Angina: Who needs it? Cardioprotection in the preconditioning era

Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 515-528

  Dana, Ali ^a   Yellon, Derek M ^a,b  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adenosine; Angina; ATP dependent potassium channels; Cardioprotection; Infarction; Ischemia; Nitric oxide; Preconditioning; Protein kinase; Stunning

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTOR AGONIST; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; AMINOPHYLLINE; ANGIOTENSIN; BAMIFYLLINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BRADYKININ; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CATECHOLAMINE; ENDOTHELIN; GENISTEIN; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70; LAVENDUSTIN A; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MORPHINE SULFATE; N [2 (DIMETHYLAMINO)ETHYL] N METHYL 4 (1,3 DIPROPYLXANTHIN 8 YL)BENZENESULFONAMIDE; NALOXONE; NITRIC OXIDE; OPIATE; OPIATE RECEPTOR; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PROSTANOID; PROTEIN KINASE C; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANGINA PECTORIS; ANIMAL MODEL; CELL DAMAGE; CELL DEATH; CELL VIABILITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; GENETIC TRANSFECTION; HEART INFARCTION PREVENTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; ST SEGMENT DEPRESSION; STUNNED HEART MUSCLE; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY;

EID: 0032450453     PISSN: 09203206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1007758514663     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. 1. Hultgren HN, Peduzzi R. Relation of severity of symptoms to prognosis in stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1984;54:988-993.
2. 2. Murry CE, Jennings RB, Reimer KA. Preconditioning with ischemia: A delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation 1986;74:1124-1136.
3. 3. Topol EJ, Ellis SG. Coronary collaterals revisited: Accessory pathway to myocardial preservation during infarction. Circulation 1991;83:1084-1086.
4. 4. Kloner RA, Bolli R, Marban E, Reinlib L, Braunwald E. Medical and cellular implications of stunning, hibernation and preconditioning. Circulation 1998;97:1848-1867.
5. 5. Reimer KA, Murry CE, Yamasawa I, Hill ML, Jennings RB. Four brief periods of ischaemia cause no cumulative ATP loss or necrosis. Am J Physiol 1986;251:H1306-H1315.
6. 6. Ovize M, Kloner RA, Hale SL, Przyklenk K. Coronary cyclic flow variations "precondition" ischemic myocardium. Circulation 1992;85:779-789.
7. 1 adenosine receptors in rabbit heart. Circulation 1991;84:350-356.
8. 8. Li Y, Kloner RA. The cardioprotective effects of ischemic 'preconditioning' are not mediated by adenosine receptors in rat hearts. Circulation 1993;87:1642-1648.
9. 9. Sumeray MS, Yellon DM. Ischaemic preconditioning reduces infarct size following global ischaemia in the murine myocardium (abstr). J Mol Cell Cardiol 1997;29:A72.
10. 10. Kasamaki Y, Guo AC, McDonald TF. Protection by hypoxie preconditioning against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in guinea-pig papillary muscle. Cardiovasc Res 1997;34: 313-322.
11. 11. Schott RJ, Rohmann S, Braun ER, Schaper W. Ischemic preconditioning reduces infarct size in swine myocardium. Circ Res 1990;66:1133-1142.
12. 12. Kloner RA, Yellon D. Does ischemic preconditioning occur in patients? J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1133-1142.
13. 13. Cave AC, Hearse DJ. Ischaemic preconditioning and contractile function: Studies with normothermic and hypothermic global ischaemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1992;24:1113-1123.
14. 14. Shiki K, Hearse DJ. Preconditioning of ischemic myocardium: Reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. Am J Physiol 1987;253:H1470-H1476.
15. 15. Gottlieb RA, Gruol DL, Zhu JY, Engler RL. Preconditioning in rabbit cardiomyocytes: Role of pH, vacuolar proton ATPase, and apoptosis. J Clin Invest 1996;97:2391-2398.
16. 16. Piot CA, Padmanaban D, Ursell PC, Sievers RE, Wolfe CL. Ischemic preconditioning decreases apoptosis in rat hearts in vivo. Circulation 1997;96:1598-1604.
