Geological evidence for prehistoric earthquakes

Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada

Volumn , Issue 525, 1998, Pages 177-194

  Clague, J ^a   Naesgaard, E ^b   Mathewes, R W ^c  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^b Macleod Geotechnical Ltd   (Canada)

^c SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EARTHQUAKE; HOLOCENE; LIQUEFACTION;

CANADA;

EID: 0032470099     PISSN: 00687626     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Ambraseys, N.N. 1988: Engineering seismology; Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, v. 17, p. 1-105.
2. Atwater, B.F. 1992: Geologic evidence for earthquakes during the past 2000 years along the Copalis River, southern coastal Washington; Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 1901-1919.
3. 1994: Geology of liquefaction features about 300 years old along the lower Columbia River at Marsh, Brush, Price, Hunting, and Wallace Islands, Oregon and Washington; United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 94-209, 64 p.
4. Atwater, B.F. and Hemphill-Haley, E. 1996: Preliminary estimates of recurrence intervals for great earthquakes of the past 3500 years at northeastern Willapa Bay, Washington; United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 96-001, 88 p.
5. Atwater, B.F., Nelson, A.R., Clague, JJ., Carver, G.A., Yamaguchi, D.K., Bobrowsky, P.T., Bourgeois, J., Darienzo, M.E., Grant, W.C., Hemphill-Haley, E., Kelsey, H.M., Jacoby, G.C., Nishenko, S.P., Palmer, S.P., Peterson, C.D., and Reinhart, M.A. 1995: Summary of coastal geologic evidence for past great earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone; Earthquake Spectra, v. 11, p. 1-18.
6. Basham, P.W., Weichert, D.H., Anglin, F.M., and Berry, M.J. 1982: New probabilistic strong seismic ground motion maps of Canada: a compilation of earthquake source zones, methods and results; Canada Earth Physics Branch, Open File 82-33, 202 p.
7. B.C. Hydro and Klohn Leonoff 1992: Liquefaction hazard assessment for the Lower Mainland region; British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority and Klohn Leonoff Ltd., Report No. H2474a, 44 p.
8. Borcherdt, R.D. 1994: New developments in estimating site effects on ground motion; Applied Technology Council, Seminar on New Developments in Earthquake Ground Motion Estimation and Implications for Engineering Design Practice, ATC-35, p. 10-1 - 10-44.
9. Briggs, G.G. 1994: Coastal crossing of the elastic strain zero isobase, Cascadia margin, south central Oregon coast; M.Sc. thesis, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, 251 p.
10. Bucknam, R.C. and Biasi, G.P. 1994: An improved estimate of the time of a prehistoric earthquake in the southwest Puget Sound region, Washington; Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 7, p. A-522.
11. Bucknam, R.C., Hemphill-Haley, E., and Leopold, E.B. 1992: Abrupt uplift within the past 1700 years at southern Puget Sound, Washington; Science, v. 258, p. 1611-1614.
12. Byrne, P.H. and Anderson, D.L. 1987: Earthquake design in Richmond, B.C., Version II; University of British Columbia, Department of Civil Engineering, Soil Mechanics Series, No. 109, 90p.
13. Clague, J.J. 1989: Late Quaternary sea level change and crustal deformation, southwestern British Columbia; in Current Research, Part E; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 89-1E, p. 233-236.
14. Clague, J.J. and Bobrowsky, P.T. 1994a: Evidence for a large earthquake and tsunami 100-400 years ago on western Vancouver Island, British Columbia; Quaternary Research, v. 41, p. 176-184.
15. 1994b: Tsunami deposits beneath tidal marshes on Vancouver Island, British Columbia; Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 1293-1303.
16. Clague, J.J., Luternauer, J.L., and Hebda, R.J. 1983: Sedimentary environments and postglacial history of the Fraser Delta and lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 1314-1326.
