Neuropsychological effects of vasopressin in healthy humans

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 119, Issue C, 1999, Pages 619-642

  Born, Jan ^a   Pietrowsky, Reinhard ^a   Fehm, Horst L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LÜBECK   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BAMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VASOPRESSIN;

AMPLITUDE MODULATION; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HUMAN TISSUE; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; STIMULUS RESPONSE; VASOPRESSIN RELEASE;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; LIMBIC SYSTEM; MEMORY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; RATS; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS; VASOPRESSINS;

EID: 0032468185     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: 18757855     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61595-2     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Anderson, J.R., The Architecture of Cognition, 1983, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
2. Balin, B.J., Broadwell, R.D., Salcman, M., El-Kalliny, M., Avenues for entry of peripherally administered protein to the central nervous system in mouse, rat, and squirrel monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 251 (1986), 260–280.
3. Baltissen, R., Teppe, M., Boucsein, W., Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Fehm, H.L., Effects of vasopressin on the habituation of the orienting reaction in men. Peptides 12 (1991), 1393–1398.
4. Banks, W.A., Kastin, A.J., Saturable transport of peptides across the blood-brain barrier. Life Sci. 41 (1987), 1319–1339.
5. Barnett, E.M., Perlman, S., The olfactory nerve and not the trigeminal nerve is the major site of CNS entry for mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM. Virology 194 (1993), 185–191.
6. Beckwith, B.E., Petros, T., Kanaan-Beckwith, S., Couk, D.I., Haug, R.J., Ryan, C., Vasopressin analog (DDAVP) facilitate concept learning in human males. Peptides 3 (1982), 627–630.
7. Beckwith, B.E., Couk, D.I., Till, T.S., Vasopressin analog influences the performance of males on a reaction time task. Peptides 4 (1983), 707–709.
8. Beckwith, B.E., Till, R., Schneider, V., Vasopressin analog (DDAVP) improves memory in human males. Peptides 5 (1984), 819–822.
9. Beckwith, B.E., Petros, T.V., Bergloff, P.J., Staebler, R.J., Vasopressin analogue (DDAVP) facilitates recall of narrative prose. Behav. Neurosci. 12 (1987), 429–432.
10. Beckwith, B.E., Petros, T.V., Knutson, K.K., Effects of DDAVP on gender-specific verbal and visuospatial tasks in healthy young adults. Peptides 11 (1990), 1313–1315.
11. Beckwith, B.E., Petros, T.V., Knutson, K.K., Dose-dependent effects of DDAVP on memory in healthy young adult males: A preliminary study. Peptides 11 (1990), 473–476.
12. Beckwith, B.E., Petros, T.V., Bergloff, P.J., Swenson, R.R., Paulsone, R., Failure of posttrial administration of vasopressin analogue to influence memory in healthy, young, male volunteers. Peptides 16 (1995), 1327–1328.
13. Born, J., Debus, G., Psychophysiologische Korrelate endokriner und pharmakologischer Intervention. Rösier, F., (eds.) Enzyklopädie der Psychologie., 1997, Hogrefe, Göttingen, 681–797.
14. Born, J., Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Lutzenberger, W., Voigt, K.H., Fehm, H.L., Vasopressin and electrophysiological signs of attention in man. Peptides 7 (1986), 189–193.
15. Born, J., Bothor, R., Pietrowsky, R., Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Pauschinger, P., Fehm, H.L., Influences of vasopressin and oxytocin on human event-related potentials in an attention task. J. Psychophysiol. 1 (1987), 351–360.
16. Born, J., De Kloet, R., Wenz, H., Kern, W., Fehm, H.L., Changes in slow wave sleep after glucocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids: A cue for central type I corticosteroid receptors in man. Am. J. Physiol. 260 (1991), 183–188.
17. Born, J., Kellner, C., Kern, W., Uthgenannt, D., Fehm, H.L., Vasopressin regulates human sleep by reducing rapid eye movement sleep. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (1992), 295–300.
18. Bower, G.H., Mental imagery and associative learning. Gregg, L.W., (eds.) Cognition in Learning and Memory., 1972, Wiley, New York, 67–82.
19. Bruins, J., DGAVP and cognitive processes in healthy subjects., 1991, University of Utrecht Unpublished Dissertation.