17. 17. Li YW, Whittaker P, Kloner RA. The transient nature of the effect of ischemic preconditioning on myocardial infarct size and ventricular arrhythmia. Am Heart J 1992;123:346-353.
18. 18. Murry CE, Richard VJ, Jennings RB, Reimer KA. Myocardial protection is lost before contractile function recovers from ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol 1991;260: H796-H804.
19. 19. Marber MS, Latchman DS, Walker JM, Yellon DM. Cardiac stress protein elevation 24 hours after brief ischemia or heat stress is associated with resistance to myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;88:1264-1272.
20. 20. Kuzuya T, Hoshida S, Yamashita N, et al. Delayed effects of sublethal ischemia on the acquisition of tolerance to ischemia. Circ Res 1993;72:1293-1299.
21. 21. Baxter G, Goma F, Yellon D. Characterisation of the infarct-limiting effect of delayed preconditioning: Time course and dose-dependency studies in rabbit myocardium. Basic Res Cardiol 1997;92:159-167.
22. 22. Yellon DM, Baster GF. A "second window of protection" or delayed preconditioning phenomenon: Future horizons for myocardial protection? J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995;27: 1023-1034.
23. 23. Asimakis GK, Inners McBride K, Medellin G, Conti VR. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates acidosis and postischemic dysfunction is isolated rat heart. Am J Physiol 1992;263:H887-H894.
24. 24. Matsuda M, Catena TG, Vander Heide RS, Jennings RB, Reimer KA. Cardiac protection by ischaemic preconditioning is not mediated by myocardial stunning. Cardiovasc Res 1993;27:585-592.
25. 25. Yao Z, Gross GJ. Acetylcholine mimics ischemic preconditioning via a glibenclamide-sensitive mechanism in dogs. Am J Physiol 1993;264:H2221-H2225.
26. 26. Banerjee A, Locke Winter C, Rogers KB, et al. Preconditioning against myocardial dysfunction after ischemia and reperfusion by an alpha 1-adrenergic mechanism. Circ Res 1993;73:656-670.
27. 27. Liu Y, Tsuchida A, Cohen MV, Downey JM. Pretreatment with angiotensin II activates protein kinase C and limits myocardial infarction in isolated rabbit hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995;27:883-892.
28. 28. Goto M, Liu Y, Yang XM, Ardell JL, Cohen MV, Downey JM. Role of bradykinin in protection of ischemic preconditioning in rabbit hearts. Circ Res 1995;77:611-621.
29. 29. Erikson JM, Velasco CE. Endothelin-1 and myocardial preconditioning. Am Heart J 1996;132:84-90.
30. 30. Schultz JE, Hsu AK, Gross GJ. Morphine mimics the cardioprotective effect of ischemie preconditioning via a glibenclamide-sensitive mechanism in the rat heart. Circ Res 1996;78:1100-1104.
31. ATP channels, and ischemic preconditioning in dogs. Am J Physiol 1993;264:H1327-H1336.
32. 32. Schulz R, Rose J, Post H, Heusch G, Involvement, of endogenous adenosine in ischaemic preconditioning in swine. Pflugers Arch 1995;430:273-282.
33. 33. Lin Y, Downey JM. Ischemic preconditioning protects against infarction in rat heart. Am J Physiol 1992;32: H1107-H1112.
34. 34. Headrick JP. Ischemic preconditioning: Bioenergetic and metabolic changes and the role of endogenous adenosine. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1996;28:1227-1240.
35. 35. Li Y, Kloner R. Cardioprotective effects of ischaemic preconditioning are not mediated by prostanoids. Cardiovasc Res 1992;26:226-231.
36. 36. Vegh A, Szekeres L, Parratt JR. Protective effects of preconditioning of the ischaemic myocardium involve cyclooxygenase products. Cardiovasc Res 1990;24:1020-1023.
37. 37. Przyklenk K, Kloner RA. Role of protein kinase C in ischaemic preconditioning: In search of "pure and simple truth." Basic Res Cardiol 1996;91:41-43.
