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About 20 to 50 pl of 5 mM ACh was applied by pressure pulses (25 to 40 kPa for 25 to 200 ms) through a "puffer" pipette (2 to 4 μm in tip diameter) placed 40 to 60 μm away from the recorded cell. Muscarinic and nicotinic receptor antagonists, scopolamine (5 mM) and hexamethonium (5 mM), were applied in 30 to 50 μl of ACSF directly into the recording chamber while it was perfused with ACSF at the rate of 1.5 ml/min. Effects of these antagonists usually appeared within 1 to 4 min. Other agents such as 6,7-dinitroquinoxoline-2,3-dione (DNQX, 20 μM) and 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid (D-CPPene, 5 μM), GABA receptor antagonist, and bicuculline (10 μM), as well as tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM), were added to the perfusate and bath applied. To estimate the reversal potential of ACh-induced conductance changes, we plotted the current responses versus ramp voltage in control solution and after drug application and obtained current difference - voltage (Δ/-V) plots by subtracting the control current from ACh current. We estimated the reversal potentials by extrapolating the linear fitting curve to Δ/ = 0 or using the crossing points of the Δ/-V curve to the voltage axis at Δ/ = 0 (Fig. 3).
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A receptor antagonist, bicuculline (10 μM) [n = 2 for LTS cells and n = 2 for FS cells; Fig. 2, C (bottom) and D (bottom)]; or 1 μM TTX (n = 3 for LTS and n = 2 for FS; Z. Xiang, J. R. Huguenard, D. A. Prince, data not shown).
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In one pyramidal cell, ACh application gave rise to an increase in frequency of large, slow events. This cell showed an increase in sIPSC rise time after ACh application similar to that seen in six other neurons. We speculate that the large-amplitude sIPSCs in this particular case may have reflected an unusually large number of synaptic contacts from one or more LTS cells onto the pyramidal neuron.
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We thank I. Parada for her excellent assistance during the course of the experiments. The work was supported by NIH grants NS 12151, NS 07280, NS 06477, and NS 10474 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the Morris and Pimley research funds.
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