17. Clague, J.J., Luternauer, J.L., Monahan, P.A., Edwardson, K.A., Dallimore, S.R., and Hunter, J.A. 1998: Quaternary stratigraphy and evolution of the Fraser delta; in Geology and Natural Hazards of the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia, (ed.) J.J. Clague, J.L. Luternauer, and D.C. Mosher; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 525, this volume.
18. Clague, J.J., Luternauer, J.L., Pullan, S.E., and Hunter, J.A. 1991: Postglacial deltaic sediments, southern Fraser River delta, British Columbia; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. 1386-1393.
19. Clague, J.J., Naesgaard, E., and Nelson, A.R. 1997: Age and significance of earthquake-induced liquefaction features near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 34, p. 53-62.
20. Clague, J.J., Naesgaard, E., and Sy, A. 1992: Liquefaction features on the Fraser delta: evidence for prehistoric earthquakes?; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 1734-1745.
21. Clarke, S.H., Jr. and Carver, G.A. 1992: Late Holocene tectonics and paleoseismicity, southern Cascadia subduction zone; Science, v. 255, p. 188-192.
22. Crouse, C.B. 1991: Ground-motion attenuation equations for earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone; Earthquake Spectra, v. 4, p. 201-236.
23. Darienzo, M.E. and Peterson, C.D. 1990: Episodic tectonic subsidence of late Holocene tidal marshes, northem Oregon coast, central Cascadia margin; Tectonics, v. 9, p. 1-22.
24. 1995: Magnitude and frequency of subduction-zone earthquakes along the northern Oregon coast in the past 3,000 years; Oregon Geology, v. 57, p. 3-12.
25. Darienzo, M.E., Peterson, C.D., and Clough, C. 1994: Stratigraphic evidence for great subduction-zone earthquakes at four estuaries in northern Oregon: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 10, p. 850-876.
26. Dragert, H. and Rogers, G.C. 1988: Could a megathrust earthquake strike southwestern British Columbia?; Geos, v. 17, no. 3, p. 5-8.
27. Finn, W.D.L. 1996: Evaluation of liquefaction potential for different earthquake magnitudes and site conditions; in Recent Developments in Seismic Liquefaction Assessment; ConeTec Investigations Ltd., Vancouver, British Columbia, 34 p.
28. Fraser Delta Task Force 1991: Earthquake design in the Fraser delta - Task Force report; City of Richmond, British Columbia, 42 p.
29. Guilbault, J.-P., Clague, J.J., and Lapointe, M. 1995: Amount of subsidence during a late Holocene earthquake - evidence from fossil tidal marsh foraminifera at Vancouver Island, west coast of Canada; Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 118, p. 49-71.
30. 1996: Foraminiferal evidence for the amount of coseismic subsidence during a late Holocene earthquake on Vancouver Island, west coast of Canada; Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 15, p. 913-937.
31. Hasegawa, H.S., Basham, P.W., and Berrry, M.J. 1981: Attenuation relations for strong seismic ground motion in Canada; Seismological Society of America Bulletin, v. 71, p. 1943-1962.
32. Hemphill-Haley, E. 1995: Diatom evidence for earthquake-induced subsidence and tsunami 300 yr ago in southern coastal Washington; Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, p. 367-378.
33. Hyndman, R.D. and Wang, K. 1993: Thermal constraints on the zone of major thrust earthquake failure: the Cascadia subduction zone; Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 2039-2060.
34. Idriss, I.M. 1993: Procedures for selecting earthquake ground motions at rock sites; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Report NIST GCR 93-625,7 p.
35. Jacoby, G.C., Carver, G., and Wagner, W. 1995: Trees and herbs killed by an earthquake 300 yr ago at Humboldt Bay, California: Geology, v. 23, p. 77-80.
36. Little, T.E. 1993: Report to the Ministry of Transportation and Highways on seismic ground motion parameters for Oak Street and Port Mann bridges; British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, Report No. H2723, 42 p.