38. 38. Downey JM, Cohen MV. Signal transduction in ischemic preconditioning. Z Kardiol 1995;4:77-86.
39. 39. Kitakaze M, Node K, Minamino T, et al. Role of activation of protein kinase C in the infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning through activation of ecto-5′-nucleotidase. Circulation 1996;93:781-791.
40. 40. Ytrehus K, Liu Y, Downey JM. Preconditioning protects ischemic rabbit heart by protein kinase C activation. Am J Physiol 1994;266:H1145-H1152.
41. 41. Baines C, Wang L, Cohen M, Downey J. Protein tyrosine kinase is downstream of protein kinase C for ischemic preconditioning's anti-infarct effect in the rabbit heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998;30:383-392.
42. 42. Vogt A, Htun P, Arras M, Podzuweit T, Schaper W. Intramyocardial infusion of tool drugs for the study of molecular mechanisms in ischemic preconditioning, Basic Res Cardiol 1996;91:389-400.
43. 48. Vahlhaus C, Schulz R, Post H, Onallah R, Heusch G. No prevention of ischemic preconditioning by the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine in swine. Circ Res 1996;79:407-114.
44. 44. Vahlhaus C, Schulz R, Post H, Rose J, Heusch G. Prevention of ischemic preconditioning only by combined inhibition of protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinase in pigs. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998;30:197-209.
45. 45. Maulik N, Watanabe M, Zu YL, et al. Ischemic preconditioning triggers the activation of MAP kinases and MAPKAP kinase 2 in rat hearts. FEBS Lett 1996;396:233-237.
46. 46. Schulz R, Rose J, Heusch G. Involvement of activation of ATP-dependent potassium channels in ischemic preconditioning in swine. Am J Physiol 1994;267:H1341-H1352.
47. ATP channel antagonist to attenuate preconditioning in rabbit myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 1994;28:1337-1341.
48. 48. Auchampach JA, Grover GJ, Gross GJ. Blockade of ischaemic preconditioning in dogs by the novel ATP dependent potassium channel antagonist sodium 5-hydroxydecanoate. Cardiovasc Res 1992;26:1054-1062.
49. + channel? Studies of contractile function after simulated ischemia in an atrial in vitro model. Circ Res 1995;77:1030-1035.
50. 50. Mizumura T, Nithipatikom K, Gross GJ. Bimakalim, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, mimics the effects of ischemic preconditioning to reduce infarct size, adenosine release, and neutrophil function in dogs, Circulation 1995;92:1236-1245.
51. - current in human and rabbit ventricular myosytes. Circ Res 1996;78:492-498.
52. + current by protein kinase C and adenosine. Circ Res 1996;78:443-454.
53. ATP opener cromakalim is not correlated with ischemic myocardial action potential duration. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995;26:145-152.
54. ATP channel opener bimakalim on coronary blood flow, monophasic action potential duration, and infarct size in dogs. Circulation 1994;89:1769-1775.
55. ATP channel. Am J Physiol 1996;40:H1769-H1777.
56. + channels. Circ Res 1997;81: 1072-1082.
57. 57. Liu Y, Sato T, O'Rourke B, Marban E. Mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels: Novel effectors of cardioprotection? Circulation 1998;97:2463-2469.
58. + channels by protein kinase C. Circ Res 1998;83:110-114.
59. 59. Baxter GF, Marber MS, Patel VC, Yellon DM. Adenosine receptor involvement in a delayed phase of myocardial protection 24 hours after ischemic preconditioning. Circulation 1994:90:2993-3000.
60. 60. Yang XM, Baxter GF, Heads RJ, Yellon DM, Downey JM, Cohen MV. Infarct limitation of the second window of protection in a conscious rabbit model. Cardiovasc Res 1996;31:777-783.
61. 61. Node K, Hasegawa M, Suzuki S, Hori M. Induction of ecto-5′-nucleotidase contributes to the second-window of cardioprotection in ischemic preconditioning (abstr). Circulation 1996;94(Suppl):I422.
