Population, public health and the environment in China

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 156, 1998, Pages 986-1015

  Banister, Judith ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; POLLUTION; POPULATION GROWTH; POPULATION PRESSURE; POPULATION SIZE; PUBLIC HEALTH;

CHINA;

EID: 0032465221     PISSN: 00094439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0305741000051420     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. John D. Durand, "The population statistics of China, A.D. 2-1953," Population Studies, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1960), pp. 209-256.
2. John D. Durand, Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Population Studies Center, 1974), mimeo.
3. For details see Mark Elvin, "Three thousand years of unsustainable growth: China's environment from archaic times to the present," East Asian History, Vol. 6 (1993); Richard L. Edmonds, Patterns of China's Lost Harmony, A Survey of the Country's Environmental Degradation and Protection (London: Routledge, 1994); and Wen-Yuan Niu and William M. Harris, "China: The forecast of its environmental situation in the 21st century," Journal of Environmental Management, No. 47 (1996), pp. 101-114.
4. For details see Mark Elvin, "Three thousand years of unsustainable growth: China's environment from archaic times to the present," East Asian History, Vol. 6 (1993); Richard L. Edmonds, Patterns of China's Lost Harmony, A Survey of the Country's Environmental Degradation and Protection (London: Routledge, 1994); and Wen-Yuan Niu and William M. Harris, "China: The forecast of its environmental situation in the 21st century," Journal of Environmental Management, No. 47 (1996), pp. 101-114.
5. For details see Mark Elvin, "Three thousand years of unsustainable growth: China's environment from archaic times to the present," East Asian History, Vol. 6 (1993); Richard L. Edmonds, Patterns of China's Lost Harmony, A Survey of the Country's Environmental Degradation and Protection (London: Routledge, 1994); and Wen-Yuan Niu and William M. Harris, "China: The forecast of its environmental situation in the 21st century," Journal of Environmental Management, No. 47 (1996), pp. 101-114.
6. In this paper, the analysis is based entirely on data from the mainland of China excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan. Therefore, the terms "China" and "PRC," for reasons of convenience, do not include Taiwan or Hong Kong in this report. No political statement is implied.
7. Details of China's health and mortality transition from early in this century to the late 1980s are found in Judith Banister, China's Changing Population (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987), pp. 50-120.
8. Ibid. pp. 85, 118; Basil Ashton et al. "Famine in China, 1958-61," Population and Development Review, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1984), p. 614; Ansley J. Coale, Rapid Population Change in China, 1952-1982 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1984), pp. 69-70;
9. Ibid. pp. 85, 118; Basil Ashton et al. "Famine in China, 1958-61," Population and Development Review, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1984), p. 614; Ansley J. Coale, Rapid Population Change in China, 1952-1982 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1984), pp. 69-70;
10. Ibid. pp. 85, 118; Basil Ashton et al. "Famine in China, 1958-61," Population and Development Review, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1984), p. 614; Ansley J. Coale, Rapid Population Change in China, 1952-1982 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1984), pp. 69-70;
11. For examples, see Vaclav Smil, The Bad Earth, Environmental Degradation in China (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1984).
12. Dean T. Jamison et al. China, The Health Sector (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1984), pp. xvi-xvii; Amartya Sen, "Food and freedom," World Development, Vol. 17, No. 6 (1989), pp. 776-79.
13. Dean T. Jamison et al. China, The Health Sector (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1984), pp. xvi-xvii; Amartya Sen, "Food and freedom," World Development, Vol. 17, No. 6 (1989), pp. 776-79.
14. Vaclav Smil, Environmental Problems in China: Estimates of Economic Costs (Honolulu: East-West Center, 1996), East-West Center Special Reports No. 5.
15. These three studies are reported in Todd M. Johnson, Feng Liu and Richard Newfarmer, Clear Water, Blue Skies: China's Environment in the New Century (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1997), p. 18.
16. World Health Organization and United Nations Environment Programme, Urban Air Pollution in Megacities of the World (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), p. 210.
17. Chan Yee Hon, "Air poisoning victims out of danger," South China Morning Post, 4 April 1998, p. 8.
18. Xiao-ming Shen et al. "Childhood lead poisoning in China," The Science of the Total Environment, No. 181 (1996), pp. 101-109.