37. Luternauer, J.L., Barrie, J.V., Christian, H.A., Clague, J.J., Evoy, R.W., Hart, B.S., Hunter, J.A., Killeen, P.G., Kostaschuk, R.A., Mathewes, R.W., Monahan, P.A., Moslow, T.F., Mwenifumbo, C.J., Olynyk, H.W., Patterson, R.T., Pullan, S.E., Roberts, M.C., Robertson, P.K., Tarbotton, M.R., and Woeller, D.J. 1994: Fraser River delta: geology, geohazards and human impact; in Geology and Geological Hazards of the Vancouver Region, Southwestern British Columbia, (ed.) J.W.H. Monger; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 481, p. 197-220.
38. Luternauer, J.L., Clague, J.J., Hunter, J.A.M., Pullan, S.E., Roberts, M.C., Woeller, DJ., Kostaschuk, R.A., Moslow, T.F., Monahan, P.A., and Hart, B.S. 1993: The Fraser River delta, architecture, geological dynamics and human impact; in Deltas of the World, (ed.) R. Kay; American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, p. 99-113.
39. Luternauer, J.L., Mosher, D.C., Clague, JJ., and Atkins, R.J. 1998: Sedimentary environments of the Fraser delta; in Geology and Natural Hazards of the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia, (ed.) J.J. Clague, J.L. Luternauer, and D.C. Mosher; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 525, this volume.
40. Malone, S.D. and Bor, S. 1979: Attenuation patterns in the Pacific Northwest based on intensity data and the location of the 1872 North Cascades earthquake; Seismological Society of America Bulletin, v. 69, p. 531-576.
41. Mathewes, R.W. and Clague, J.J. 1994: Detection of prehistoric large earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest by microfossil analysis; Science, v. 264, p. 688-691.
42. McGuire, R.K. 1976: Fortran computer program for seismic risk analysis; United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 76-67, 68 p.
43. Milne, W.G., Rogers, G.C., Riddihough, R.P., McMechan, G.A., and Hyndman, R.D. 1978: Seismicity of western Canada; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 15, p. 1170-1193.
44. Monahan, P.A., Luternauer, J.L., and Barrie, J.V. 1993: A delta plain sheet sand in the Fraser River delta, British Columbia, Canada; Quaternary International, v. 20, p. 27-38.
45. Naesgaard, E, Sy, A., and Clague, J.J. 1992: Liquefaction sand dykes at Kwantlen College, Richmond, B.C.; in Geotechnique and Natural Hazards; BiTech Publishers, Vancouver, p. 159-166.
46. 14C ages from buried tidal-marsh soils in the Cascadia subduction zone, southern Oregon coast; Quaternary Research, v. 38, p. 75-90.
47. 1992b: Holocene tidal-marsh stratigraphy in south-central Oregon - evidence for localized sudden submergence in the Cascadia subduction zone; in Quaternary Coasts of the United States: Marine and Lacustrine Systems, (ed.) C.P. Fletcher and J.F. Wehmiller; Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publication 48, p. 287-301.
48. Nelson, A.R., Atwater, B.F., Bobrowsky, P.T., Bradley, L.-A., Clague, J.J., Carver, G.A., Darienzo, M.E, Grant, W.C., Krueger, H.W., Sparks, R., Stafford, T.W., Jr., and Stuiver, M. 1995: Radiocarbon evidence for extensive plate-boundary rupture about 300 years ago at the Cascadia subduction zone; Nature, v. 378, p. 371-374.
49. Nelson, A.R., Jennings, A.E., and Kashimi, K. 1996a: An earthquake history derived from stratigraphic and microfossil evidence of relative sea-level change at Coos Bay, southern coastal Oregon; Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 141-154.
50. Nelson, A.R., Shennan, I., and Long, A.J. 1996b: Identifying coseismic subsidence in tidal-wetland stratigraphic sequences at the Cascadia subduction zone of western North America; Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 6115-6135.
51. Obermeier, S.F. 1988: Liquefaction potential in the central Mississippi Valley; United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 1832, 21 p.
