Early maritime economy and El Nino events at Quebrada Tacahuay, Peru

Science

Volumn 281, Issue 5384, 1998, Pages 1833-1835

  Keefer, David K ^a   DeFrance, Susan D ^b   Moseley, Michael E ^c   Richardson III, James B ^d   Satterlee, Dennis R ^e   Day Lewis, Amy ^f  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b Ships of Discovery   (United States)

^c University of Florida ^*  (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA AT MONROE   (United States)

^f STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; ECONOMIC HISTORY; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; MARINE RESOURCE; PALEOCLIMATE; PLEISTOCENE; PREHISTORIC; RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT;

ARCHEOLOGY; ARTICLE; CLIMATE; ECONOMIC ASPECT; HUMAN; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; PERU; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEDIMENT;

PERU;

EID: 0032544642     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5384.1833     Document Type: Article

References (32)

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16. L. E. Wells, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14463 (1987); thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1988); Geology 18, 1134 (1990); L. Ortlieb, T. J. DeVries, A. Díaz, Bol. Soc. Geol. Perú 81, 127 (1990); A. Díaz and L. Ortlieb, Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. Andines 22, 159 (1993); L. Ortlieb and J. Macharé, Global Planet. Change 7, 181 (1993); L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, N. Guzman, Quat. Sci. Rev. 15, 857 (1996); T. J. DeVries, L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, L. E. Wells, C. Hillaire-Marcel, Science 276, 965 (1997); L. E. Wells and J. S. Noller, ibid., p. 966.
17. L. E. Wells, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14463 (1987); thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1988); Geology 18, 1134 (1990); L. Ortlieb, T. J. DeVries, A. Díaz, Bol. Soc. Geol. Perú 81, 127 (1990); A. Díaz and L. Ortlieb, Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. Andines 22, 159 (1993); L. Ortlieb and J. Macharé, Global Planet. Change 7, 181 (1993); L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, N. Guzman, Quat. Sci. Rev. 15, 857 (1996); T. J. DeVries, L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, L. E. Wells, C. Hillaire-Marcel, Science 276, 965 (1997); L. E. Wells and J. S. Noller, ibid., p. 966.
18. L. E. Wells, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14463 (1987); thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1988); Geology 18, 1134 (1990); L. Ortlieb, T. J. DeVries, A. Díaz, Bol. Soc. Geol. Perú 81, 127 (1990); A. Díaz and L. Ortlieb, Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. Andines 22, 159 (1993); L. Ortlieb and J. Macharé, Global Planet. Change 7, 181 (1993); L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, N. Guzman, Quat. Sci. Rev. 15, 857 (1996); T. J. DeVries, L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, L. E. Wells, C. Hillaire-Marcel, Science 276, 965 (1997); L. E. Wells and J. S. Noller, ibid., p. 966.
19. L. E. Wells, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14463 (1987); thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1988); Geology 18, 1134 (1990); L. Ortlieb, T. J. DeVries, A. Díaz, Bol. Soc. Geol. Perú 81, 127 (1990); A. Díaz and L. Ortlieb, Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. Andines 22, 159 (1993); L. Ortlieb and J. Macharé, Global Planet. Change 7, 181 (1993); L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, N. Guzman, Quat. Sci. Rev. 15, 857 (1996); T. J. DeVries, L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, L. E. Wells, C. Hillaire-Marcel, Science 276, 965 (1997); L. E. Wells and J. S. Noller, ibid., p. 966.
20. L. E. Wells, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14463 (1987); thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1988); Geology 18, 1134 (1990); L. Ortlieb, T. J. DeVries, A. Díaz, Bol. Soc. Geol. Perú 81, 127 (1990); A. Díaz and L. Ortlieb, Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. Andines 22, 159 (1993); L. Ortlieb and J. Macharé, Global Planet. Change 7, 181 (1993); L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, N. Guzman, Quat. Sci. Rev. 15, 857 (1996); T. J. DeVries, L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, L. E. Wells, C. Hillaire-Marcel, Science 276, 965 (1997); L. E. Wells and J. S. Noller, ibid., p. 966.