19. Johnson, Feng Liu and Newfarmer, Clear Water, Blue Skies, p. 9.
20. Details in this paragraph are from Kirk R. Smith, Biofuels, Air Pollution, and Health, A Global Review (New York: Plenum, 1987).
21. Vaclav Smil, China's Environmental Crisis: An Inquiry into the Limits of National Development (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 102.
22. Edmonds, Patterns of China's Lost Harmony, p. 151; Johnson, Feng Liu and Newfarmer, Clear Water, Blue Skies, p. 10.
23. Edmonds, Patterns of China's Lost Harmony, p. 151; Johnson, Feng Liu and Newfarmer, Clear Water, Blue Skies, p. 10.
24. Johnson, Feng Liu, and Newfarmer, ibid. p. 10.
25. The Editorial Board, China Environment Yearbook 1996 (Beijing: China Environment Yearbook Inc., 1996), p. 30.
26. Chen Minzhang (ed.), Yearbook of Health in the People's Republic of China, 1997 (Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 1997), pp. 309-311, 314.
27. Chen Junshi et al. Diet, Lifestyle, and Mortality in China, A Study of the Characteristics of 65 Chinese Counties (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 76.
28. "Public health survey findings reported," JPRS Epidemiology, No. JPRS-TEP-95-002, 17 January 1995 (Beijing: Xinhua, in English).
29. The definition of respiratory disease appears to be comparable in the 1973-1975 and (1995 data shown in Table 1. MOPH has another reporting system for recent years which is not comparable to the 1970s data because pulmonary heart disease has been shifted to the respiratory disease category since the late 1980s. This paper uses recent cause-of-death data in ICD-9 categories.
30. J. Richard Bumgarner et al. China, Long-Term Issues and Options in the Health Transition (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1992), pp. 13, 16-24.
31. Edmonds, Patterns of China's Lost Harmony, pp. 133-145.
32. The Editorial Board, Zhongguo huanjing nianjian 1997 (China Environment Yearbook 1997) (Beijing: Zhongguo huanjing nianjian chubanshe, 1997), p. 467.
33. Edmonds, Patterns of China's Lost Harmony, pp. 133-145.
34. Johnson, Feng Liu and Newfarmer, Clear Water, Blue Skies, pp. 6, 11-15.
35. China Environment Yearbook 1996, p. 24.
36. Public Health Ministry, Public Health in the People's Republic of China (1986) (Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 1986), p. 84.
37. Ibid. p. 218.
38. Johnson, Feng Liu and Newfarmer, Clear Water, Blue Skies, p. 142.
39. Chen Minzhang (ed.), Yearbook of Health in the PRC, 1997, p. 67.
40. Weishengbu jibing kongzhi si, Zhongguo yufang yixue kexue yuan (Ministry of Public Health, Department of Disease Control, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine), 1995 nian Zhongguo jibing jiance nianbao (1995 Annual Report on China Disease Surveillance) (Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1997), pp. 57-61. The reported incidence of 24 infectious diseases at the 145 disease surveillance points of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, MOPH, is twice as high as in the MOPH National Reporting System on Infectious Diseases. Ibid. p. 28.
41. Weishengbu jibing kongzhi si, Zhongguo yufang yixue kexue yuan (Ministry of Public Health, Department of Disease Control, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine), 1995 nian Zhongguo jibing jiance nianbao (1995 Annual Report on China Disease Surveillance) (Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1997), pp. 57-61. The reported incidence of 24 infectious diseases at the 145 disease surveillance points of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, MOPH, is twice as high as in the MOPH National Reporting System on Infectious Diseases. Ibid. p. 28.
42. Ibid. p. 62.
43. Ibid. p. 314.
44. "Public health survey findings reported," JPRS Epidemiology. 38. Public Health Ministry, Public Health in the PRC (1986), pp. 93-95.
45. James S. Lawson and Vivian Lin, "Health status differentials in the People's Republic of China," American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 84, No. 5 (1994), p. 738.
46. Chen Minzhang (ed.), Yearbook of Health in the PRC, 1997, pp. 319-320.
47. David Bradley, "Health, environment, and tropical development," in Bryan Cartledge (ed.), Health and the Environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 131-33.
