Riparian ecosystems of semi-arid North America: Diversity and human impacts

Wetlands

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 498-512

  Patten, Duncan T ^a,b  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Floods; Gradients; Human alteration; Riparian; Semi arid; Western North America

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FLOOD; PLANT COMMUNITY; RIPARIAN ZONE; SEMIARID REGION;

NORTH AMERICA;

ANIMALIA; ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA; POPULUS; PROSOPIS; RIPARIA; SALIX;

EID: 0032456124     PISSN: 02775212     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF03161668     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Anderson, B.W., R.D. Ohmart, and J. Rice. 1983. Avian and vegetation community structure and their seasonal relationships in the lower Colorado River Valley. Condor 85:392-405.
2. Armour, C.L., D.A. Doff, and W. Elmore. 1991. Effects of livestock grazing on riparian and stream ecosystems. Fisheries (Bethesda, MD) 16:7-11.
3. Auble, G.T., J.M. Friedman, and M.L. Scott. 1994. Relating riparian vegetation to present and future streamflow. Ecological Applications 4:544-554.
4. Auble, G.T. and M.L. Scott. 1998. Fluvial disturbance patches and cottonwood recruitment along the upper Missouri River, Montana. Wetlands 18:546-556.
5. Boggs, K. and T. Weaver. 1994. Changes in vegetation and nutrient pools during riparian succession. Wetlands 14:98-109.
6. Braatne, J.H., S.B. Rood, and P.E. Heilman. 1996. Life history, ecology and conservation of riparian cottonwoods in North America, p. 57-86. In R.F. Stettler, H.D Bradshaw, Jr., P.E. Heilman, and T.M. Hinckley (eds.) Biology of Populus and Its Implications for Management and Conservation. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
7. Bradley, C.E. and D.G. Smith. 1986. Plains cottonwood recruitment and survival on a prairie meandering river floodplain, Milk River, southern Alberta and northen Montana. Canadian Journal of Botany 64:1433-1442.
8. Briggs, M.K. and S. Cornelius. 1998. Opportunities for ecological improvement along the lower Colorado River and delta. Wetlands 18:513-529.
9. Brinson, M.M., B.L. Swift, R.C. Plantico, and J.S. Barclay. 1981. Riparian ecosystems: their ecology and status. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Services Program, Washington, DC, USA. FWS/OBS-81/17.
10. Brock, J.H. 1984. Tamarix spp. (salt cedar), an invasive exotic woody plant in arid and semi-arid riparian habitats of western USA. p. 27-44. In L. de Wall, L. Child, P. Wade, and J. Brock (eds.) Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA.
11. Busch, D.E. and S.D. Smith. 1995. Mechanisms associated with decline of woody species in riparian ecosystems of the southwestern United States. Ecological Monographs 65:347-370.
12. Campbell, C.J. and W. Green. 1968. Perpetual succession of streamchannel vegetation in a semi-arid region. Journal Arizona Academy of Sciences 5:86-98.
13. Collier, M., R.H. Webb, and J.C. Schmidt. 1996. Dams and rivers: a primer on the downstream effects of dams. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1126.
14. Cooper, J.R., J.W. Gilliam, R.B. Daniel, and W.P. Robard. 1987. Riparian areas as filters for agricultural sediment. Journal of the Soil Science Society of America 51:416-420.
15. Dawson, T.E. and J.R. Ehleringer. 1991. Streamside trees that do not use stream water. Nature 350:335-337.
16. Dominick, D.S. and M.P. O'Neill. 1998. Effects of flow augmentation on stream channel morphology and riparian vegetation: upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado. Wetlands 18:591-607.
17. Dynesius, M. and C. Nilsson. 1994. Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world. Science 266:753-762.
18. Elmore, W. 1992. Riparian responses to grazing practices. p. 442-457. In R.B. Naiman (ed.) Watershed Management: Balancing Sustainability and Environmental Change. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA.
19. Everitt, B.L. 1998. Chronology of the spread of tamarisk in the central Rio Grande. Wetlands 18:658-668.
20. Feller, J.M. 1998. Recent developments in the law affecting livestock grazing on western riparian areas. Wetlands 18:646-657.
21. Fenneman, N.M. 1931. Physiography of Western United States. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA.
22. Fenner, P., W.W. Brady, and D.R. Patton. 1985. Effects of regulated water flows on regeneration of Fremont cottonwood. Journal of Range Management 38:135-138.
23. Flanagan, L.B., J.R. Ehleringer, and T.E. Dawson. 1992. Water sources of plants growing in woodland, desert, and riparian communities: evidence from stable isotope analysis. United States Forest Service General Technical Report INT-289:43-47.