20. Bruins, J., Kumar, A., Schneider-Helmert, D., Influence of DGAVP on memory in healthy subjects. Neurophysiology 23 (1990), 82–88.
21. Bruins, J., Hijman, R., Van Re, J.M., Effect of a single dose of DGAVP or oxytocin on cognitive processes in young healthy subjects. Peptides 13 (1992), 461–468.
22. Bruins, J., Hijman, R., VanRee, J.M., Effect of acute and chronic treatment with DGAVP in young male and female volunteers. Peptides 16 (1995), 179–186.
23. Bunsey, M., Kramer, D., Kesler, M., Strupp, B.J., A vasopressin metabolite increases attentional selectivity. Behav. Neurosci. 104 (1990), 277–287.
24. Burbach, J.P.H., Kovacs, G., DeWied, D., VanNispen, J.W., Greven, H.M., A major metabolite of arginine vasopressin in the brain is a highly potent neuropeptide. Science 221 (1983), 1310–1312.
25. Buschke, H., Spontaneous remembering after recall failure. Science 184 (1974), 579–581.
26. Buschke, H., Altman-Fuld, P.A., Evaluation storage, retention and retrieval in disordered memory and learning. Neurology 24 (1974), 1019–1025.
27. Carter, J.S., Williams, H.G., Davis, J.M., Rotter, R.A., Clancy, M.E., Effects of DDAVP on movement planning and execution processes in healthy young adults. Peptides 12 (1991), 1–5.
28. Chepkova, A.N., French, P., DeWied, D., Ontskul, A.H., Ramakers, G.M., Skrebitski, V.G., Gispen, W.H., Urban, I.J., Long-lasting enhancement of synaptic excitability of CA1/subiculum neurons of the rat ventral hippocampus by vasopressin and vasopressin (4–8). Brain Res. 701 (1995), 255–266.
29. Craik, F.I.M., Lockhart, R.S., Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. J. Verbal Learn. Behav. 11 (1972), 671–684.
30. Csepe, V., On the origin and development of the mismatch negativity. Ear Hearing 16 (1995), 91–104.
31. Dahl, A.R., Hadley, W.M., Nasal cavity enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism effects on the toxicity of inhalants. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 21 (1991), 345–372.
32. De Wied, D., Joels, M., Van Ree, J.M., Van Wimersma Greidanus, T.B., Versteeg Veldhuis, D.D.H.G., Wiegant, V.M., Conn, P.M., Negro-Vilar, A., (eds.) Peptide Hormones: Effects and Mechanisms of Action., 1988, CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 97–140.
33. Dodt, C., Pietrowsky, R., Sewing, A., Zabel, A., Fehm, H.L., Born, J., Effects of Vasopressin on event-related potential indicators of cognitive stimulus processing in young and old humans. J. Geronol. 49 (1994), M183–M188.
34. Donchin, E., Coles, M.G.H., Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating?. Behav. Brain. Sci. 11 (1988), 357–374.
35. Ebenezer, I.S., The effects of subcutaneous administration of arginine-8-vasopressin on the electroencephalogram of conscious rats are mediated by peripheral vasopressin V1 receptors. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 16 (1994), 315–321.
36. Elbert, T., Rockstroh, B., Threshold regulation- A key to the understanding of the combined dynamics of EEG and event-related potentials. J. Psychophysiol. 1 (1987), 317–333.
37. Engelmann, M., Ludwig, M., Landgraf, R., Microdialysis administration of vasopressin and vasopressin antagonists into the septum during pole-jumping behavior in rats. Behav. Neural Biol. 58 (1992), 51–57.
38. Engelmann, M., Ludwig, M., Landgraf, R., Simultaneous monitoring of intracerebral release and behavior: Endogenous vasopressin improves social recognition. J. Neuroendocrinol. 6 (1994), 391–395.
39. Engelmann, M., Wotjak, C.T., Neumann, I., Ludwig, M., Landgraf, R., Behavioral consequences of intracerebral vasopressin and oxytocin: Focus on learning and memory. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 20 (1996), 341–358.
40. Ermisch, A., Rüble, H.-J., Landgraf, R., Hess, J., Blood-brain barrier and peptides. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. 5 (1985), 350–357.