62. 62. Yamashita N, Hoshida S, Taniguchi N, Kuzuya T, Hori M. A "second window of protection" occurs 24 hours after ischemic preconditioning in rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998;30:1181-1189.
63. 63. Vegh A, Papp JG, Parratt JR. Prevention by dexamethasone of the marked antiarrhythmic effects of preconditioning induced 20 h after rapid cardiac pacing. Br J Pharmacol 1994;113:1081-1082.
64. 64. Sun JZ, Tang XL, Knowlton AA, Park SW, Qiu Y, Bolli R. Late preconditioning against myocardial stunning. An endogenous protective mechanism that confers resistance to postischemic dysfunction 24 h after brief ischemia in conscious pigs. J Clin Invest 1995;95:388-403.
65. 65. Rolli R, Bhatti ZA, Tang XL, et al. Evidence that late preconditioning against myocardial stunning in conscious rabbits is triggered by the generation of nitric oxide. Circ Res 1997;81:42-52.
66. 66. Yamashita N, Nishida M, Hoshida S, et al. Induction of manganese superoxide dismutase in rat cardiac myocytes increases tolerance to hypoxia 24 hours after preconditioning. J Clin Invest 1994;94:2193-2199.
67. 67. Cumming D, Heads R, Brand N, Yellon D, Latchman D. The ability of heat stress and metabolic preconditioning to protect primary rat cardiac myocytes. Basic Res Cardiol 1996;91:79-85.
68. 68. Tang X-L, Qiu Y, Sun J-Z, Park S-W, Kalya A, Bolli R. Time-course of late preconditioning against myocardial stunning in conscious pigs. Circ Res 1996;79:424-434.
69. 69. Kaszala K, Vegh A, Papp JG, Parratt JR. Time course of the protection against ischaemia and reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias resulting from brief periods of cardiac pacing. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1996;28:2085-2095.
70. 1 receptor activation in the rabbit. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997;29:631-638.
71. 71. Meng X, Brown JM, Ao L, Banerjee A, Harken AH. Norepinephrine induces cardiac heat shock protein 70 and delayed cardioprotection in the rat through alpha 1 adrenoceptors. Cardiovasc Res 1996;32:374-383.
72. 72. Maldonado C, Qiu Y, Tang XL, Cohen MV, Auchampach J, Bolli R. Role of adenosine receptors in late preconditioning against myocardial stunning in conscious rabbits. Am J Physiol 1997;273:H1324-H1332.
73. 73. Bolli R, Manchikalapudi S, Tang XL, et al. The protective effect of late preconditioning against myocardial stunning in conscious rabbits is mediated by nitric oxide synthase. Evidence that nitric oxide acts as both a trigger and as a mediator of the late phase of ischemic preconditioning. Circ Res 1997;81:1094-107.
74. 74. Kis A, Vegh A, Papp JG, Parratt JR. Pacing-induced delayed antiarrhythmic protection is attenuated by aminoguanidine in dogs (abstr). J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998;30:A72.
75. 75. Baxter GF, Goma FM, Yellon DM. Involvement of protein kinase C in the delayed cytoprotection following sublethal ischaemia in rabbit myocardium. Br J Pharmacol 1995;115:222-224.
76. 70. Qiu Y, Tang XL, Rizvi A, et al. Protein kinase C mediates late preconditioning against myocardial stunning in conscious rabbits. Circulation 1996;94(Suppl):I184.
77. 77. Baxter GF, Mocanu MM, Yellon DM. Attenuation of myocardial ischaemic injury 24 h after diacylglycerol treatment in vivo. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1996;29:1967-1975.
78. 78. Imagawa J, Baxter G, Yellon D. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocks the "second window of protection" 48 h after ischemic preconditioning in the rabbit. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1997;29:1885-1893.
79. 79. Dana A, Baxter GF, Yellon DM. Both protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinase mediate adenosine induced delayed cardioprotection in rabbits (abstr). Circulation 1997;96:I312.
