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1
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2642634915
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Embryos and endosperm inheriting the mutant mea allele from the female gametophyte are referred to as mea embryos and mea endosperm
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Embryos and endosperm inheriting the mutant mea allele from the female gametophyte are referred to as mea embryos and mea endosperm.
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2
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2642631861
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Medea kills her two children in revenge for Jason's infidelity
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Euripides (431 B.C.)
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Euripides (431 B.C.), Medea. Medea kills her two children in revenge for Jason's infidelity.
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Medea
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3
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0027131790
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2642596166
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4. After serial dehydration in ethanol, specimens were embedded in Spurr's media (25). Seeds were observed, using bright-field and differential interference contrast optics
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4. After serial dehydration in ethanol, specimens were embedded in Spurr's media (25). Seeds were observed, using bright-field and differential interference contrast optics.
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9
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2642652341
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mea was crossed to a tetraploid, and triploid progeny carrying mea were allowed to self-fertilize. Triploid plants produce few seeds, most of which are small [aneuploid; (26)], whereas rare tetraploid seeds are larger than diploid wild-type seeds. Large seeds were selected, and tetraploid plants were identified on the basis of morphology (27). reduced seed set, and altered segregation pattern of mea seeds. Their tetraploid nature was verified by chromosome counts of 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole-stained root tip preparations as described (28)
-
mea was crossed to a tetraploid, and triploid progeny carrying mea were allowed to self-fertilize. Triploid plants produce few seeds, most of which are small [aneuploid; (26)], whereas rare tetraploid seeds are larger than diploid wild-type seeds. Large seeds were selected, and tetraploid plants were identified on the basis of morphology (27). reduced seed set, and altered segregation pattern of mea seeds. Their tetraploid nature was verified by chromosome counts of 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole-stained root tip preparations as described (28).
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10
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2642693822
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Transmission was calculated by taking the coefficient of double reduction (the frequency at which the alleles of two sister chromatids are recovered in the same gamete) c = 0.1 as previously estimated for this chromosomal region
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Transmission was calculated by taking the coefficient of double reduction (the frequency at which the alleles of two sister chromatids are recovered in the same gamete) c = 0.1 as previously estimated for this chromosomal region.
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11
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0029085425
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V. Sundaresan et al., Genes Dev. 9, 1797 (1995); P. S. Springer, W. R. McCombie, V. Sundaresan, R. Martienssen, Science 268, 877 (1995).
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13
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2642623713
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note
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2, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 1 unit of Taq polymerase (Perkin-Elmer/Cetus), and 20 pmol of each primer - 5RACE Abridged Adapter Primer (5RACEAAP, Gibco-BRL) and meaAS4 (5′-GTCCGAAACATCCACTTCG-3′)-for 35 cycles at an annealing temperature of 55°C. We used one-twentieth of the product in the second round of PCR performed under the same conditions but with the primers Abridged Universal Adapter Primer (AUAP, Gibco-BRL) and meaAS5 (5′-CGACCAGATCATCCAAACCATAG-3′). The PCR products were ligated into the pTAdvantage vector (Clontech); four subclones were sequenced to derive a composite cDNA sequence.
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14
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0028110864
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B. Tschiersch et al., EMBO J. 13, 3822 (1994); A. M. Mazo, D.-H. Huang, B. A. Mozer, I. B. David, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 2112 (1990).
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Mazo, A.M.1
Huang, D.-H.2
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David, I.B.4
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19
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J. Simon, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7, 376 (1995); M. J. Alkema et al., Nature 374, 724 (1995); B. D. Yu et al., ibid. 378, 595 (1995).
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J. Simon, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7, 376 (1995); M. J. Alkema et al., Nature 374, 724 (1995); B. D. Yu et al., ibid. 378, 595 (1995).
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M. Gatti and B. S. Baker, Genes Dev. 3, 438 (1989); M. D. Phillips and A. Shearn, Genetics 125, 91 (1990).
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25
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D. C. Tkachuk, S. Kohler, M. L. Cleary, Cell 71, 869 (1992); Y. Gu et al., ibid., p. 701; O. Hobert, B. Jallal, A. Ullrich, Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 3066 (1996).