52. 1994a: Preliminary limits for the strength of shaking in the Columbia River valley and the southern half of coastal Washington, with emphasis for a Cascadia subduction zone earthquake about 300 years ago; United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 94-589, 40 p.
53. 1994b: Using liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis; Chapter A in Using Ground-Failure Features for Paleoseismic Analysis, (ed.) S.F. Obermeier and R.W. Jibson; United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 94-663, 58 p.
54. Obermeier, S.F., Jacobson, R.B., Smoot, J.P., Weems, R.E., Gohn, G.S., Monroe, J.E., and Powars, D.S. 1990: Earthquake-induced liquefaction features in the coastal setting of South Carolina and the fluvial setting of the New Madrid fault zone; United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1504, 44 p.
55. Ota, Y., Nelson, A.R., Umitsu, M., Kaoru, K., and Matsushima, Y. 1995: Interpreting an earthquake history from the stratigraphy of late Holocene intertidal deposits in South Slough, Coos Bay, Oregon, USA; Journal of the Geographical Society of Japan, v. 104, p. 94-106 [in Japanese].
56. Plafker, G. 1969: Tectonics of the March 27, 1964 Alaska earthquake. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 543-I, 74 p.
57. Plafker, G. and Savage, J.C. 1970: Mechanism of the Chilean earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960; Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1001-1030.
58. Rogers, G.C. 1988: An assessment of the megathrust potential of the Cascadia subduction zone; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 25, p. 844-852.
59. 1994: Earthquakes in the Vancouver area; in Geology and Geological Hazards of the Vancouver Region, Southwestern British Columbia, (ed.) J.W.H. Monger; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 481, p. 221-229.
60. Rogers, G.C. (cont.) 1998: Earthquakes and earthquake hazard in the Vancouver area; in Geology and Natural Hazards of the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia, (ed.) J.J. Clague, J.L. Luternauer, and D.C. Mosher; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 525, this volume.
61. Satake, K., Shimazaki, K., Tsuji, Y., and Ueda, K. 1996: Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700; Nature, v. 379, p. 246-249.
62. Savage, J.C. 1983: A dislocation model of strain accumulation and release at a subduction zone; Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. 4984-4996.
63. Seed, H.B. and de Alba, P. 1986: Use of SPT and CPT tests for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of sands; in Proceedings, In Situ '86, (ed.) S.P. Clemence; American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 6, p. 281-302.
64. Seed, H.B., Idriss, I.M., and Arango, I. 1983: Evaluation of liquefaction potential using field performance data; American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, v. 109, p. 458-481.
65. Shedlock, K.M. and Weaver, C.S. 1991: Program for earthquake hazard assessment in the Pacific Northwest; United States Geological Survey, Circular 1067, 29 p.
66. Sims, J.D. and Garvin, C.D. 1995: Recurrent liquefaction induced by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and 1990 and 1991 aftershocks: implications for paleoseismicity; Seismological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, p. 51-65.
67. Stuiver, M. and Becker, B. 1993: High-precision decadal calibration of the radiocarbon time scale, AD 1950-6000 BC; Radiocarbon, v. 35, p. 35-65.
68. Stuiver, M. and Pearson, G.W. 1993: High-precision bidecadal calibration of the radiocarbon timescale, AD 1950-500 BC and 2500-6000 BC; Radiocarbon, v. 35, p. 1-23.
69. 14C age calibration program; Radiocarbon, v. 35, p. 215-230.
70. Tuttle, M., Law, K.T., Seeber, L., and Jacob, K. 1990: Liquefaction and ground failure induced by the 1988 Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake; Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 27, p. 580-589
71. Wang, K., Mulder, T., Rogers, G.C., and Hyndman, R.D. 1995: Case for very low coupling stress on the Cascadia subduction fault; Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 12,907-12,918.
72. Ward, G.K. and Wilson, S.R. 1978: Procedures for comparing and combining radiocarbon age determinations: a critique; Archaeometry, v. 20, p. 19-34.