80. 80. Baxter GF, Marber M, Yellon DM. Myocardial stress response, cytoprotective proteins and the second window of protection against infarction. In: Wainwright CL, Parratt JR, eds. Myocardial Preconditioning. Austin, TX. RG Landes, 1996;233-250.
81. 81. Hoshida S, Kuzuya T, Fuji H, et al. Sublethal ischemia alters myocardial antioxidant activity in canine heart. Am J Physiol 1993;264:H33-H39.
82. 82. Zhou X, Zhai X, Ashraf M. Direct evidence that initial oxidative stress triggered by preconditioning contributes to second window of protection by endogenous antioxidant enzyme in myocytes. Circulation 1996;93:1177-1184.
83. 83. Mestril R, Chi SH, Sayon MR, O'Reilly K, Dillmann WH. Expression of inducible stress protein 70 in rat heart myogenic cells confers protection against simulated ischemia-induced injury. J Clin Invest 1994;93:759-767.
84. 84. Heads RJ, Latchman DS, Yellon DM. Stable high level expression of a transfected human HSP70 gene protects a heart-derived muscle cell line against thermal stress. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1994;26:695-699.
85. 85. Marber MS, Mestril R, Chi SH, Sayen MR, Yellon DM, Dillmann WH. Overexpression of the rat inducible 70-kD heat stress protein in a transgenic mouse increases the resistance of the heart to ischemic injury. J Clin Invest 1995;95:1446-1456.
86. 86. Cornelussen RN, Garnier A, van der Vusse GJ, Reneman RS, Snoeckx LHEH. Biphasic effect of heat stress pretreatment on ischemic tolerance of isolated rat hearts. J Mol. Cell Cardiol 1998;30:365-372.
87. 87. Qian YZ, Shipley JB, Levasseur JE, Kukreja RC. Dissociation of heat shock proteins expression with ischemic tolerance by whole body hyperthermia in rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998;30:1163-1172.
88. 88. Walker DM, Walker JM, Pugsley WB, Pattison CW, Yellon DM. Preconditioning in isolated superfused human muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995;27:1349-1357.
89. 89. Bell SP, Sack MN, Opie LH, Yellon DM. Delta opioid receptor stimulation mimics ischemic preconditioning in human heart muscle (abstr). Circulation 1998, in press.
90. 90. Cleveland JC, Meldrum DR, Cain BS, Banerjee A, Harken AH. Oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents prevent ischemic preconditioning in human myocardium. Circulation 1997;96:29-32.
91. 91. Ikonomidis JS, Tumiati LC, Weisel RD, Mickle DA, Li RK. Preconditioning human ventricular cardiomyocytes with brief periods of simulated ischaemia. Cardiovasc Res 1994;28:1285-1291.
92. 92. Ikonomidis JS, Toshizumi S, Weisel RD, et al. Preconditioning cultured human pediatric myocytes requires adenosine and protein kinase C. Am J Physiol 1997;272: H1220-H1230.
93. 93. Arstall MA, Zhao YZ, Hornberger L, et al. Human ventricular myocytes in vitro exhibit both early and delayed preconditioning responses to simulated ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998;30:1019-1025.
94. 94. Wayne EJ, Laplace LB. Observations on angina of effort. Cell Sci 1933;1:103-129.
95. 95. Okazaki Y, Kodama K, Sato H, et al. Attenuation of increased regional myocardial oxygen consumption during exercise as a major cause of warm-up phenomenon. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1597-1604.
96. 96. Williams DO, Bass TA, Gewirtz H, Most AS. Adaptation to the stress of tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease: Insight into the mechanism of the warm-up phenomenon. Circulation 1985;71:687-692.
97. ATP channels with glibenclamide does not abolish preconditioning during demand ischemia. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:75-78.
98. + channels prevents the warm-up phenomenon (abstr). Eur Heart J 1997;18(Suppl.):674.
99. 99. Stewart RA, Simmonds MB, Williams MJ. Time course of "warm-up" in stable angina. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:70-73.
