Age and significance of earthquake-induced liquefaction near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Canadian Geotechnical Journal

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 53-62

  Clague, John J ^a   Naesgaard, E ^b   Nelson, Alan R ^c  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^b Macleod Geotechnical Ltd   (Canada)

^c DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

British Columbia; Earthquake; Liquefaction; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

AGING OF MATERIALS; EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS; EARTHQUAKES; RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT;

RADIOCARBON AGES;

LIQUEFACTION;

EARTHQUAKE; HISTORICAL SEISMICITY; LIQUEFACTION; RISK ASSESSMENT;

CANADA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, ANNACIS ISLAND;

EID: 0031077807     PISSN: 00083674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/cgj-34-1-53     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Ambraseys, N.N. 1988. Engineering seismology. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 17: 1-105.
2. Atwater, B.F. 1992. Geologic evidence for earthquakes during the past 2000 years along the Copalis River, southern coastal Washington. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97: 1901-1919.
3. Atwater, B.F., and Hemphill-Haley, E. 1996. Preliminary estimates of recurrence intervals for great earthquakes of the past 3500 years at northeastern Willapa Bay, Washington. United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 96-001.
4. Atwater, B.F., Nelson, A.R., Clague, J.J., Carver, G.A., Yamaguchi, D.K., Bobrowsky, P.T., Bourgeois, J., Darienzo, M.E., Grant, W.C., Hemphill-Haley, E., Kelsey, H.M., Jacoby, G.C., Nishenko, S.P., Palmer, S.P., Peterson, C.D., and Reinhart, M.A. 1995. Summary of coastal geologic evidence for past great earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone. Earthquake Spectra, 11: 1-18.
5. Basham, P.W., Weichert, D.H., Anglin, P.M., and Berry, M.J. 1982. New probabilistic strong seismic ground motion maps of Canada: a compilation of earthquake source zones, methods and results. Canada Earth Physics Branch, Open File 82-33.
6. B.C. Hydro and Klohn Leonoff Ltd. 1992. Liquefaction hazard assessment for the Lower Mainland region. British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority and Klohn Leonoff Ltd., Report No. H2474a.
7. Borcherdt, R.D. 1994. New developments in estimating site effects on ground motion. Applied Technology Council, Seminar on New Developments in Earthquake Ground Motion Estimation and Implications for Engineering Design Practice, ATC-35, pp. 10-1-10-44.
8. Bucknam, R.C., and Biasi, G.P. 1994. An improved estimate of the time of a prehistoric earthquake in the southwest Puget Sound region, Washington. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 26(7): A-522.
9. Bucknam, R.C., Hemphill-Haley, E., and Leopold, E.B. 1992. Abrupt uplift within the past 1700 years at southern Puget Sound, Washington. Science (Washington, D.C.), 258: 1611-1614.
10. Byrne, P.H., and Anderson, D.L. 1987. Earthquake design in Richmond, B.C., Version II. The University of British Columbia, Department of Civil Engineering, Soil Mechanics Series No. 109.
11. Clague, J.J., Luternauer, J.L., and Hebda, R.J. 1983. Sedimentary environments and postglacial history of the Fraser Delta and lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20: 1314-1326.
12. Clague, J.J., Luternauer, J.L., Pullan, S.E., and Hunter, J.A. 1991. Postglacial deltaic sediments, southern Fraser River delta, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28: 1386-1393.
13. Clague, J.J., Naesgaard, E., and Sy, A. 1992. Liquefaction features on the Fraser delta: evidence for prehistoric earthquakes?. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 29: 1734-1745.
14. Clarke, S.H., Jr., and Carver, G.A. 1992. Late Holocene tectonics and paleoseismicity, southern Cascadia subduction zone. Science (Washington, D.C.), 255: 188-192.
15. Crouse, C.B. 1991. Ground-motion attenuation equations for earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone. Earthquake Spectra, 4: 201-236.
16. Darienzo, M.E., and Peterson, C.D. 1995. Magnitude and frequency of subduction-zone earthquakes along the northern Oregon coast in the past 3,000 years. Oregon Geology, 57: 3-12.
17. Darienzo, M.E., Peterson, C.D., and Clough, C. 1994 Stratigraphic evidence for great subduction-zone earthquakes at four estuaries in northern Oregon. Journal of Coastal Research, 10: 850-876.
18. Finn, W.D.L. 1996. Evaluation of liquefaction potential for different earthquake magnitudes and site conditions. In Recent developments in seismic liquefaction assessment. ConeTec Investigations Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.
19. Fraser Delta Task Force. 1991. Earthquake design in the Fraser delta - Task Force report. Fraser Delta Task Force, City of Richmond, B.C.
20. Hasegawa, H.S., Basham, P.W., and Berry, M.J. 1981. Attenuation relations for strong seismic ground motion in Canada. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 71: 1943-1962.
21. Hyndman, R.D., and Wang, K. 1993. Thermal constraints on the zone of major thrust earthquake failure: the Cascadia subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98: 2039-2060.
22. Idriss, I.M. 1993. Procedures for selecting earthquake ground motions at rock sites. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., Report NIST GCR 93-625.
23. Little, T.E. 1993. Report to the Ministry of Transportation and High-ways on seismic ground motion parameters for Oak Street and Port Mann bridges. British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, Report No. H2723.
