Neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

Volumn 153, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 264-278

  Dropcho, Edward J ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Autoimmune reactions; Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome; Neurologic paraneoplastic disorders

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; CLONAZEPAM; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; VALPROIC ACID;

AUTOIMMUNITY; CEREBELLUM DEGENERATION; CHANNEL GATING; EATON LAMBERT SYNDROME; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; OPSOCLONUS; PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA DEGENERATION; REVIEW; STIFF MAN SYNDROME; VOLTAGE CLAMP;

EID: 0032495457     PISSN: 0022510X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-510X(97)00296-7     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Adamus G., Guy J., Schmied J.L., Arendt A., Hargrave P.A. Role of anti-recoverin autoantibodies in cancer-associated retinopathy (Epitope mapping of the recoverin autoantigen). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34:1993;2626-2633.
2. Adamus G., Aptsiauri N., Guy J., Heckenlively J., Flannery J., Hargrave P.A. The occurrence of serum autoantibodies against enolase in cancer-associated retinopathy (Anti-enolase antibodies in eight patients with carcinoma-associated PRD but without anti-recoverin antibodies). Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 78:1996;120-129.
3. Ahern G.L., O'Connor M., Dalmau J., Coleman A., Posner J.B. Paraneoplastic temporal lobe epilepsy with testicular neoplasm and atypical amnesia (Serum from a patient with limbic encephalitis stained neuronal nuclei and reacted with 40-kD and 50-kD neuronal proteins in immunoblots). Neurology. 44:1994;1270-1274.
4. Anderson, N.E., Budde-Steffen, C., Rosenblum, M.K., Graus, F., Ford, D., Synek, B.J., Posner, J.B., 1988a. Opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia, and encephalopathy in adults with cancer: a distinct paraneoplastic syndrome (A clinical review of 19 patients, 9 of whom had SCLC. Despite the article's title, the clinical features, neuropathology, and clinical outcome of patients were quite varied). Medicine 67, 100-109.
5. Anderson, N.E., Rosenblum, M.K., Posner, J.B., 1988b. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: clinical-immunological correlations (Immunocytochemical and immunoblotting characteristics of APCA from 18 patients). Ann. Neurol. 24, 559-567.
6. Antoine J.C., Honnorat J., Anterion C.T., Aguera M., Absi L. Limbic encephalitis and immunological perturbations in two patients with thymoma (Two patients with thymoma and limbic encephalitis returned to near normal neurologic status after tumour treatment. Each patient had a different pattern of serum antineuronal antibodies). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 58:1995;706-710.
7. Bain P.G., Motomura M., Newsom-Davis J., Misbah S.A., Chapel H.M. Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on muscle weakness and calcium-channel autoantibodies in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of IVlg in 10 patients, showing temporary clinical improvement and decline in anti-P/Q-type voltage gated calcium channel antibody titres). Neurology. 47:1996;678-683.
8. Bakheit A.M., Kennedy P.G., Behan P.O. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: clinicopathologic correlations (Description of clinical features and autopsy findings on three patients (two with small cell lung carcinoma and one with bronchial adenocarcinoma) with relatively 'pure' limbic encephalitis). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 53:1990;1084-1088.
9. Bateman D.E., Weller R.O., Kennedy P. Stiffman syndrome: a rare paraneoplastic disorder? (A patient with small cell lung carcinoma and PEM had prominent limb rigidity and painful flexor spasms. Perivascular lymphocyte infiltrates were present in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. Antineuronal antibodies were not tested). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 53:1990;695-696.
10. Ben David Y., Warner E., Levitan M., Sutton D.M., Malkin M.G., Dalmau J.O. Autoimmune paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in ovarian carcinoma patients treated with plasmapheresis and immunoglobulin. (Partial, temporary neurologic improvement in one patient with APCA following plasmapheresis and IVIg). Cancer. 78:1996;2153-2156.
11. Buckanovich R.J., Posner J.B., Darnell R.B. Nova, the paraneoplastic Ri antigen, is homologous to an RNA-binding protein and is specifically expressed in the developing motor system (Cloning of the Nova autoantigen using anti-Ri sera from POM patients). Neuron. 11:1993;657-672.