48. Wang Wenli, "Pure water supplied to more rural residents," China Daily, 6 December 1991, p. 1.
49. Chen Minzhang (ed.), Yearbook of Health in the PRC, 1997, p. 323.
50. Xu Youyun (ed.) Huanjing weisheng gongzuo shouce (xiu ding ban) (Handbook of Environmental Health Work, revised edition) (Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1992), pp. 395-99.
51. Chen Minzhang (ed.), Yearbook of Health in the PRC, 1997, pp. 322-23.
52. For details see Judith Banister, "Perspectives on China's mortality trends," International Population Conference, Beijing 1997, Vol. 3 (Liege, Belgium: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, 1997), pp. 1335-1351.
53. Chen Minzhang (ed.), Yearbook of Health in the PRC, 1997, p. 114.
54. Chinese Medical News Archive, Issue 3 (17 December 1995), internet.
55. "Public health survey findings reported," JPRS Epidemiology. 50. Barry M. Popkin et al. "The nutrition transition in China: a cross-sectional analysis," European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 47 (1993), pp. 342-43.
56. "Public health survey findings reported," JPRS Epidemiology. 50. Barry M. Popkin et al. "The nutrition transition in China: a cross-sectional analysis," European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 47 (1993), pp. 342-43.
57. Winnie C. Yip and William C. Hsiao, "Intended and unintended consequences of market reform for health care," presented at the conference on "Unintended Social Consequences of Chinese Economic Reform," Harvard May 1997, p. 17.
58. Editorial, Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis, Vol. 6, No. 4 (11 July 1958), p. 273, cited in Banister, China's Changing Population, p. 56.
59. Editorial, Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis, Vol. 6, No. 4 (11 July 1958), p. 273, cited in Banister, China's Changing Population, p. 56.
60. Ibid. p. 63.
61. Bumgarner et al. China, Long-Term Issues and Options, p. xii.
62. http://www.who.org/programmes/gtb/tbrep_95/china.htm
63. Chen Minzhang (ed.), Yearbook of Health in the PRC, 1997, pp. 79-80.
64. Weishengbu jibing kongzhi si, Zhongguo yufang yixue kexue yuan, 1995 Annual Report on China Disease Surveillance, p. 65.
65. Chen Minzhang (ed.), Yearbook of Health in the PRC, 1997, pp. 79-80.
66. China State Council, China's Agenda 21: White Paper on China's Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st Century (Beijing: China Environment Science Press, 1994), pp. 65-80.
67. "PRC: Ninth Five-Year Plan, Long-term Target," Foreign Broadcast Information Service, No. FBIS-CHI-96-070 (18 March 1996), p. 49.
68. Lawson and Lin, "Health status differentials in the PRC," pp. 737-741.
69. Bumgarner et al. Long-term Issues and Options.
70. Popkin et al. "Nutrition transition," pp. 343-45; T. Colin Campbell et al. "Associations of diet and disease: a comprehensive study of health characteristics in China," presented at the conference on "Unintended Social Consequences of Chinese Economic Reform," Harvard, May 1997.
71. Popkin et al. "Nutrition transition," pp. 343-45; T. Colin Campbell et al. "Associations of diet and disease: a comprehensive study of health characteristics in China," presented at the conference on "Unintended Social Consequences of Chinese Economic Reform," Harvard, May 1997.
72. Smil, China's Environmental Crisis, p. 81.
73. Bumgamer et al. Long-term Issues and Options, pp. 32-36.
74. China State Council, China's Agenda 21, p. 79.
75. Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Chinese Association of Smoking and Health, Department of Disease Control in the Ministry of Health and Office of the Committee of the National Patriotic Health Campaign, 1996 National Prevalence Survey of Smoking Pattern (Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 1997).
76. Weishengbu jibing kongzhi si, Zhongguo yufang yixue kexue yuan, 1995 Annual Report on China Disease Surveillance, p. 29.
77. Li Baiyong, "Objectives of labor work in the new century," Renmin luntan (People's Forum), 8 January 1996, No. 1, pp. 13-14,
78. in Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Report, No. FBIS-CHI-96-060, 8 January 1996.