24. Luternauer, J.L., Barrie, J.V., Christian, H.A., Clague, J.J., Evoy, R.W., Hart, B.S., Hunter, J.A., Killeen, P.G., Kostaschuk, R.A., Mathewes, R.W., Monahan, P.A., Moslow, T.F., Mwenifumbo, C.J., Olynyk, H.W., Patterson, R.T., Pullan, S.E., Roberts, M.C., Robertson, P.K., Tarbotton, M.R., and Woeller, D.J. 1995. Fraser River delta: geology, geohazards and human impact. In Geology and geological hazards of the Vancouver region, southwestern British Columbia. Edited by J.W.H. Monger. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 481, pp. 197-220.
25. Malone, S.D., and Bor, S. 1979. Attenuation patterns in the Pacific Northwest based on intensity data and the location of the 1872 North Cascades earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 69: 531-576.
26. Mathewes, R. W., and Clague, J.J. 1994. Detection of prehistoric large earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest by microfossil analysis. Science (Washington, D.C.), 264: 688-691.
27. McGuire, R.K. 1976. EQRISK evaluation of sites for earthquake risk. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 76-67.
28. McInelly, G.W., and Kelsey, H.M. 1990. Late Quaternary tectonic deformation in the Cape Arago - Bandon region of coastal Oregon as deduced from wave-cut platforms. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95: 6699-6714.
29. Monahan, P.A., Luternauer, J.L., and Barrie, J.V. 1993. A delta plain sheet sand in the Fraser River delta, British Columbia, Canada. Quaternary International, 20: 27-38.
30. Naesgaard, E, Sy, A., and Clague, J.J. 1992. Liquefaction sand dykes at Kwantlen College, Richmond, B.C. In Geotechnique and natural hazards. BiTech Publishers, Vancouver, B.C., pp. 159-166.
31. Nelson, A.R. 1992. Holocene tidal-marsh stratigraphy in south-central Oregon - evidence for localized sudden submergence in the Cascadia subduction zone. In Quaternary coasts of the United States: marine and lacustrine systems. Edited by C.P. Fletcher and J.F. Wehmiller. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publication 48, pp. 287-301.
32. Nelson, A.R., Atwater, B.F., Bobrowsky, P.T., Bradley, L.-A., Clague, J.J., Carver, G.A., Darienzo, M.E, Grant, W.C., Krueger, H.W., Sparks, R., Stafford, T.W., Jr., and Stuiver, M. 1995. Radiocarbon evidence for extensive plate-boundary rupture about 300 years ago at the Cascadia subduction zone. Nature (London), 378: 371-374.
33. Nelson, A.R., Jennings, A.E., and Kashimi, K. 1996a. An earthquake history derived from stratigraphic and microfossil evidence of relative sea-level change at Coos Bay, southern coastal Oregon. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108: 141-154.
34. Nelson, A.R., Shennan, I., and Long, A.J. 1996b. Identifying coseismic subsidence in tidal-wetland stratigraphic sequences at the Cascadia subduction zone of western North America. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101: 6115-6135.
35. Obermeier, S.F. 1984. Liquefaction potential in the central Mississippi Valley. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Edited by P.L. Gori and W.W. Hays. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 84-0770, pp. 391-446.
36. Obermeier, S.F., Jacobson, R.B., Smoot, J.P., Weems, R.E., Gohn, G.S., Monroe, J.E., and Powars, D.S. 1990. Earthquake-induced liquefaction features in the coastal setting of South Carolina and the fluvial setting of the New Madrid fault zone. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1504.
37. Ota, Y., Nelson, A.R., Umitsu, M., Kaoru, K., and Matsushima, Y. 1995. Interpreting an earthquake history from the stratigraphy of late Holocene intertidal deposits in South Slough, Coos Bay, Oregon, U.S.A. Journal of the Geographical Society of Japan, 104: 94-106.
38. Rogers, G.C. 1995. Earthquakes in the Vancouver area. In Geology and geological hazards of the Vancouver region, southwestern British Columbia. Edited by J.W.H. Monger. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 481, pp. 221-229.
39. Satake, K., Shimazaki, K., Tsuji, Y., and Ueda, K. 1996. Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700. Nature (London), 379: 246-249.
40. Seed, H.B., and de Alba, P. 1986. Use of SPT and CPT tests for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of sands. In Proceedings, In Situ '86. Edited by S.P. Clemence. American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 6, pp. 281-302.
41. Seed, H.B., Idriss, I.M., and Arango, I. 1983. Evaluation of liquefaction potential using field performance data. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 109: 458-481.
42. Shedlock, K.M., and Weaver, C.S. 1988. Program for earthquake hazard assessment in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 1067.
43. Sims, J.D., and Garvin, C.D. 1995. Recurrent liquefaction induced by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and 1990 and 1991 aftershocks: implications for paleoseismicity.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 85: 51-65.
44. Stuiver, M., and Becker, B. 1993. High-precision decadal calibration of the radiocarbon time scale, AD 1950-6000 BC. Radiocarbon, 35:35-65.
45. Stuiver, M., and Pearson, G.W. 1993. High-precision bidecadal calibration of the radiocarbon timescale, AD 1950-500 BC and 2500-6000 BC. Radiocarbon, 35: 1-23.
46. 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon, 35: 215-230.
47. Tuttle, M., Law, K.T., Seeber, L., and Jacob, K. 1990. Liquefaction and ground failure induced by the 1988 Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27: 580-589.
48. Ward, G.K., and Wilson, S.R. 1978. Procedures for comparing and combining radiocarbon age determinations: a critique. Archaeometry, 20: 19-34.