12. Buckanovich R.J., Yang Y.Y., Darnell R.B. The onconeural antigen Nova-1 is a neuron-specific RNA-binding protein, the activity of which is inhibited by paraneoplastic antibodies. (Expression of the POM autoantigen Nova-1 in mouse brain is restricted to neurons in the diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum, despite reactivity of anti-Ri antibodies with all CNS neurons). J. Neurosci. 16:1996;1114-1122.
13. Chalk C.H., Murray N.M., Newsom-Davis J., O'Neill J.H., Spiro S. Response of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome to treatment of associated small cell lung carcinoma (Two-thirds of patients with LEMS and SCLC showed substantial and sustained improvement after successful tumour treatment and some combination of prednisolone, plasmapheresis, and azathioprine. Worsening LEMS usually did not accompany tumour recurrence). Neurology. 40:1990;1552-1556.
14. Chalk C.H., Windebank A.J., Kimmel D.W., McManis P.G. The distinctive clinical features of paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy (A description of clinical features, CSF findings, and electrophysiologic abnormalities in 26 patients, 19 of whom had SCLC. Most patients had muftifocal encephalomyelitis. Treatment results were disappointing. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 19:1992;346-351.
15. Cher L.M., Hochberg F.H., Teruya J., Nitschke M., Valenzuela R.F. Therapy for paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes in six patients with protein A column immunoadsorption (Three adult patients with POM (none of which had APCA, anti-Hu, or anti-Ri antibodies) showed neurologic improvement after a small aliquot of their serum was perfused through a protein A column. Possible immunoregulatory) mechanisms to explain the clinical response are discussed). Cancer. 75:1995;1678-1683.
16. Clouston P.D., Saper C.B., Arbizu T. Cerebellar degeneration, cancer, and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (Clinical description of nine patients with concomitant PCD and LEMS. None of the patients had APCA or anti-Hu antibodies. The cerebellar deficits did not improve despite treatment and improvement of LEMS in several patients). Neurology. 42:1992;1944-1950.
17. Counsell C.E., McLeod M., Grant R. Reversal of subacute paraneoplastic cerebellar syndrome with intravenous immunoglobulin (A patient with small cell lung carcinoma, LEMS, PCD, and anti-Hu antibodies showed significant improvement of both the neuromuscular and cerebellar symptoms after IVlg). Neurology. 44:1994;1184-1185.
18. Dalmau J., Furneaux H.M., Rosenblum M.K., Graus F., Posner J.B. Detection of the anti-Hu antibody in specific regions of the nervous system and tumour from patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy (Direct immunocytochemical studies of the brains of five patients. The amount of intraneuronal IgG deposition in various regions of the CNS did not correlate very well with 'inflammatory' histopathologic changes, nor with individual patients' clinical manifestations of PEM/SSN). Neurology. 41:1991;1757-1764.
19. Dalmau J., Graus F., Rosenblum M.K., Posner J.B. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy: a clinical study of 71 patients (A detailed clinical summary of the varied, multifocal features of PEM. Neurologic symptonis preceded discovery of the tumour in 83% of patients. Only patients with a prominent component of limbic encephalopathy showed response to immunosuppressive treatment). Medicine. 71:1992;59-72.
20. Dalmau J., Posner J.B. Neurologic paraneoplastic antibodies (anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti- Ri): the case for a nomenclature based on antibody and antigen specificity (Arguments for defining the antibodies on the basis of both immunocytochemical and immunoblotting characteristics). Neurology. 44:1994;2241-2246.
21. Dalmau J., Graus F., Cheung N.K., Rosenblum M.K., Ho A. Major histocompatibility proteins, anti-Hu antibodies, and paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis in neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer (Anti-Hu sera from PEM/SSN patients reacted with 26 of 26 small cell lung carcinomas and 39 of 50 neuroblastomas. Four of 109 patients with neuroblastoma (one with brainstem encephalitis and one with POM) had detectable serum anti-Hu antibodies). Cancer. 75:1995;99-109.
22. David C., Solimena M., De Camilli P. Autoimmunity in stiff man syndrome with breast cancer is targeted to the C-terminal region of human amphiphysin, a protein similar to the yeast proteins, Rvs167 and Rvs161 (Molecular cloning of human amphiphysin. Autoantibodies from patients with breast carcinoma and paraneoplastic stiff-man syndrome predominantly recognized epitope(s) in the C-terminal region). FEBS Lett. 351:1994;73-79.
