Post-cambrian trilobite diversity and evolutionary Faunas

Science

Volumn 280, Issue 5371, 1998, Pages 1922-1925

  Adrain, Jonathan M ^a   Fortey, Richard A ^a   Westrop, Stephen R ^b  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ORDOVICIAN; TRILOBITE;

AQUATIC FAUNA; ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TAXONOMY;

EID: 0032546820     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5371.1922     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. A. T. Thomas and R. A. Fortey, in Atlas of Invertebrate Macrofossils, J. W. Murray, Ed. (Longman, London, 1985), pp. 199-229; R. A. Robison, in Fossil Invertebrates, R. S. Boardman, A. H. Cheetham, A. J. Rowell, Eds. (Blackwell, Palo Alto, CA, 1987), pp. 221-241.
2. A. T. Thomas and R. A. Fortey, in Atlas of Invertebrate Macrofossils, J. W. Murray, Ed. (Longman, London, 1985), pp. 199-229; R. A. Robison, in Fossil Invertebrates, R. S. Boardman, A. H. Cheetham, A. J. Rowell, Eds. (Blackwell, Palo Alto, CA, 1987), pp. 221-241.
3. J. J. Sepkoski Jr., Milwaukee Public Mus. Contrib. Biol. Geol. 83, 1 (1992).
4. The full data set has not yet been published, but preliminary plots are given by J. J. Sepkoski Jr., in (22), pp. 393-396.
5. _, Paleobiology 7, 36 (1981).
6. R. A. Fortey, D. E. G. Briggs, M. A. Wills, Bioessays 19, 429 (1997).
7. M. L. Droser, R. A. Fortey, X. Li, Am. Sci. 84, 122 (1996).
8. P. J. Brenchley, in Mass Extinctions: Processes and Evidence, S. K. Donovan, Ed. (Belhaven, London, 1990), pp. 104-132.
9. R. A. Fortey and R. M. Owens, in Major Evolutionary Radiations, P. D. Taylor and G. P. Larwood, Eds. (Systematics Association Special Volume 42, Clarendon, Oxford, 1990), pp. 139-164.
10. M. Foote, Paleobiology 14, 258 (1988).
11. S. J. Culver, M. A. Buzas, L. S. Collins, ibid. 13, 169 (1987).
12. The full database will be published elsewhere; a current version is available from the senior author on request.
13. We used North American Ordovician series, but the globally correlative Nemograptus gracilis Zone is included in the Mohawk, instead of its traditional assignment to the upper Whiterock. This revision is based on the recent recommendations of the Sub-commission on Ordovician Stratigraphy and results in more satisfactory sampling intervals. At the series level of resolution, there are few examples of Lazarus taxa (taxa occurring earlier and later than, but not within, a given sampling interval); where such sampling gaps occurred, genera were scored as present.
14. Principal components analysis of the data set confirmed the division into two major faunas. The groupings are so robust that the use of alternative similarity indices will not significantly alter the result.
15. A single family, Harpetidae, falls outside the two major clusters. The generic taxonomy of this group is in need of revision.
16. We define the Silurian Fauna as Whiterock Fauna families in which at least one lineage survived the end-Ordovician extinction and subsequently diversified, thus excluding two minor relict distributions, Pterygometopidae and Raphiophoridae, in each of which a single low-diversity lineage extended into the Silurian but became extinct during the period.
17. Upper Arenig in British terminology.
18. M. E. Patzkowsky, in (22), pp. 413-414.
19. R. L. Anstey and J. F. Pachut, in New Approaches to Speciation in the Fossil Record, D. H. Erwin and R. L. Anstey, Eds. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1995), pp. 239-284.
20. J. C. W. Cope, Palaeontology 39, 979 (1996); ibid. 40, 713 (1997); J. Pojeta and J. Gilbert-Tomlinson, Bull. Bur. Miner. Res. Geol. Geophys. 174, 1 (1977).
21. J. C. W. Cope, Palaeontology 39, 979 (1996); ibid. 40, 713 (1997); J. Pojeta and J. Gilbert-Tomlinson, Bull. Bur. Miner. Res. Geol. Geophys. 174, 1 (1977).
22. J. C. W. Cope, Palaeontology 39, 979 (1996); ibid. 40, 713 (1997); J. Pojeta and J. Gilbert-Tomlinson, Bull. Bur. Miner. Res. Geol. Geophys. 174, 1 (1977).
23. J. Sprinkle, in Origins and Early Evolution of the Metazoa, J. H. Lipps and P. W. Signor, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1992), pp. 375-398.