100. 100. Tomai F, Crea F, Danesi A, et al. Mechanisms of the warm-up phenomenon. Eur Heart J 1996;17:1022-1027.
101. 101. Behar S, Reicher-Reiss H, Allmader E. The prognostic significance of angina pectoris preceding the occurence of a first acute myocardial infarction in 4166 consecutive hospitalized patients. Am Heart J 1992;123:1481-1486.
102. 102. Cortina A, Ambrose JA, Prieto-Granada J, et al. Left ventricular function after myocardial infarction: Clinical and angiographic correlations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5: 619-624.
103. 103. Cupples LA, Gagnon DR, Wong ND, Ostfeld AM, Kannel WB. Pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and long-term prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: The Framingham study. Am Heart J 1993;125:863-872.
104. 104. Anzai T, Yoshikawa T, Asakura Y, et al. Preinfarction angina as a major predictor of left ventricular function and long-term prognosis after a first Q wave myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:319-327.
105. 105. Kloner RA, Shook T, Przyklenk K, et al. Previous angina alters in-hospital outcome in TIMI 4. A clinical correlate to preconditioning? Circulation 1995;91:37-45.
106. 106. Ottani F, Galvani M, Ferrini D, et al. Prodromal angina limits infarct size. A role for ischemic preconditioning. Circulation 1995;91:291-297.
107. 107. Iwasaka T, Nakamura S, Karakawa M, Sugiura T, Inada M. Cardioprotective effect of unstable angina prior to acute anterior myocardial infarction. Chest 1994;105:57-61.
108. 108. Napoli C, Liguori A, Chiariello M, Di Ieso N, Condorelli M, Ambrosio G. New-onset angina preceding acute myocardial infarction is associated with improved contractile recovery after thrombolysis. Eur Heart J 1998;19:411-419.
109. 109. Tamura K, Tsuji H, Nishiue T, Tokunaga S, Iwasaka T. Association of preceding angina with in-hospital life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias and late potentials in patients with a first acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1997;133:297-301.
110. 110. Ishihara M, Sato H, Tateishi H, et al. Implications of prodromal angina pectoris in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction: Acute angiographic findings and long-term prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:970-975.
111. 111. Kloner RA, Shook T, Antman EM, et al. Prospective temporal analysis of the onset of preinfarction angina versus outcome: An ancillary study in TIMI-9B. Circulation 1998;97: 1042-1045.
112. 112. Dana A, Yellon DM. Cardioprotection by preinfarct angina: Is it ischaemic preconditioning? Eur Heart J 1998;19: 367-369.
113. 113. Andreotti F, Pasceri V, Hackett DR, Davies GJ, Haider AW, Maseri A. Preinfarction angina as a predictor of more rapid coronary thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1996;334:7-12.
114. 114. Andreotti F, Pasceri V. Ischaemic preconditioning [letter]. Lancet 1996;348:204.
115. 115. Hata K, Whittaker P, Kloner RA, Przyklenk K. Brief antecedent ischemia attenuates platelet-mediated thrombosis in damaged and stenotic canine coronary arteries; role of adenosine. Circulation 1998;97:692-702.
116. 116. Deutsch E, Berger M, Kussmaul WG, Hirshfeld JW, Herrmann HC, Laskey WK. Adaptation to ischemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Clinical, hemodynamic, and metabolic features. Circulation 1990;82:2044-2051.
117. 117. Cribier A, Korsatz L, Koning R, et al. Improved myocardial ischemic response and enhanced collateral circulation with long repetitive coronary occlusion during angioplasty: A prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:578-586.
118. 118. Eltchaninoff H, Cribier A, Tron C, et al. Adaptation to myocardial ischemia during coronary angioplasty demonstrated by clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and metabolic parameters. Am Heart J 1997;133:490-496.
119. 119. Okishige K, Yamashita K, Yoshinaga II, et al. Electrophysiologic effects of ischemic preconditioning on QT dispersion during coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28:70-73.