23. De Camilli P., Thomas A., Cofiell R., Folli F., Lichte B. The synaptic vesicle-associated protein amhpiphysin is the 128-kD autoantigen of stiff man syndrome with breast cancer (Immunocytochemical and immunoblotting studies of sera from three patients). J. Exp. Med. 178:1993;2219-2223.
24. Dropcho E.J., Chen Y.T., Posner J.B., Old L.J. Cloning of a brain protein identified by autoantibodies from a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (Cloning of the CDR34 autoantigen). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:1987;4552-4556.
25. Dropcho E.J., Kline L.B., Riser J. Antineuronal (anti-Ri) antibodies in a patient with steroid-responsive opsoclonus-myoclonus (A woman with opsoclonus-myoclonus and severe ataxia had high-titre anti-Ri antibodies but no identifiable neoplasm. A fluctuating course of exacerbations responded well to corticosteroids and then to oral cyclophosphamide). Neurology. 43:1993;207-211.
26. Dropcho E.J., King P.H. Autoantibodies against the Hel-N1 RNA-binding protein among patients with lung carcinoma: an association with type I anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies (Patients with lung cancer, PEM/SSN and anti-Hu antibodies had high titres of reactivity with purified recombinant Hel-N1 autoantigen. Fifty percent of patients with lung cancer but no PEM had low titres of Hel-N1 reactivity). Ann. Neurol. 36:1994;200-205.
27. Dropcho E.J. Antiamphiphysin antibodies with small cell lung carcinoma and paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. (Three patients with small cell lung carcinoma (two with prominent SSN and one with axial and limb rigidity) had anti-amphiphysin antibodies. Expression af amphiphysin was demonstrated in 8 of 10 small cell lung cancers and in 5 of 14 breast carcinomas). Ann. Neurol. 39:1996;659-667.
28. Fisher P.G., Wechsler D.S., Singer H.S. Anti-Hu antibody in a neuroblastoma-associated paraneoplastic syndrome (Anti-Hu antibodies were present in a 20 month-old infant with opsoclonus-myoclonus and neuroblastoma. Neurologic symptoms worsened after tumour treatment but improved after IVlg). Pediatr. Neurol. 10:1994;309-312.
29. Folli F., Solimena M., Cofiell R., Austoni M., Tallini G., Fassetta G. Autoantibodies to a 128-kD synaptic protein in three women with the stiff-man syndrome and breast cancer (Two of three women who developed stiff-man syndrome as the presenting feature of breast carcinoma improved with tumour treatment and prednisone. Description of the immunocytochemical and immunoblotting characteristics of what were later shown to be anti-amphiphysin antibodies). N. Engl. J. Med. 328:1993;546-551.
30. Furneaux H.M., Rosenblum M.K., Dalmau J., Wong E., Woodruff P., Graus F., Posner J.B. Selective expression of Purkinje cell antigens in tumour tissue from patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (Positive reactivity with APCA sera was demonstrated in each of 10 tumour specimens from PCD patients, but in none of 10 'control' tumours from neurologically unaffected patients). N. Engl. J. Med. 322:1990;1844-1851.
31. Garcia-Merino A., Cabello A., Mora J.S., Liano H. Continuous muscle fiber activity, peripheral neuropathy, and thymoma (Neuromyotonia was the presenting feature of thymoma in two patients. Electrophysiologic testing and sural nerve biopsy demonstrated peripheral neuropathy in both). Ann. Neurol. 29:1991;215-218.
32. Graus F., Illa I., Agusti M., Ribalta T. Effect of intraventricular injection of an anti-Purkinje cell antibody (anti-Yo) in a guinea pig model (Human APCA IgG was taken up into Purkinje cell cytoplasm but caused no clinical or histologic abnormalities). J. Neurol. Sci. 106:1991;82-87.
33. Graus F., Vega F., Delattre J.Y., Bonaventura I., Rene R. Plasmapheresis and antineoplastic treatment in CNS paraneoplastic syndromes with antineuronal autoantibodies (Plasmapheresis combined with prednisone or cyclophosphamide did not improve the neurologic condition of 7 patients with PEM and anti-Hu antibodies, nor of 4 patients with PCD and APCA. CSF autoantibody titres remained unchanged in the face of reduced serum titres). Neurology. 42:1992;536-540.
34. Graus F., Bonaventura I., Uchuya M., Valls-Sole J., Rene R. Indolent anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy (In five patients with SSN and high anti-Hu antibody titres the neurologic deficits remained stable or progressed very slowly and they remained ambulatory for up to four years). Neurology. 44:1994;2258-2261.