79. For example, Mark Hertsgaard, "Our real China problem," Atlantic Monthly Vol. 280, No. 5 (1997), pp. 105-106.
80. Zeng Yi et al. "A demographic decomposition of the recent increase in crude birth rates in China," Population and Development Review, Vol. 17, No. 3 (1991), pp. 435-458; Nancy Riley and Robert W. Gardner, China's Population, A Review of the Literature (Liege: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, 1997), pp. 15-36.
81. Zeng Yi et al. "A demographic decomposition of the recent increase in crude birth rates in China," Population and Development Review, Vol. 17, No. 3 (1991), pp. 435-458; Nancy Riley and Robert W. Gardner, China's Population, A Review of the Literature (Liege: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, 1997), pp. 15-36.
82. John S. Aird, Slaughter of the Innocents: Coercive Birth Control in China (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1990); Susan Greenhalgh, Zhu Chuzhu and Li Nan, "Restraining population growth in three Chinese villages, 1988-93," Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (1994), pp. 365-395; Riley and Gardner, China's Population, pp. 31-54; and John S. Aird, "Human rights and family planning in China," in Commonwealth of Australia, Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Australia's Relations with the People's Republic of China (Canberra: Government of Australia, September 1995).
83. John S. Aird, Slaughter of the Innocents: Coercive Birth Control in China (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1990); Susan Greenhalgh, Zhu Chuzhu and Li Nan, "Restraining population growth in three Chinese villages, 1988-93," Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (1994), pp. 365-395; Riley and Gardner, China's Population, pp. 31-54; and John S. Aird, "Human rights and family planning in China," in Commonwealth of Australia, Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Australia's Relations with the People's Republic of China (Canberra: Government of Australia, September 1995).
84. John S. Aird, Slaughter of the Innocents: Coercive Birth Control in China (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1990); Susan Greenhalgh, Zhu Chuzhu and Li Nan, "Restraining population growth in three Chinese villages, 1988-93," Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (1994), pp. 365-395; Riley and Gardner, China's Population, pp. 31-54; and John S. Aird, "Human rights and family planning in China," in Commonwealth of Australia, Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Australia's Relations with the People's Republic of China (Canberra: Government of Australia, September 1995).
85. John S. Aird, Slaughter of the Innocents: Coercive Birth Control in China (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1990); Susan Greenhalgh, Zhu Chuzhu and Li Nan, "Restraining population growth in three Chinese villages, 1988-93," Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (1994), pp. 365-395; Riley and Gardner, China's Population, pp. 31-54; and John S. Aird, "Human rights and family planning in China," in Commonwealth of Australia, Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Australia's Relations with the People's Republic of China (Canberra: Government of Australia, September 1995).
86. Griffith Feeney and Yuan Jianhua, "Below replacement fertility in China? A close look at recent evidence," Population Studies, Vol. 48 (1994), pp. 381-394.
87. U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Programmes Center, World Population 1998, forthcoming. Replacement level fertility would be about 2.1 births per woman on average.
88. China State Council, China's Agenda 21, p. 51.
89. "PRC, Ninth Five-Year Plan," p. 6.
90. Ibid. pp. 12-13, 19.
91. China State Council, China's Agenda 21, pp. 180-191.
92. Ibid. p. 62.
93. For details see Qu Geping and Li Jinchang, Population and the Environment in China (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994).
94. Smil, China's Environmental Crisis, pp. 55-58.
95. Tim Hanstad and Li Ping, Land Reform in China: Auctioning Rights to Wasteland (Seattle: Rural Development Institute, 1995), RDI Reports on Foreign Aid and Development No. 88.
96. The "dependency ratio" is defined as the number of persons aged between 0 and 14 plus the number aged 65 and older, per 100 persons in the age range 15-64.
97. Jiang Zhixue and Huang Xianfeng, "The restraints of population on the implementing of sustainable development strategies of the township and village enterprise in China," presented at the 23rd General Population Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, Beijing, October 1997.
98. Daniel Kwan, "'Rudimentary' relief plan for laid-off staff," South China Morning Post, 24 April 1998, p. 9.
99. Hertsgaard, "Our real China problem," pp. 97-114.