24. R. A. Fortey and R. A. Cooper, Palaeontology 29, 631 (1986).
25. M. L. Droser, P. M. Sheehan, R. A. Fortey, X. Li, in Ordovician Odyssey: Short Papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System, J. D. Cooper, M. L. Droser, S. C. Finney, Eds. (Pacific Section Society for Sedimentary Geology, Fullerton, CA, 1995), pp. 405-408.
26. J. J. Sepkoski Jr., in Short Papers for the Second International Symposium on the Cambrian System, M. E. Taylor, Ed. (USGS Open-File Rep. 81-743, 1981), pp. 203-207.
27. D. Jablonski, Science 231, 129 (1986).
28. D. H. Erwin, Paleobiology 16, 187 (1990).
29. S. R. Westrop, ibid. 15, 46 (1989).
30. Physical causes of end-Ordovician trilobite extinction were proposed by R. A. Fortey, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 325, 327 (1989); B. D. E. Chatterton and S. E. Speyer, Paleobiology 15, 118 (1989).
31. Physical causes of end-Ordovician trilobite extinction were proposed by R. A. Fortey, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 325, 327 (1989); B. D. E. Chatterton and S. E. Speyer, Paleobiology 15, 118 (1989).
32. J. J. Sepkoski Jr. and A. I. Miller, in Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolution, J. W. Valentine, Ed. (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1985), pp. 153-190; J. J. Sepkoski Jr. and P. M. Sheehan, in Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities, M. J. S. Tevesz and P. M. McCall, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1983), pp. 673-717.
33. J. J. Sepkoski Jr. and A. I. Miller, in Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolution, J. W. Valentine, Ed. (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1985), pp. 153-190; J. J. Sepkoski Jr. and P. M. Sheehan, in Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities, M. J. S. Tevesz and P. M. McCall, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1983), pp. 673-717.
34. S. R. Westrop, J. V. Tremblay, E. Landing, Palaios 10, 75 (1995); S. R. Westrop and J. M. Adrain, Paleobiology 24, 1 (1998).
35. S. R. Westrop, J. V. Tremblay, E. Landing, Palaios 10, 75 (1995); S. R. Westrop and J. M. Adrain, Paleobiology 24, 1 (1998).
36. Work in progress suggests that this disassociation of clade and alpha diversity continued well into the Silurian [J. M. Adrain, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 28, A291 (1996)].
37. For paleogeographic reconstructions, see W. S. McKerrow and C. R. Scotese, Eds., Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography, Geol. Soc. London Mem. 12 (1990).
38. H. B. Whittington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Univ. 129, 1 (1963); J. M. Adrain and R. A. Fortey, Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London Geol. Ser. 53, 79 (1997).
39. H. B. Whittington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Univ. 129, 1 (1963); J. M. Adrain and R. A. Fortey, Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London Geol. Ser. 53, 79 (1997).
40. R. A. Fortey and M. L. Droser, J. Paleontol. 70, 73 (1996).
41. H. B. Whittington, Geol. Mag. 118, 591 (1981); R. A. Fortey, Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 30, 179 (1983); G. D. Edgecombe, in Extinction and Phylogeny, M. J. Novacek and Q. D. Wheeler, Eds. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1992), pp. 144-177.
42. H. B. Whittington, Geol. Mag. 118, 591 (1981); R. A. Fortey, Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 30, 179 (1983); G. D. Edgecombe, in Extinction and Phylogeny, M. J. Novacek and Q. D. Wheeler, Eds. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1992), pp. 144-177.
43. H. B. Whittington, Geol. Mag. 118, 591 (1981); R. A. Fortey, Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 30, 179 (1983); G. D. Edgecombe, in Extinction and Phylogeny, M. J. Novacek and Q. D. Wheeler, Eds. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1992), pp. 144-177.
44. We thank G. D. Edgecombe, J. J. Sepkoski Jr., and A. B. Smith for comments on the manuscript. Preparation of this study was funded by Natural Environment Research Council (UK) grant GR3/09654 and by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada) grant 41197.