35. Greenlee J.E., Parks T.N., Jaeckle K.A. Type IIa ('anti-Hu') antineuronal antibodies produce destruction of rat cerebellar granule neurons in vitro (Anti-Hu IgG was taken into granule cell nuclei and cytoplasm and produced specific cell lysis. The degree of cytotoxicity varied among sera from different PEM/SSN patients). Neurology. 43:1993;2049-2054.
36. Greenlee J.E., Burns J.B., Rose J.W., Jaeckle K.A., Clawson S. Uptake of systemically administered human anticerebellar antibody by rat Purkinje cells following blood-brain barrier disruption (APCA IgG was injected intraperitoneally into rats after induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelits. The IgG was taken up into Purkinje cell cytoplasm but the animals showed no clinical or neuropathologic abnormalities). Acta Neuropathol. 89:1995;341-345.
37. Grimaldi L.M., Martino G., Braghi S., Quattrini A., Furlan R., Bosi E., Comi G. Heterogeneity of autoantibodies in stiff-man syndrome (Anti-amphiphysin antibodies in three patients (Hodgkin's disease, colon carcinoma, and breast carcinoma). Ann. Neurol. 34:1993;57-64.
38. Hajela R.K., Atchison W.D. The proteins synaptotagmin and syntaxin are not general targets of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome autoantibody (None of 14 LEMS patient sera reacted on immunoblots with recombinant syntaxin or synaptotagmin). J. Neurochem. 64:1995;1245-1251.
39. Hammack J.E., Kimmel D.W., O'Neill B.P., Lennon V.A. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: a clinical comparison of patients with and without Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibodies (Of 32 patients with PCD, 16 had APCAs; all were women with breast or ovarian carcinoma. Immunosuppressive treatments failed to reverse the severe neurologic disability regardless of the presence or absence of APCAs). Mayo Clin. Proc. 65:1990;1423-1431.
40. Hammack J.E., Kotanides H., Rosenblum M.K., Posner J.B. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: clinical and immunologic findings in 21 patients with Hodgkin's disease (Six of 21 patients had antibodies that stained Purkinje cell cytoplasm but did not react with specific protein on neuronal immunoblots. In five patients PCD heraded lymphoma recurrence, and in six others PCD occurred in the setting of complete remission. Two patients had significant spontaneous neurologic improvement). Neurology. 42:1992;1938-1943.
41. Hersh B., Dalmau J., Dangond F., Gultekin S., Geller E., Wen P.Y. Paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus associated with anti-Hu antibody (Case report of a patient with small cell lung carcinoma and opsoclonus as part of multifocal PEM. At autopsy there was no neuronal loss in the brainstem or cerebellum). Neurology. 44:1994;1754-1755.
42. Hetzel D.J., Stanhope R., O'Neill B.P., Lennon V.A. Gynecologic cancer in patients with subacute cerebellar degeneration predicted by anti-Purkinje cell antibodies and limited in metastatic volume (The tumour burden in 19 women with gynecologic carcinoma, PCD, and APCAs was significantly lower than in matched control patients without PCD, suggesting that APCAs initially arise out of an anti-tumour immune response). Mayo Clin. Proc. 65:1990;1558-1563.
43. Hida C., Tsukamoto T., Awano H., Yamamoto T. Ultrastructural localization of anti-Purkinje cell antibody-binding sites in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. (Binding of APCA to Purkinje cell ribosomes (and not in the nucleus) indicate a role for the autoantigens in regulating protein synthesis). Arch. Neurol. 51:1994;555-558.
44. Hiyama E., Yokoyama T., Ichikawa T., Hiyama K., Kobayashi M. Poor outcome in patients with advanced stage neuroblastoma and coincident opsomyoclonus syndrome (Three children with advanced neuroblastoma and POM had poor outcomes, possibly related to overexpression of the N-myc proto-oncogene). Cancer. 74:1994;1821-1826.
45. Honnorat J., Antoine J.C., Derrington E., Aguera M., Belin M.F. Antibodies to a subpopulation of glial cells and a 66 kDa developmental protein in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (Immunocytochemical and immunoblotting characterization of sera from 11 patients with small cell lung carcinoma, thymoma, or uterine sarcoma, and a spectrum of neurologic syndromes, including PEM/SSN and limbic encephalitis. The antigen was predominantly expressed by oligodendrocytes). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 61:1996;270-278.