41. Ermisch, A., Brust, P., Kretschmar, R., Rühle, H.J., Peptides and blood-brain barrier transport. Physiol. Rev. 73 (1993), 489–527.
42. Ettenberg, A., van der Kooy, D., Le Moal, M., Koob, G.F., Bloom, F.E., Can aversive properties of (peripherally-injected) vasopressin account for its putative role in memory?. Behav. Brain Res. 7 (1983), 331–350.
43. Fabiani, M., Karis, D., Donchin, E., P300 and recall in an incidental memory paradigm. Psychophysiology 23 (1986), 298–308.
44. Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Born, J., Behavioral effects of neurophypophysel peptides in healthy volunteers: 10 years of research. Peptides 12 (1991), 1399–1406.
45. Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Voigt, K.H., Fehm, H.L., Human memory and lysin-vasopressin: A psychological study. Endröczi, E., Angelucci, L., De Wied, D., Scapagnini, U., (eds.) Neuropeptides and Psychosomatic Processes., 1983, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 81–88.
46. Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Born, J., Voigt, K.H., Fehm, H.L., Behavioral effects of vasopressin. A single case study. Neuropsychobiology 11 (1984), 49–53.
47. Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Born, J., Voigt, K.H., Fehm, H.L., Human memory and neurophypophyseal hormones: Opposite effects of vasopressin and oxytocin. Psychoneuroendocrinology 9 (1984), 285–292.
48. Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Born, J., Elbert, T., Voigt, K.H., Fehm, H.L., Vasopressin does not enhance memory processes: A study in human twins. Peptides 6 (1985), 297–300.
49. Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Bachholz, G., Born, J., Voigt, K.H., Fehm, H.L., Vasopressin but not oxytocin enhances cortical arousal: An integrative hypothesis on behavioral effects of neurohypophyseal hormones. Psychophannacology 94 (1988), 496–500.
50. Gerbrandt, L.K., Lawrence, J.C., Eckardt, M.J., Lloyd, R.L., Origin of the neocortically monitored theta rhythm in the curarized rat. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 45 (1978), 454–467.
51. Giard, M.H., Perrin, F., Pernier, J., Bouchet, P., Brain generators implicated in the processing of auditory stimulus deviance: A topographic ERP study. Psychophysiology 27 (1990), 627–640.
52. Guard, O., Marchal, G., Graule, A., Dumas, R., D'Athis, P., Effects of vasopressin and desmopressin on memory. Neuropsychobiology 15 (1986), 80–83.
53. Halgren, E., Squires, N.K., Wilson, C.L., Rohrbaugh, J.W., Babb, T.L., Crandall, P.H., Endogenous potentials generated in the human hippocampal formation and amygdala by infrequent events. Science 210 (1980), 803–805.
54. Hari, R., Hämäläinen, M., Reinikainen, K., Salminen, J., Alho, K., Näätänen, R., Sams, M., Responses of the primary auditory cortex to pitch changes in a sequences of tone pips: Neuromagnetic recording in man. Neurosci. Lett. 50 (1984), 127–132.
55. Hillyard, S.A., Hink, R.F., Schwent, V.L., Picton, T.W., Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain. Science 182 (1973), 177–180.
56. Hillyard, S.A., Mangun, G.R., Woldorff, M., Luck, S., Neural systems mediating selective attention. Gazzaniga, M., (eds.) The Cognitive Neurosciences., 1995, MIT Press, Hong Kong.
57. Hofman, M.A., Swaab, D.F., Alterations in circadian rhythmicity of the vasopressin producing neurons of the human suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with aging. Brain Res. 651 (1994), 134–142.
58. Ibragimov, R.S., Influence of neurohypophyseal peptides on the formation of active avoidance conditioned reflex behavior. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 20 (1990), 189–193.
59. Jenkins, J.S., Mather, H.M., Coughlan, A.K., Effect of desmopressin on normal and impaired memory. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 45 (1982), 830–831.
60. Jennings, J.R., Nebes, R.D., Reynolds, C.F., III. Vasopressin peptide (DDAVP) may narrow the focus of attention in normal elderly. Psychiat. Res. 17 (1986), 31–39.