24. Freeman, C.E. and W.A. Dick-Peddie. 1970. Woody riparian vegetation in the Black and Sacramento Mountain ranges of southern New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 15:145-164.
25. Friedman, J.M., W.R. Osterkamp, and W.M. Lewis, Jr. 1996. Channel narrowing and vegetation development following a Great Plains flood. Ecology 77:2167-2181.
26. Friedman, J.M., W.R. Osterkamp, M.L. Scott, and G.T. Auble. 1998. Downstream effects of dams on channel geometry and bottomland vegetation: regional patterns in the Great Plains. Wetlands 18: 619-633.
27. Friedman, J.M., M.L. Scott, and G.T. Auble. 1997. Water management and cottonwood forest dynamics along prairie streams. p. 49-71. In F. Knopf and F. Samson (eds.) Ecology and Conservation of Great Plains Vertebrates. Ecological Studies 125. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA.
28. Friedman, J.M., M.L. Scott, and W.L. Lewis, Jr. 1995. Restoration of riparian forest using irrigation, artificial disturbance, and natural seedfall. Environmental Management 19:547-557.
29. Gladwin, D.N. and J.E. Roelle. 1998. Survival of plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera) and salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima) seedlings in response to flooding. Wetlands 18:669-674.
30. Graf, J.B., R.H. Webb, and R. Hereford. 1991. Relation of sediment load and floodplain formation to climatic variability, Paria River drainage basin, Utah and Arizona. Geological Society of America Bulletin 103:1405-1415.
31. Graf, W.L. 1988. Fluvial Processes in Dryland Rivers. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA.
32. Grant, G.E. 1986. Downstream effects of timber harvest activities on the channel and valley floor morphology of western Cascade streams. Ph.D. Dissertation. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
33. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KS, USA.
34. Gregory, S.V., F.J. Swanson, W.A. McKee, and K.W. Cummins. 1991. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. Bioscience 41: 540-551.
35. Griggs, R.E 1938. Timberlines in the northern Rocky Mountains. Ecology 19:548-564.
36. Harris, R.R., C.A. Fox, and R.J. Risser. 1987. Impacts of hydroelectric development on riparian vegetation in the Sierra Nevada region, California. Environmental Management 11:519-527.
37. Hill, A.R. 1996. Nitrate removal in stream riparian zones. Journal Environmental Quality 25:743-755.
38. Hill, M.T., W.S. Platts, and R.L. Beschta. 1991. Ecological and geomorphological concepts for instream and out-of-channel flow requirements. Rivers 2:198-210.
39. Hirsch, R.M., J.F. Walker, J.C. Day, and R. Kallio. 1990. The influence of man on hydrologic systems. p. 329-359. In M.G. Wolman and H.C. Riggs (eds.) The Geology of North America, Volume 0-1. Surface Water Hydrology. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, USA.
40. Hunter, W.C., B.S. Anderson, and R.D. Ohmart. 1987. Avian communtiy structure changes in a mature floodplain forest after extensive flooding. Journal Wildlife Management 51:495-502.
41. Hupp, C.R. and W.R. Osterkamp. 1996. Riparian vegetation and fluvial geomorphic processes. Geomorphology 14:277-295.
42. Irvine, J.R. and N.E. West. 1979. Riparian tree species distribution and succession along the lower Escalante River, Utah. Southwest Naturalist 24:331-346.
43. Johnson, R.R. 1991. Historic changes in vegetation along the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon. p. 178-206. In National Research Council, Colorado River Ecology and Management. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
44. Johnson, R.R. and S.W. Carothers. 1982. Riparian habitats and recreation: interrelationships in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain region. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA. Eisenhower Consortium Bulletin 12:1-31.
45. Johnson, W.C. 1992. Dams and riparian forests: case study from the upper Missouri River. Rivers 3:229-242.
46. Johnson, W.C. 1994. Woodland expansion in the Platt River, Nebraska: patterns and causes. Ecological Monographs 64:45-84.
47. Johnson, W.C. 1998. Adjustment of riparian vegetation to river regulation in the Great Plains, USA. Wetlands 18:608-618.
48. Johnson, W.C. R.L. Burgess, and W.R. Keammerer. 1976. Forest overstory vegetation and environment on the Missouri River floodplain in North Dakota. Ecological Monographs 64:45-84.
49. Kauffman, J.B. 1988. The status of riparian habitats in Pacific Northwest forests. p. 45-55. In K.J. Raedeke (ed.) Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry Interactions. Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Contribution 59.