46. Hormigo A., Dlamau J., Rosenblum M.K., River M.E., Posner J.B. Immunological and pathological study of anti-Ri-associated encephalopathy (Autopsy findings and demonstration of intraneuronal deposition of anti-Ri IgG in one patient). Ann. Neurol. 36:1994;896-902.
47. Hormigo A., Lieberman F. Nuclear localization of anti-Hu antibody is not associated with in vitro cytotoxicity (Anti-Hu IgG was taken up into the nucleus of cultured small cell lung carcinoma cells, but did not cause direct cytotoxicity nor complement-mediated cell lysis). J. Neuroimmunol. 55:1994;205-212.
48. Howard J.F., Sanders D.B., Massey J.M. The electrodiagnosis of myasthenia gravis and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (A detailed description of electrophysiologic testing procedures). Neuro. Clin. 12(2):1994;324-330.
49. Jacobson D.M., Thirkill C.E., Tipping S.J. A clinical triad to diagnose paraneoplastic retinopathy (Detailed clinical description of two patients with PRD (with anti-recoverin antibodies) as the presenting feature of small cell lung carcinoma. Vision in both patients improved with prednisone). Ann. Neurol. 28:1990;162-167.
50. Jean W.C., Dalmau J., Ho A., Posner J.B. Analysis of the IgG subclass distribution and inflammatory infiltrates in patients with anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (Demonstration of perivascular and interstitial infiltrates of T and B lymphocytes in the brains of four patients with small cell lung carcinoma). Neurology. 44:1994;140-147.
51. Johnston I., Lang B., Leys K., Newsom-Davis J. Heterogeneity of calcium channel autoantibodies detected using a small-cell lung cancer line derived from a Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome patient (IgG from 13 LEMS patients inhibited calcium flux into a small cell carcinoma line, even though only 4 of the sera had antibodies against N-type calcium channels). Neurology. 44:1994;334-338.
52. Kellner U., Bornfeld N., Foerster M.H. Severe course of cutaneous melanoma associated paraneoplastic retinopathy (Case report of a patient with anti-bipolar cell antibodies and a fluctuating clinical course which improved with corticosteroids). Br. J. Ophthalmol. 79:1995;746-752.
53. Kim R.Y., Retsas S., Fitzke F.W., Arden G.B., Bird A.C. Cutaneous melanoma-associated retinopathy (Description of clinical features and electroretinogram abnormalities in three patients). Ophthalmology. 101:1994;1837-1843.
54. King P.H., Dropcho E.J. Expression of Hel-Nl and Hel-N2 in small cell lung carcinoma (Expression of mRNA for the Hu autoantigens Hel-N1 and Hel-N2 was present in 7 of 9 small cell lung carcinomas from patients without PEM or anti-Hu antibodies). Ann. Neurol. 39:1996;679-681.
55. King P.H., Levine T.D., Fremeau R.T., Keene J.D. Mammalian homologs of Drosophila ELAV localized to a neuronal subset can bind in vitro to the 3′ UTR of mRNA encoding the Id transcriptional repressor (Cloning of the Hel-N1 autoantigen for anti-Hu antibodies). J. Neurosci. 14:1994;1943-1952.
56. Kodama T., Numaguchi Y., Gellad F.E., Dwyer B.A., Kristt D.A. Magnetic resonance imaging of limbic encephalitis (Evolution of MR changes in two patients, both of whom had temporal lobe biopsies demonstrating mild mononuclear cell infiltrates in the cortex and subarachnoid space). Neuroradiology. 33:1991;520-523.
57. Koh P.S., Raffensperger J.G., Berry S., Larsen M.B., Johnstone H.S. Long-term outcome in children with opsoclonus-myoclonus and ataxia and coincident neuroblastoma (Each of 10 children with POM had a favourable tumour outcome, but nine children had a relapsing, steroid-responsive course, and nine had chronic neurologic sequelae). J. Pediatr. 125:1994;712-716.
58. Lennon V.A. Paraneoplastic autoantibodies: the case for a descriptive generic nomenclature (Arguments for defining the antibodies based solely on their immunocytochemical characteristics). Neurology. 44:1994;2236-2240.