61. Johnson, R., A triarchic model of P300 amplitude. Psychophysiology 23 (1986), 367–384.
62. Johnston, V.S., Miller, D.R., Burleson, M.H., Multiple P3s to emotional stimuli and their theoretical significance. Psychophysiology 23 (1986), 684–694.
63. Karis, D., Fabiani, M., Donchin, E., “P300” and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect. Cog. Psychol. 16 (1984), 177–216.
64. W. Kern, J. Born, H. Schreiber, H.L. Fehm, 1998 Central nervous effects of intranasally administered insulin during euglycemia in humans. Diabetes in press.
65. Kirschbaum, C., Wolf, O.T., May, M., Wippich, W., Hellhammer, D.H., Stress- and treatment-induced elevations of cortisol levels associated with impaired declarative memory in healthy adults. Life Sci. 17 (1996), 1475–1483.
66. Knight, R.T., Scabini, D., Woods, D.L., Clayworth, C.C., Contributions of temporal parietal function to the human auditory P300. Brain Res. 13 (1989), 109–116.
67. Kroll, N.E., Klimesch, W., Semantic memory: Complexity or connecticity?. Memory Cog. 20 (1992), 192–210.
68. Kruisbrink, J., Mirmiran, M., Van Der Woude, T.P., Boer, G.J., Effects of enhanced cerebrospinal fluid levels of vasopressin, vasopressin antagonist or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on circadian sleep-wake rhythm in the rat. Brain Res. 419 (1987), 76–86.
69. Laczi, F., Valkusz, Z., Laszlo, F.A., Wagner, A., Jardanhazy, T., Szasz, A., Szilard, J., Telegdy, G., Effects of lysine-vasopressin and DDAVP on memory in healthy individuals and diabetic insipidus patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 7 (1982), 185–193.
70. Laczi, F., Van Ree, J.M., Wagner, A., Valkusz, Z., Jardanhazy, T., Kovacs, G.L., Telegdy, G., Zsilard, J., Laszlo, F.A., De Wied, D., Effects of DGAVP on memory processes in diabetes insipidus patients and non-diabetic subjects. Acta Endocrinol. 102 (1983), 205–212.
71. Landgraf, R., Neumann, I., Schwarzberg, H., Central and peripheral release of vasopressin and oxytocin in the conscious rat after osmotic stimulation. Brain Res. 457 (1988), 219–225.
72. Lang, W., Lang, M., Kornhuber, A., Diekmann, V., Kornhuber, H.H., Event-related EEG-spectra in a concept formation task. Hum. Neurobiol. 6 (1988), 295–301.
73. Loup, F., Tribollet, E., Dubois-Dauphin, M., Dreifuss, J.J., Localization of high-affinity binding sites for oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain. An autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 555 (1991), 220–232.
74. Mattes, J.A., Pettinati, H.M., Stephens, S., Robin, S.E., Willis, K.W., A placebo-controlled evaluation of vasopressin for ECT-induced memory impairment. Biol. Psychiat. 27 (1990), 289–303.
75. Mayes, A.R., Gooding, P., Greory, L.J., Hunkin, N.M., Nunn, J.A., VanEijk, R., Williams, S.C.R., Brammer, M., Bullmore, E., The left hippocampus is activated by encoding verbal associations. NeuroImage, 5, 1997, S624.
76. Medvedev, V.J., Bakharev, V.D., Grechko, A.T., Effect of vasopressin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone fragment ACTH 4–7 on human memory. Hum. Physiol 6 (1981), 307–310.
77. Mens, W.B., Witter, A., Van Wimersma Greidanus, T.B., Penetration of neurohypophyseal hormones from plasma into cerebrospinal fluid: Half-times of disappearance of these neuropeptides from CSF. Brain Res. 262 (1983), 143–149.
78. Millar, K., Jeffcoate, W.J., Walder, C.P., Vasopressin and memory: Improvement in normal short-term recall and reduction of alcohol-induced amnesia. Psychol. Med., 17, 1987, 335.
79. Morton, J., Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychol. Rev. 63 (1969), 165–178.
80. Näätänen, R., Implications of ERP data for psychological theories of attention. Biol. Psychol. 26 (1988), 117–163.
81. Näätänen, R., Attention and Brain Functions., 1992, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
82. Näätänen, R., Picton, T., The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: A review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology 24 (1987), 375–425.
