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Multiexponent kinetics are not unique to bR: the chemical dynamics of halorhodopsin (hR) have also been modeled with two to three exponential components [H. Kandori, K. Yoshihara, H. Tomioka, H. Sasabe, Y. Shichida, Chem. Phys. Lett. 211, 385 (1993); T. Arlt, S. Schmidt, W. Zinth, U. Haupts, D. Oesterhelt, ibid. 241, 559 (1995)], although it remains to be determined whether the hR kinetics are distributed or arise from two (or more) well-defined components.
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Experimental methods: The pump pulse was generated by frequency doubling the signal output of a home-built β-barium borate - based optical parametric amplifier (OPA). The probe pulse was derived from a broadband continuum that was generated by focusing the output of a second OPA into a 3-mm sapphire crystal. A regeneratively amplified Ti:sapphire laser system (Clark-MXR, Dexter, MI) generated the optical pulses (1 kHz, 0.8 mJ, 120 fs, 780 nm) that powered the two OPAs. The bR sample (Sigma) was suspended in Hepes buffer (pH 7.4) and loaded into a sample cell with a 1-mm path length.
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This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grant DK45306, the Beckman Foundation, the Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation, and the National Science Foundation (Young Investigator Award to P.A.A.; Graduate Research Fellowship to J.C.M.).
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