59. Lennon V.A., Kryzer T.J., Griesmann G.E., O'Suilleabhain P.E., Windebank A.J. Calcium-channel antibodies in the Lambert-Eaton syndrome and other paraneoplastic syndromes (Antibodies against P/Q-type or N-type calcium channels were found in 95% and 49% (respectively) of 65 LEMS patient sera). N. Engl. J. Med. 332:1995;1467-1474.
60. Leveque C., Hoshino T., David P., Shoji-Kasai Y., Leys K. The synaptic vesicle protein synaptotagmin associates with calcium channels and is a putative Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome antigen (LEMS IgG which immunoprecipitated conntoxin-bound calcium channels also reacted with synaptotagmin on immunoblots). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 89:1992;3625-3629.
61. Liu J., Dalmau J., Szabo A., Rosenfeld M., Huber J., Furneaux H. Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigens bind to the AU-rich elements of mRNA (Messenger RNA encoding the HuD autoantigen is alternatively spliced into three isoforms. The HuD protein binds to the region of c-fos and c-myc RNA which regulates mRNA stability). Neurology. 45:1995;544-550.
62. Lundh H., Nilsson O., Rosen I., Johansson S. Practical aspects of 3,4-diaminopyridine treatment of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (Nineteen patients were treated with daily doses of 18-60 mg for up to 10 years. At high doses some patients developed drug tolerance or symptoms of CNS stimulation). Acta Neurol. Scand. 88:1993;136-140.
63. Luque A., Furneaux H.M., Ferziger R., Rosenblum M.K., Wray S. Anti-Ri: an antibody associated with paraneoplastic opsoclonus and breast cancer (A description of the clinical features of 8 women with ataxia and abnormal eye movements, and a characterization of the immunocytochemical and immunoblotting characteristics of anti-Ri antibodies). Ann. Neurol. 29:1991;241-251.
64. Manley G.T., Smitt P.S., Dalmau J., Posner J.B. Hu antigens: reactivity with Hu antibodies, tumour expression, and major immunogenic sites (Expression of mRNA for HuD but not for HuC nor Hel-N1 was demonstrated in six small cell lung carcinomas (see King and Dropcho, 1996). Ann. Neurol. 38:1995;102-110.
65. McEvoy K.M., Windebank A.J., Daube J.R., Low P.A. 3,4-diaminopyridine in the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (A double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective study demonstrating significant clinical and electrophysiologic improvement in 12 patients). N. Engl. J. Med. 321:1989;1567-1571.
66. Meriney S.D., Hulsizer S.C., Lennon V.A., Grinnell A.D. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome immunoglobulins react with multiple types of calcium channels in small-cell lung carcinoma (A human SCLC line expressed L-, N- and P/Q-type calcium channels. IgG from individual LEMS patients differed in their spectrum of channel binding specificities). Ann. Neurol. 40:1996;739-749.
67. Milam A.H., Saari J.C., Jacobson S.G., Lubinski W.P., Feun L.G., Alexander K.R. Autoantibodies against retinal bipolar cells in cutaneous melanoma-associated retinopathy (Detailed description of clinical features, visual function tests, and immunocytochemical studies in two patients). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34:1993;91-100.
68. Mitchell W.G., Snodgrass S.R. Opsoclonus-ataxia due to childhood neural crest tumours: a chronic neurologic syndrome (Four of five children with neuroblastoma and POM had a steroid-sensitive, chronic fluctuating course with residual deficits after tumour treatment). J. Child Neurol. 5:1990;153-158.
69. Moll J.W., Antoine J.C., Brashear H.R., Delattre J., Drlicek M., Dropcho E.J. Guidelines on the detection of paraneoplastic anti-neuronal-specifc antibodies (Recommendations for combined immunocytochemical and immunoblotting studies of patient sera). Neurology. 45:1995;1937-1941.
70. Motomura M., Johnston I., Lang B., Vincent A., Newsom-Davis J. An improved diagnostic assay for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (Antibodies against P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels were detected in 56 of 66 patients with LEMS). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 58:1995;85-87.
71. O'Neill J.H., Murray N.M., Newsom-Davis J. The Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: a review of 50 cases (The largest published series of patients with LEMS, half of whom had an associated carcinoima. Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic patients could not be distinguished based on clinical features or electrophysiologic abnormalities). Brain. 111:1988;577-596.