83. Naumann, E., Bartussek, D., Kaiser, G., Wolfsdorf, Fehm, Vasopressin and cognitive process: Two event-related potential studies. Peptides 12 (1991), 1379–1384.
84. Nebes, R.D., Reynolds, C.F., Horn, L.C., The effect of vasopressin on memory in the healthy elderly. Psychiat. Res. 11 (1984), 49–59.
85. Paller, K.A., McCarthy, G., Wood, C.C., ERPs predictive of subsequent recall and recognition performance. Biol. Psychol. 26 (1988), 269–276.
86. Perras, B., Droste, C., Born, J., Fehm, H.L., Pietrowsky, R., Verbal memory after three moth of intranasal vasopressin in healthy old humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22 (1997), 387–396.
87. B. Perras, H. Pannenborg L. Marshall R. Pietrowsky J. Born H.L. Fehm 1998 Beneficial treatment of age related sleep disturbances by subchronic intranasal vasopressin. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. in press.
88. Phillips, P.A., Abrahmams, J.M., Kelly, J., Mooser, V., Trinder, D., Johnston, C.I., Localization of vasopressin binding sites in rat tissues using specific V1 and V2 selective ligands. Endocrinology 126 (1990), 1478–1484.
89. Pietrowsky, R., Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Born, J., Fehm, H.L., Effects of DGAVP on verbal memory. Peptides 9 (1988), 1361–1366.
90. Pietrowsky, R., Born, J., Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Fehm, H.L., The influence of DGAVP on event-related potentials in a stimulus-mismatch paradigm. Biol. Psychol. 28 (1989), 239–250.
91. Pietrowsky, R., Braun, D., Fehm, H.L., Pauschinger, P., Born, J., Vasopressin and oxytocin do not influence early sensory processing but affect mood and activation in man. Peptides 12 (1991), 1385–1391.
92. Pietrowsky, R., Krug, R., Fehm, H.L., Born, J., Der Einfluβ von “Streβhormonen” auf die emotionale Befindlichkeit. Z. Exp. Angewandte Psychol. 38 (1992), 278–298.
93. Pietrowsky, R., Strüben, C., Mölle, M., Fehm, H.L., Born, J., Brain potential changes after intranasal vs. intravenous administration of vasopressin: Evidence for a direct nose-brain pathway for peptide effects in humans. Biol. Psychiat. 39 (1996), 332–340.
94. Pietrowsky, R., Rudolf, S., Mölle, M., Fehm, H.L., Born, J., Cholecystokinin-induced effects on selective attention depend on activation level. Neuropsychobiology 36 (1997), 87–95.
95. R. Pietrowsky W. Plihal H.L. Fehm J. Born 1998 Effects of vasopressin on sleep-associated memory. Submitted.
96. W. Plihal R. Pietrowsky J. Born 1998 Glucocorticoids and sleep related memory formation. Submitted.
97. Posmurova, M., Alda, M., Plavka, R., Filip, V., Karen, P., Single-dose effects of two vasopressin derivatives in healthy volunteers: A psychometric study. Endröczi, E., Angelucci, L., Scapagnini, U., DeWied, D., (eds.) Neuropeptides and Psychosomatic Processes., 1983, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
98. Redding, E.K., Modification of sensory cortical evoked potentials by hippocampal stimulation. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 22 (1967), 74–83.
99. Riekkinen, P., Legros, J., Sennef, C., Jolkkonen, J., Smitz, S., Soininen, H., Penetration of DGAVP across the blood-brain barrier in human subjects. Peptides 8 (1987), 261–265.
100. Sahgal, A., A critique of the vasopressin-memory hypothesis. Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), 215–228.
101. Sahgal, A., Contrasting effects of vasopressin, desglycinamide-vasopressin and amphetamine on a delayed matching to position task in rats. Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), 243–249.
102. Sahgal, A., Wright, C., Ferrier, I.N., DDAVP, unlike ethanol, has no effect on a boring visual vigilance task in humans. Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), 58–63.
