R. Poole, and M. C. Pitts, Arctic polar stratospheric cloud observations by airborne lidar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 381-383, 1990.
53. Meilinger, S. K., T. Koop, B. P. Luo, T. Huthwelker, K. S. Carslaw, U. Krieger, P. J. Crutzen, and T. Peter, Size-dependent stratospheric droplet composition in lee wave temperature fluctuations and their potential role in PSC freezing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3031-3034, 1995.
54. Mergenthaler, J. L., J. B. Kumer, and A. E. Roche, CLAES south-looking aerosol observations for 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1295-1298, 1993.
55. Mergenthaler, J. L., J. B. Kumer, A. E. Roche, and S. T. Massie, Distribution of Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds as seen by the CLAES experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19,161-19,170, 1997.
56. 2O films: Formation, water uptake, and solid-liquid phase changes, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20,473-20,481, 1993.
57. 2O system: Implications for polar stratospheric clouds, Science, 216, 1418-1423, 1993.
58. Murphy, D. M., and B. L. Gary, Mesoscale temperature fluctuations and polar stratospheric clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1753-1760, 1995.
59. Poole, L. R., and M. C. Pitts, Polar stratospheric cloud climatology based on Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II observations from 1978 to 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13,083-13,089, 1994.
60. Pueschel, R. F., et al., Condensed nitrate, sulfate, and chloride in Antarctic stratospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,271-11,284, 1989.
61. Ravishankara, A. R., and D. R. Hanson, Differences in the reactivity of type I polar stratospheric clouds depending on their phase, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3885-3890, 1996.
62. Roche, A. E., J. B. Kumer, J. L. Mergenthaler, G. A. Ely, W. G. Uplinger, J. F. Potter, T. C. James, and L. W. Sterritt, The Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) on UARS: Experiment description and performance, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,763-10,775, 1993.
63. 3, and aerosol by the UARS CLAES experiment between January 1992 and April 1993, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2877-2902, 1994.
64. Russell, P. B., et al., Global to microscale evolution of the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol derived from diverse measurements and analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18,745-18,763, 1996.
65. Salawitch, R. J., G. P. Gobbi, S. C. Wofsy, and M. B. McElroy, Denitrification in the Antarctic stratosphere, Nature, 339, 525-527, 1989.
66. 3, Science, 267, 849-852, 1995.
67. 3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3207-3210, 1996.
68. 3 in the 1996-1997 Arctic polar vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2713-2716, 1997.
69. Shibata, T., et al., Polar stratospheric clouds observed by lidar over Spitsbergen in the winter of 1994/1995: Liquid particles and vertical "sandwich" structure, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,829-10,840, 1997.
70. Shine, K. P., The middle atmosphere in the absence of dynamic heat fluxes, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 603-633, 1987.
71. Solomon, S., Progress towards a quantitative understanding of Antarctic ozone depletion, Nature, 347, 347-354, 1990.
72. Swinbank, R., and A. O'Neill, A stratosphere-troposphere data assimilation system, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 686-702, 1994.
73. 2O solid phases in the stratosphere inferred from ER 2 data, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9071-9078, 1996.
74. Tabazadeh, A., R. P. Turco, K. Drdla, M. Z. Jacobsen, and O. B. Toon, A study of type I polar stratospheric cloud formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1619-1622, 1994a.
75. Tabazadeh, A., R. P. Turco, and M. Z. Jacobsen, A model for studying the composition and chemical effects of stratospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,897-12,914, 1994b.
76. Tabazadeh, A., O. B. Toon, and P. Hamill, Freezing behavior of stratospheric sulfate aerosols inferred from trajectory studies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1725-1728, 1995.
77. Tabazadeh, A., O. B. Toon, B. L. Gary, J. T. Bacmeister, and M. R. Schoeberl, Observational constraints on the formation of type Ia polar stratospheric clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2109-2112, 1996.
78. Tolbert, M. A., Sulfate aerosols and polar stratospheric cloud formation, Science, 264, 527-528, 1994.
79. Toon, O. B., and M. A. Tolbert, Spectroscopic evidence against nitric acid trihydrate in polar stratospheric clouds, Nature, 375, 218-221, 1995.
80. 3 and HCl in the winter polar stratospheres, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1284-1287, 1986.
81. Toon, O. B., R. P. Turco, J. Jordan, J. Goodman, and G. Ferry, Physical processes in polar stratospheric ice clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,359-11,380, 1989.
82. Toon, O. B., E. V. Browell, S. Kinne, and J. Jordan, An analysis of lidar observations of polar stratospheric clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 393-396, 1990a.
83. Toon, O. B., R. P. Turco, and P. Hamill, Denitrification mechanisms in the polar stratospheres, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 445-448, 1990b.
84. Tuck, A. F., K. K. Kelly, C. R. Webster, M. Loewenstein, R. M. Stimpfle, M. H. Proffitt, and R. K. Chan, Airborne chemistry and dynamics at the edge of the 1994 Antarctic vortex, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 91, 3063-3071, 1995.
85. Turco, R. P., O. B. Toon, and P. Hamill, Heterogeneous physicochemistry of the polar ozone hole, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16,493-16,510, 1989.
86. Waters, J. W., Microwave limb sounding, in Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiometry, edited by M. A. Janssen, pp. 383-496, John Wiley, New York, 1993.
87. Waters, J. W., L. Froidevaux, W. G. Read, G. L. Manney, L. S. Elson, D. A. Flower, R. F. Jarnot, and R. S. Harwood, Stratospheric ClO and ozone from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, Nature, 362, 597-602, 1993.
88. Worsnop, D. R., L. E. Fox, M. S. Zahniser, and S. C. Wofsy, Vapor pressures of solid hydrates of nitric acid: Implications for polar stratospheric clouds, Science, 259, 71-74, 1993.
89. 2O systems: Incorporation of stratospheric acids into background sulfate aerosols, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 8541-8548, 1993a.
90. 2O binary system at low temperatures: Stratospheric implications, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 7351-7360, 1993b.