72. Peers C., Johnston I., Lang B., Wray D. Cross-linking of presynaptic calcium channels: a mechanism of action for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome antibodies at the mouse neuromuscularjunction (Divalent binding of LEMS IgG to voltage-gated calcium channels is required for it to impair neuromuscular transmission). Neurosci. Lett. 153:1993;45-48.
73. Peterson K., Rosenblum M.K., Kotanides H., Posner J.B. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: a clinical analysis of 55 anti-Yo antibody-positive patients (As in other, smaller published series, all APCA-positive patients were women, most had CSF abnormalities, fewer than one-third were ambulatory, and tumour or immunosuppressive treatments did not bring about major neurologic improvement). Neurology. 42:1992;1931-1937.
74. Polans A.S., Buczylko J., Crabb J., Palczewski K. A photoreceptor calcium binding protein is recognized by autoantibodies obtained from patients with cancer-associated retinopathy (Detailed immunocytochemical characterization of anti-recoverin antibodies). J. Cell Biol. 112:1991;981-989.
75. Polans A.S., Witkowska D., Haley T.L., Amundson D., Baizer L., Adamus G. Recoverin, a photoreceptor-specific calcium-binding protein, is expressed by the tumour of a patient with cancer-associated retinopathy (Recoverin was present in the small cell lung carcinoma of a patient with PRD, but was not detected in several human small cell carcinoma lines derived from patients without visual symptoms. Immunization of Lewis rats with a 20-amino acid segment of recoverin produced uveoretinitis and depletion of photoreceptors). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A 92:1995;9176-9180.
76. Rizzo J.F., Gittinger J.W. Selective immunohistochemical staining in the paraneoplastic retinopathy syndrome (Sera from two patients with small cell lung carcinoma reacted immunocytochemically with rods and other retinal cells in the absence of anti-recoverin reactivity). Ophthalmology. 99:1992;1286-1295.
77. Sakai K., Mitchell D.J., Tsukamoto T., Steinman L. Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding an autoantigen recognized by an anti-neuronal cell antibody from a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (Cloning of the PCD-17 autoantigen). Ann. Neurol. 28:1990;692-698.
78. Sakai K., Ogasawara T., Hirose G., Jaeckle K.A., Greenlee J.E. Analysis of autoantibody binding to 52-kD paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration-associated antigen expressed in recombinant proteins (Epitope mapping of recombinant segments of the PCD-AA autoantigen with APCA demonstrated the 'leucine zipper' region as immunodominant). Ann. Neurol. 33:1993;373-380.
79. Sekido Y., Bader S.A., Carbone D.P., Johnson B.E., Minna J.D. Molecular analysis of the HuD gene encoding a paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen in human lung cancer cell lines (Demonstration of alternative splicing of HuD mRNA. Southern blot and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis did not detect mutations of HuD in any of 18 small cell lung carcinoma lines, including one derived from a patient with PEM). Cancer Res. 54:1994;4988-4992.
80. Sillevis Smitt P.A., Manley G.T., Posner J.B. Immunization with the paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen HuD does not cause neurologic disease in mice (Rats, mice, and guinea pigs developed anti-Hu antibodies but no clinical or neuropathologic abnormalities). Neurology. 45:1995;1873-1878.
81. Stark E., Wurster U., Patzold U., Sailer M., Haas J. Immunological and clinical response to immunosuppressive treatment in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (Two patients with APCA improved with intermittent intravenous cyclophosphamide). Arch. Neurol. 52:1995;814-818.
82. Sutton R.C., Lipper M.H., Brashear H.R. Limbic encephalitis occurring in association with Alzheimer's disease (Anti-Hu antibodies and autopsy findings in a patient with small cell lung carcinoma). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 56:1993;808-811.
83. Szabo A., Dalmau J., Manley G., Rosenfeld M. HuD, a paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen, contains RNA-binding domains and is homologous to Elav and sex-lethal (Cloning of the Hu D autoantigen using anti-Hu sera from PEM/SSN patients). Cell. 67:1991;325-333.
84. Takamori M., Hamada T., Komai K., Takahashi M., Yoshida A. Synaptotagmin can cause an immune-mediated model of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome in rats (Active immunization of rats with a synaptotagmin peptide produced some of the electrophysiologic features of LEMS). Ann. Neurol. 35:1994;74-80.