50. Kondolf, G.M., R. Kattelmann, M. Embury, and D.C. Erman. 1996. Status of riparian habitat. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress. Center for Water Wildlands Research, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
51. Kondolf, G.M. and E.A. Keller. 1991. Management of urbanizing watersheds. p. 27-40. In J. DeVries and S. Conard (eds.) California Watersheds at the Urban Interface. California Water Research Center Report 75.
52. Leopold, L.B., M.G. Wolman, and J.P. Miller. 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA. USA.
53. Ligon, F.K., W.E. Dietrich, and W.J. Trush. 1995. Downstream ecological effects of dams, a geomorphic perspective. Bioscience 45: 183-192.
54. Longstreth, D.J. and D.T. Patten. 1975. Conversion of chaparral to grass in central Arizona: effects on selected ions in watershed runoff. American Midland Naturalist 93:25-34.
55. Lowrence, R., J. Fail, Jr., O. Hendrickson, R. Leonard, Jr., and L. Rasmussen. 1984. Riparian forests as nutrient filters in agricultural watersheds. Bioscience 34:374-377.
56. Mahoney, J.M. and S.B. Rood. 1998. Streamflow requirements for cottonwood seedling recruitment - an integrative model. Wetlands 18:634-645.
57. Medina, A.L. 1990. Possible effects of residential development on streamflow, riparian plant communities and fisheries in small mountain streams in central Arizona. Forest Ecological Management 33/34:351-361.
58. Merigliano, M.F. 1998. Cottonwood and willow demography on a young island, Salmon River, Idaho. Wetlands 18:571-576.
59. Naiman, R.J. and H. Decamps. 1997. The ecology of interfaces: riparian zones. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28: 621-658.
60. Naiman, R.J., H. Decamps, M. Pollock. 1993. The role of riparian corridors in maintaining regional biodiversity. Ecological Applications 3:209-212.
61. Nelson, R.L., M.L. McHenry, and W.S. Platts. 1991. Mining. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:425-457.
62. Ohmart, R.D., B.W. Anderson, and W.C. Hunter. 1988. The ecology of the lower Colorado River from Davis Dam to the Mexico-United States boundry: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Biological Report 85:1-296.
63. Osterkamp, W.R. 1998. Processes of fluvial island formation, with examples from Plum Creek, Colorado and Snake River, Idaho. Wetlands 18:530-545.
64. Patten, D.T. 1968. Dynamics of the shrub continuum along the Gallatin River in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 49:1107-1112.
65. Patten, D.T. 1989. Effects of phased highway improvements, browsing and moisture stress on the riparian ecosystem along the Upper Gallatin River, Montana, p. 185. In R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton, and J.L. Kersher (eds.) Proceedings of a Workshop on Riparian Resource Management, 8-11 May 1989, Billings, MT. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Billings, MT, USA.
66. Patten, D.T. 1993. Herbivore optimization and overcompensation, does response of western rangelands to native herbivory support these theories? Ecological Applications 3:35-36.
67. Peet, R.K. 1988. Forests of the Rocky Mountains. p. 61-101. In M.G. Barbour and D.W. Billings (eds.) North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.
68. Poff, N.L., J.D. Allan, M.B. Bain, J.R. Karr, K.L. Prestgaard, B.D. Richter, R.E. Sparks, and J.C. Stromberg. 1997. The natural flow regime: a paradigm for river conservation and restoration. Bioscience 47:769-784.
69. Rood, S.B., C. Hillman, T. Sanche, and J.M. Mahoney. 1994. Clonal reproduction of riparian cottonwoods in southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany 72:1766-1770.
70. Rood, S.B., A.R. Kalishchuk, and J.M. Mahoney. 1998. Initial cottonwood seedling recruitment following the flood of the century of the Oldman River, Alberta, Canada. Wetlands 18:557-570.
71. Rood, S.B. and J.M. Mahoney. 1990. Collapse of riparian poplar forests downstream from dams in western prairies: probably causes and prospects for mitigation. Environmental Management 14: 451-464.
72. Rood, S.B. and J.M. Mahoney. 1995. River damming and riparian cottonwoods along the Marias River, Montana. Rivers 5:195-207.
73. Sabine, B.J. (ed.). 1994. National list of plant species that occur in wetlands - Regions 4, 5, and 8. Resource Management Group, Inc., Grand Haven, MI, USA.
74. Sala, A. and S.D. Smith. 1996. Water use by Tamarix ramosissima and associated phreatophytes in a Mojave Desert floodplain. Ecological Applications 6:888-898.
75. Scott, M.L., G.T. Auble, and J.M. Friedman. 1997. Flood dependency of cottonwood establishment along the Missouri River, Montana. Ecological Applications 7:677-690.