120. 120. Airaksinen KE, Huikuri HV. Antiarrhythmic effect of repeated coronary occlusion during balloon angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:1035-1038.
121. + channel blocker. Circulation 1994;90:700-705.
122. 122. Saito S, Mizumura T, Takayama T, et al. Anti-ischemic effects of nicorandil during coronary angioplasty in humans. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1995;9:257-263.
123. 1 adenosine receptor blockade by bamiphylline on ischaemic preconditioning during coronary angioplasty. Eur Heart J 1996; 17:846-853.
124. 124. Claeys MJ, Vrints CJ, Bosmans JM, Conraads VM, Snoeck JP. Aminophylline inhibits adaptation to ischaemia during coronary angioplasty. Eur Heart J 1996;17:539-544.
125. 125. Leesar MA, Stoddard M, Ahmed M, Broadbent J, Bolli R. Preconditioning of human myocardium with adenosine during coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1997;95:2500-2507.
126. 126. Xenopoulos NP, Leesar M, Bolli R. Morphine mimics ischemic preconditioning in human myocardium during PTCA (abstr). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31(Suppl A):65A.
127. 127. Tomai F, Crea F, Gaspardone A, et al. Role of opioids in ischaemic preconditioning in man (abstr). Eur Heart J 1998;19(Suppl.):26.
128. 128. Yellon DM, Alkhulaifi AM, Pugsley WB. Preconditioning the human myocardium. Lancet 1993;342:276-277.
129. 129. Murry CE, Richard VJ, Reimer KA, Jennings RB. Ischemic preconditioning slows energy metabolism and delays ultrastructural damage during a sustained ischemic episode. Circ Res 1990;66:913-931.
130. 130. Jenkins DP, Pugsley WB, Alkhulaifi AM, Kemp M, Hooper J, Yellon DM. Ischaemic preconditioning reduces Troponin-T release in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Heart 1997;77:314-318.
131. 131. Illes RW, Sowyer KD. Prospective, randomized clinical study of ischemic preconditioning as an adjunct to intermittent cold blood cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;65:748-753.
132. 132. Tiefenbrunn AJ, Sobel BE. Timing of coronary recanalization. Circulation 1992;85:2311-2315.
133. 133. Yusuf S, for the OASIS Registry Investigators. Variations between countries in invasive cardiac procedures and outcomes in patients with suspected unstable angina or myocardial infarction without initial ST elevation. Lancet 1998;352:507-514.
134. ATP channel in unstable angina: Is this a clinical manifestation of myocardial preconditioning? Results of a randomised study with nicorandil. Eur Heart J 1998, in press.
135. 1-selective agonist is diminished after prolonged infusion as is the cardioprotective effect of ischaemic preconditioning in rabbit heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1994;26:303-311.
136. 136. Cohen MV, Yang XM, Downey JM. Conscious rabbits become tolerant to multiple episodes of ischemic preconditioning. Circ Res 1994;74:998-1004.
137. 1 receptor activation maintains rabbit myocardium in a preconditioned state. J Am Coll Candiol 1998;31: 1142-1149.
138. 138. Mentzer RM, Rahko PS, Molina-Viamonte V, et al. Safety, tolerance, and efficacy of adenosine as an additive to blood cardioplegia in humans during coronary artery bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:38-43.
139. 139. Lee HT, LaFaro RJ, Reed GE. Pretreatment of human myocardium with adenosine during open heart surgery. J Card Surg 1995;10:665-676.
140. 140. Heidland UE, Heintzen MP, Schwartzkopff B, Strauer BE. Intracoronary dipyridamole increases tolerance to ischemia and prevents left ventricular dysfunction during PTCA. Clinical access to ischemic preconditioning? J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29(Suppl A):360A(abstract).
141. 141. Knatterud GL, Meinert CL, Klimt CR, Osbourne RK, Martin DB. Effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. JAMA 1971;217:777-784.
142. 142. Engler RL, Yellon DM. Sulfonylurea KATP blockade in type II diabetes and preconditioning in cardiovascular disease. Time for reconsideration. Circulation 1996;94:2297-2301.