85. Takamori M., Takahashi M., Yasukawa Y., Iwasa K., Nemoto Y. Antibodies to recombinant synaptotagmin and calcium channel subtypes in Lambert-Earon myasthenic syndrome (Six of 20 LEMS sera reacted with recombinant synaptotagmin on immunoblots). J. Neurol. Sci. 133:1995;95-101.
86. Tanaka K., Tanaka M., Onodera O., Igarashi S., Miyatake T., Tsuji S. Passive transfer and active immunization with the recombinant leucine-zipper (Yo) protein as an attempt to establish an animal model of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (Mice injected with human APCA or immunized with the PCD-17 autoantigen did not develop cerebellar neuronal injury). J. Neurol. Sci. 127:1994;153-158.
87. Telander R.L., Smithson W.A., Groover R.V. Clinical outcome in children with acute cerebellar encephalopathy and neuroblastoma (Of 10 children with POM as the presenting feature of neuroblastoma, eight had ganglioneuroblastoma. All children responded to ACTH, but nine had steroid-responsive exacerbations associated with febrile illnesses, and all had persistent neurologic sequelae). J. Pediatr. Surg. 24:1989;11-14.
88. Thirkill C.E., Tait R.C., Tyler N.K., Roth A.M., Keltner J.L. The cancer-associated retinopathy antigen is a recoverin-like protein (Molecular cloning of human recoverin by screening of a cDNA expression library with anti-CAR serum). Invest. Ophthalmol. 33:1992;2768-2772.
89. Thirkill C.E., Keltner J.L., Tyler N.K., Roth A.M. Antibody reactions with retina and cancer-associated antigens in 10 patients with cancer-associated retinopathy (Summary of clinical features and anti-recoverin antibody studies in 10 patients with small cell lung carcinoma). Arch. Ophthalmol. 111:1993;931-937.
90. Tsukamoto T., Mochizuki R., Mochizuki H., Noguchi M., Kayama H. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and limbic encephalitis in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the colon (Following tumour resection the patient's memory and cognition improved while the ataxia did not. Serum stained the nuclei of some CNS neurons and reacted with a 41-kD protein on neuronal immunoblots). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 56:1993;713-716.
91. Uchitel O.D., Protti D.A., Sanchez V., Cherksey B.D., Sugimori M., Llinas R. P-type voltage-dependent calcium channel mediates presynaptic calcium influx and transmitter release in mammalian synapses (Funnel-web spider toxin, a specific antagonist of P/Q-type calcium channels, blocked acetylcholine release at the mouse neuromuscular junction). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 89:1992;3330-3333.
92. Uchuya M., Graus F., Vega F., Rene R., Delattre J.Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with antineuronal antibodies (Of four patients with PCD and APCA and 18 patients with PEM and anti-Hu antibodies treated with IVlg, only one patient (with predominant SSN) showed significant neurologic improvement. Several patients stabilized during IVlg treatment; the impact of treatment on the disease course is debatable). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 60:1996;388-392.
93. Vega F., Graus F., Chen Q.M., Poisson M., Schuller E., Delattre J.Y. Intrathecal synthesis of the anti-Hu antibody in patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis or sensory neuronopathy: clinical-immunologic correlations (Intrathecal synthesis of anti-Hu antibodies was present in 14 of 16 patients with PEM but in only one of 14 patients with clinically 'isolated' SSN). Neurology. 44:1994;2145-2147.
94. Viglione M.P., O'Shaughnessy T.J., Kim Y.I. Inhibition of calcimn channel currents and exocytosis by Lambert-Eaton syndrome antibodies in human lung cancer cells (Patch-clamp studies demonstrating downregulation of P/Q-type calcium channels by IgG from LEMS patients). J. Physiol. 488:1995;303-317.
95. Weinstein J.M., Kelman S.E., Bresnick G.H., Kornguth S.E. Paraneoplastic retinopathy associated with antiretinal bipolar cell antibodies in cutaneous malignant melanoma (Clinical, electroretinogram, and immunocytochemical features of two patients with melanoma and antibodies against a subset of retinal bipolar cells). Ophthalmology. 101:1994;1236-1243.
96. Younger D.S., Dalmau J., Inghirami G., Sherman W.H., Hays A.P. Anti-Hu-associated peripheral nerve and muscle microvasculitis (Mononeuritis multiplex with nerve and muscle microvasculitis (in the absence of CNS symptoms) was the presenting feature of small cell lung carcinoma in one patient. Neurologic improvement followed successful tumour chemotherapy). Neurology. 44:1994;181-183.