21. L. E. Wells, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14463 (1987); thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1988); Geology 18, 1134 (1990); L. Ortlieb, T. J. DeVries, A. Díaz, Bol. Soc. Geol. Perú 81, 127 (1990); A. Díaz and L. Ortlieb, Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. Andines 22, 159 (1993); L. Ortlieb and J. Macharé, Global Planet. Change 7, 181 (1993); L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, N. Guzman, Quat. Sci. Rev. 15, 857 (1996); T. J. DeVries, L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, L. E. Wells, C. Hillaire-Marcel, Science 276, 965 (1997); L. E. Wells and J. S. Noller, ibid., p. 966.
22. L. E. Wells, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14463 (1987); thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1988); Geology 18, 1134 (1990); L. Ortlieb, T. J. DeVries, A. Díaz, Bol. Soc. Geol. Perú 81, 127 (1990); A. Díaz and L. Ortlieb, Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. Andines 22, 159 (1993); L. Ortlieb and J. Macharé, Global Planet. Change 7, 181 (1993); L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, N. Guzman, Quat. Sci. Rev. 15, 857 (1996); T. J. DeVries, L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, L. E. Wells, C. Hillaire-Marcel, Science 276, 965 (1997); L. E. Wells and J. S. Noller, ibid., p. 966.
23. L. E. Wells, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14463 (1987); thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1988); Geology 18, 1134 (1990); L. Ortlieb, T. J. DeVries, A. Díaz, Bol. Soc. Geol. Perú 81, 127 (1990); A. Díaz and L. Ortlieb, Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. Andines 22, 159 (1993); L. Ortlieb and J. Macharé, Global Planet. Change 7, 181 (1993); L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, N. Guzman, Quat. Sci. Rev. 15, 857 (1996); T. J. DeVries, L. Ortlieb, A. Díaz, L. E. Wells, C. Hillaire-Marcel, Science 276, 965 (1997); L. E. Wells and J. S. Noller, ibid., p. 966.
24. D. H. Sandweiss, J. B. Richardson III, E. J. Reitz, H. B. Rollins, K. A. Maasch, Science 273, 1531 (1996); ibid. 276, 966 (1997).
25. D. H. Sandweiss, J. B. Richardson III, E. J. Reitz, H. B. Rollins, K. A. Maasch, Science 273, 1531 (1996); ibid. 276, 966 (1997).
26. E. Bard et al., Nature 382, 241 (1996).
27. The marine mollusk fragments are almost certainly of anthropogenic origin, as evidenced by their terrestrial location and context. Fish remains may be transported in the digestive systems of seabirds [D. G. Ainley, D. W. Anderson, P. R. Kelley, Condor 83, 120 (1981); D. C. Duffy and L. J. B. Laurenson, ibid. 85, 305 (1983)], but the burned anchovy remains in the hearth and the lack of any evidence of digestive changes from stomach acids indicate that the fish remains are also of anthropogenic origin.
28. The marine mollusk fragments are almost certainly of anthropogenic origin, as evidenced by their terrestrial location and context. Fish remains may be transported in the digestive systems of seabirds [D. G. Ainley, D. W. Anderson, P. R. Kelley, Condor 83, 120 (1981); D. C. Duffy and L. J. B. Laurenson, ibid. 85, 305 (1983)], but the burned anchovy remains in the hearth and the lack of any evidence of digestive changes from stomach acids indicate that the fish remains are also of anthropogenic origin.
29. The following skeletal elements contain butchering evidence: Sula spp. (booby) - one furcula, two coracoids, one scapula, one ulna; Pelecanus sp. (pelican)-one digit; Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (guanay cormorant) - one scapula, three humeri; Phalacrocorax spp. (cormorant) - one furcula, one coracoid, one radius, one ulna; Aves unidentified - one rib, one radius, two shaft fragments.
30. One artifact (31b, Fig. 1) was on the deflated sand surface of unit 8, under an overhang. The other (31a, Fig. 1) was on the surface immediately below the contact between units 8 and 9, partly covered by a thin layer of slope wash.
31. M. Stuiver and P. J. Reimer, Radiocarbon 35, 215 (1993).
32. We thank J. Alley, M. E. Moseley, and P. R. Williams for assistance in the field; the Asociacion Contisuyo del Perú for logistical and financial support; the Florida Museum of Natural History for access to comparative skeletal collections; and K. R. Lajoie, D. H. Sandweiss, D. W. Steadman, and L. E. Wells for comments.