76. Scott, M.L., J.M. Friedman, and G.T. Auble. 1996. Fluvial process and the establishment of bottomland trees. Geomorphology 14: 327-339.
77. Scott, M.L., P.B. Shafroth, and G.T. Auble. 1999. Responses of riparian cottonwoods to alluvial water declines. Environmental Management 23: (in press).
78. Scott, M.L., M.A. Wondzell, and G.T. Auble. 1993. Hydrograph characteristics relevant to the establishment and growth of western riparian vegetation. p. 237-246. In H.J. Morel-Seytoux (ed.) Proceedings of the thirteenth annual American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days. Hydrology Days Publications, Atherton, CA, USA.
79. Shafroth, P.B., G.T. Auble, and M.L. Scott. 1995. Germination and establishment of the native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall subsp. monilifera) and the exotic Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.). Conservation Biology 9:1169-1175.
80. Shafroth, P.B., G.T. Auble, J.C. Stromberg, and D.T. Patten. 1998. Establishment of woody riparian vegetation in relation to annual patterns of streamflow, Bill Williams River, Arizona. Wetlands 18: 577-590.
81. Sidle, R.C., A.J. Pierce, and C.L. O'Loughlin. 1985. Hillslope stability and land use. Water Resources Monograph 11. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, USA.
82. Smith, D. 1980. River ice processes: thresholds and geomorphic effects in northern and mountain rivers, p. 323-343. In D.R. Coats and J.D. Vitek (eds.) Thresholds in Geomorphology. Allen and Unwin, Boston, MA, USA.
83. Smith, S.D., D.A. Devitt, A.Sala, J.R. Cleverly, and D.E. Busch. 1998. Water relations of riparian plants from warm desert regions. Wetlands 18:687-696.
84. Stromberg, J.C. 1993. Instream flow models for mixed deciduous riparian vegeetation within a semiarid region. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 8:225-235.
85. Stromberg, J.C. 1998. Functional equivalency of salt cedar (Tamarix chinensis) and Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) along a free-flowing river. Wetlands 18:675-686.
86. Stromberg, J.C. and M.K. Chew. 1997. Herbaceous exotics in Arizona's riparian ecosystems. Desert Plants 13:11-17.
87. Stromberg, J.C., J. Fry, and D.T. Patten. 1997. Marsh development after large floods in an alluvial, arid-land river. Wetlands 17:292-300.
88. Stromberg, J.C. and D.T. Patten. 1989. Early recovery of an eastern Sierran riparian system following forty years of stream diversion. p. 399-404. In Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference, U.S. Forest Service, Berkeley, CA, USA. General Technical Report PSW-110.
89. Stromberg, J.C. and D.T. Patten. 1996. Instream flow and cottonwood growth in the eastern Sierra Nevada of California, USA. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12:1-12.
90. Stromberg, J.C., D.T. Patten, and B.D. Richter. 1991. Flood flows and dynamics of Sonoran riparian forests. Rivers 2:221-223.
91. Stromberg, J.C., B.D. Richter, D.T. Patten, and W.G. Wolden. 1993a. Response of a Sonoran riparian forest to 10-year return flood. Great Basin Naturalist 53:18-30.
92. Stromberg, J.C., M.R. Sommerfeld, D.T. Patten, J. Fry, C. Kramer, F. Amalfi, and C. Christian. 1993b. Release of effluent into the upper Santa Cruz River, southern Arizona: ecological considerations. p. 81-92. In M. Wallace (ed.) Proceedings of the Symposium on Effluent Use and Management. American Water Resources Association, Tucson, AZ, USA.
93. Stromberg, J.C., R. Tiller, and B. Richter. 1996. Effects of groundwater decline on riparian vegetation of semiarid regions: The San Pedro, Arizona. Ecological Applications 6:1133-131.
94. Stromberg, J.C., J.A. Tress, S.D. Wilkins, and S. Clark. 1992. Response of velvet mesquite to groundwater decline. Journal of Arid Environments 23:45-58.
95. Swanson, F.J., L.E. Benda, S.H. Duncan, G.E. Grant, W.F. Megahan, L.M. Reid, and R.R. Ziemer. 1987. Mass failures and other processes of sediment production in Pacific Northwest forest landscapes, p. 9-38. In E.O. Salo and T.W. Cundy (eds.) Streamside Management, Forestry and Fishery Interactions. Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Contribution 57.
96. Valenciano, D. 1992. Elevational and cross-sectional gradients in montane riparian plant communities of sub-Mogollon Arizona: a comparison to adjacent upland communities. M.S. Thesis. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
97. Whittaker, R.H. and W.A. Neiring. 1965. Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. II. A gradient analysis of the south slope. Ecology 46:429-452.
98. Whittaker, R.H. and W.A. Neiring. 1975. Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. V. Biomass, production and diversity along the elevation gradient. Ecology 56:771-790.