103. Sakane, T., Akizuki, M., Yoshida, M., Yamashita, S., Nadai, T., Hashida, M., Sezaki, H., Transport of cephalexin to the cerebrospinal fluid directly from the nasal cavity. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 43 (1991), 449–451.
104. Sams, M., Kaukoranta, E., Hämäläinen, M., Näätänen, R., Cortical activity elicited by changes in auditory stimuli: Different sources for magnetic N100 and mismatch responses. Psychophysiology 28 (1991), 21–29.
105. Sapolsky, R.M., Krey, L.C., McEwen, B.S., Rainbow, T.C., Do vasopressin-related peptides induce hippocampal corticosterone receptors? Implication for aging. J. Neurosci. 4 (1984), 1479–1485.
106. Snel, J., Taylor, J., Wegman, M., Does DGAVP influence memory, attention and mood in young healthy men?. Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), 224–228.
107. Sorensen, P., Vilhardt, H., Gjerris, F., Warberg, J., Impermeability of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier to DDAVP in patients with acquired, communicating hydrocephalus. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 14 (1984), 435–439.
108. Squire, L.R., Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychol. Rev. 99 (1992), 195–231.
109. Stegner, H., Artman, H.G., Leake, R., Fisher, D.A., Does DDAVP cross the blood-CSF barrier?. Neuroendocrinology 37 (1983), 262–265.
110. Sternberg, S., Memory-scanning: Mental processes revealed by reation-time experiments. Am. Sci. 57 (1969), 421–457.
111. Stroop, R.J., Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J. Exp. Psychol. 18 (1935), 643–661.
112. Strupp, B.J., Levitsky, D.A., A mnemonic role for vasopressin: The evidence for and against. Neurosci. Biohav. Rev. 9 (1985), 399–441.
113. Swaab, D.F., Ageing of the human hypothalamus. Harm. Res. 43 (1995), 8–11.
114. Tecce, J.J., Contingent negative variation (CNV) and psychological processes in man. Psychol. Bull. 77 (1972), 73–108.
115. Till, R.E., Beckwith, B.E., Sentence memory affected by vasopressin analog (DDAVP) in cross-over experiment. Peptides 6 (1985), 397–402.
116. Timsit-Berthier, M., Mantanus, H., Devos, J.E., Spiegel, R., Action of lysine-vasopressin on human electro-encephalographic activity. Neuropsychobiology 8 (1982), 248–258.
117. Tulving, E., Markowitsch, H.J., Kapur, S., Habib, R., Houle, S., Novelty encoding networks in the human brain: Positron emission tomography data. NeuroReport 5 (1994), 2525–2528.
118. Urban, I., DeWied, D., Neuropeptides: Effects on paradoxical sleep and theta rhythm in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 8 (1978), 51–59.
119. Veldhuis, D., De Kloet, E.R., Vasopressin-related peptides increase the hippocampal corticosterone receptor capacity of diabetes insipidus rats. Endocrinology 110 (1982), 153–157.
120. Verleger, R., On the utility of P3 latency as an index of mental chronometry. Psychophysiology 34 (1997), 131–156.
121. Vinogradova, O.S., The hippocampus and the orienting reflex. Sokolov, E.N., Vinogradova, O.S., (eds.) Neuronal Mechanisms of the Orienting Reflex, 1975, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 128–154.
122. Walker, E.L., Tarte, R.D., Memory storage as a function of arousal and time with homogenous and heterogenous lists. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav. 2 (1963), 113–119.
123. Walker, E.L., Action decrement and its relation to learning. Psychol. Rev. 65 (1958), 129–142.
124. Weingartner, H., Gold, P., Ballenger, J.C., Smallberg, S.A., Summers, R., Rubinow, D.R., Post, R.M., Goodwin, F.K., Effects of vasopressin on human memory functions. Science 211 (1981), 601–603.
125. Weingartner, H., Kaye, W., Gold, P., Smallberg, S., Peterson, R., Gillin, J.C., Ebert, M., Vasopressin treatment of cognitive dysfunction in progressive dementia. Life Sci. 29 (1981), 2721–2726.
126. Zlokovic, B.V., Segal, M.B., Davson, H., Lipovac, M.N., Hyman, S., McComb, J.G., Circulating neuroactive peptides and the blood brain cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Endocrinology Exp. 24 (1990), 9–17.