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Cell
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Gu, Y.1
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D. C. Tkachuk, S. Kohler, M. L. Cleary, Cell 71, 869 (1992); Y. Gu et al., ibid., p. 701; O. Hobert, B. Jallal, A. Ullrich, Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 3066 (1996).
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E. E. Capowski, P. Martin, C. Garvin, S. Strome, Genetics 129, 1061 (1991); R. Holdeman, S. Nehrt, S. Strome, personal communication.
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personal communication
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E. E. Capowski, P. Martin, C. Garvin, S. Strome, Genetics 129, 1061 (1991); R. Holdeman, S. Nehrt, S. Strome, personal communication.
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2642596164
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2, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer/Cetus), and 40 pmol of each specific primer for 40 cycles at an annealing temperature of 55°C. The primers were mea5-3 (5′-CGTAGCAGTTAGGTCTTGC-3′) and mea3-1 (5′-CGTCGACCCGTCAGGACTCTC-3′). For mea-1 DNA, mea5-3 and mea3-1 were used in combination with primers Ds5-2 and Ds3-2 (9), respectively. The PCR products were ligated into the pTAdvantage vector (Clontech), and four to five subclones were sequenced for each derivative allele
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2, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer/Cetus), and 40 pmol of each specific primer for 40 cycles at an annealing temperature of 55°C. The primers were mea5-3 (5′-CGTAGCAGTTAGGTCTTGC-3′) and mea3-1 (5′-CGTCGACCCGTCAGGACTCTC-3′). For mea-1 DNA, mea5-3 and mea3-1 were used in combination with primers Ds5-2 and Ds3-2 (9), respectively. The PCR products were ligated into the pTAdvantage vector (Clontech), and four to five subclones were sequenced for each derivative allele.
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32
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2642624741
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note
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2, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer/Cetus), and 20 pmol of each gene-specific primer for 30 cycles at an annealing temperature of 55°C. The primers used for amplification were: meaS4 (5′-GCAGGACTATGGTTTGGATG-3′) and meaAS6 (5′-CACCTTGAGGTAACAATGCTC-3′) for MEA, Act11F (5′-AACTTTCAACACTCCTGCCATG-3′) and Act11R (5′-CTGCAAGGTCCAAACGCAGA-3′) for ACT11, and At2S2F (5′-GAGCCAGTTTGTGTTTGC-3′) and At2S2R (5′-TAAGGAGGGAAGAAAGGG-3′) for At2S2.
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0026036288
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D. Haig and C. Graham, Cell 64, 1045 (1991); R. Jaenisch, Trends Genet. 13, 323 (1997); W. Reik and E. R. Maher, ibid., p. 330.
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D. Haig and C. Graham, Cell 64, 1045 (1991); R. Jaenisch, Trends Genet. 13, 323 (1997); W. Reik and E. R. Maher, ibid., p. 330.
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D. Haig and C. Graham, Cell 64, 1045 (1991); R. Jaenisch, Trends Genet. 13, 323 (1997); W. Reik and E. R. Maher, ibid., p. 330.
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51
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2642594157
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Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A, Ala; C, Cys; D, Asp; E, Glu; F, Phe; G, Gly; H, His; I, Ile; K, Lys; L, Leu; M, Met; N, Asn; P, Pro; Q, Gln; R, Arg; S, Ser; T, Thr; V, Val; W, Trp; and Y, Tyr
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Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A, Ala; C, Cys; D, Asp; E, Glu; F, Phe; G, Gly; H, His; I, Ile; K, Lys; L, Leu; M, Met; N, Asn; P, Pro; Q, Gln; R, Arg; S, Ser; T, Thr; V, Val; W, Trp; and Y, Tyr.
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53
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2642603297
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note
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We thank J. Moore for help with the mutagenesis, M. Koornneef for providing the parental tetraptoid line, W. Herr, R. Martienssen, and B. Stillman for comments on the manuscript, and the Hernandez, Hengartner, and Stillman laboratories for space on sequencing gels. Special thanks go to V. Sundaresan and R. Martienssen for providing us access to their insertional mutagenesis system before publication and to S. Strome for allowing us to cite unpublished data. Supported by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory President's Council, the Robertson Research Foundation, and fellowships from the European Molecular Biology Organization, the Human Frontier Science Program, and the Janggen-Poehn Foundation to U.G.
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