Meridional overturning and dianeutral transport in a z-coordinate ocean model including eddy-induced advection

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 28, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 1205-1223

  Hirst, Anthony C ^a   Mcdougall, Trevor J ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION; CIRCULATION MODELING; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; OVERTURN;

EID: 0032426755     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1205:MOADTI>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Andrews, D. G., and M. E. McIntyre, 1976: Planetary waves in horizontal and vertical shear: The generalized Eliassen-Palm relation and the zonal mean acceleration. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2031-2048.
2. Beckmann, A., and R. Döscher, 1997: A method for improved representation of dense water spreading over topography in geopotential-coordinate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 581-591.
3. Böning, C. W., W. R. Holland, F. O. Bryan, G. Danabasoglu, and J. C. McWilliams, 1995: An overlooked problem in model simulations of the thermohaline circulation and heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 8, 515-523.
4. Bryan, K., 1984: Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium of ocean-climate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 666-673.
5. _, and L. J. Lewis, 1979: A water mass model of the world ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 347-376.
6. Cox, M. D., 1984: A primitive-equation, 3-dimensional model of the ocean. GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. No. 1, GFDL/Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., 141 pp.
7. _, 1987: Isopycnal diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modelling (unpublished manuscripts). 74, 1-5.
8. Cummins, P. E. G. Holloway, and A. E. Gargett, 1990: Sensitivity of the GFDL ocean model to a parameterization of vertical diffusion. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 817-830.
9. Danabasoglu, G., and J. C. McWilliams, 1995: Sensitivity of the global ocean circulation to parameterizations of mesoscale tracer transports. J. Climate, 8, 2967-2987.
10. _, _, and P. R. Gent, 1994: The role of mesoscale tracer transports in the global ocean circulation. Science, 264, 1123-1126.
11. DööS. K., 1994: Semianalytical simulation of the meridional cells in the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1281-1293.
12. _, 1996: The meridional circulation in the Southern Ocean and its seasonal variability as seen by the Fine-Resolution Antarctic Model. J. Geophys. Res., 101 (C3), 6393-6407.
13. _, and D. J. Webb, 1994: The Deacon cell and the other meridional cells of the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 429-442.
14. England, M. H., 1993: On the formation of global-scale water masses in ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1523-1552.
15. _, 1995: Using chlorofiuorocarbons to assess ocean climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3051-3054.
16. _, and A. C. Hirst, 1997: Chlorofluorocarbon uptake in a world ocean model. 2: Sensitivity to surface thermohaline forcing and subsurface mixing parameterization. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15 709-15 731.
17. Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.
18. _, and _, 1996: Eliassen-Palm fluxes and the momentum equations in non-eddy-resolving ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 2539-2546.
19. _, J. Willebrand, T. J. McDougall, and J. C. McWilliams, 1995: Parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 463-474.
20. _, F. O. Bryan, G. Danabasoglu, S. C. Doney, W. R. Holland, W. G. Large, and J. C. McWilliams, 1998: The NCAR climate system model global ocean component. J. Climate, 11, 1287-1306.
21. Gerdes, R., C. Koberle, and J. Willebrand, 1991: The influence of numerical advection schemes on the results of ocean general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 5, 211-226.
22. Gough, W. A., and C. A. Lin, 1995: Isopycnal mixing and the Veronis effect in an ocean general circulation model. J. Mar. Res., 53, 183-199.
23. Griffies, S. M., A. Gnanadesikan, R. C. Pacanowski, V. Larichev, J. K. Dukowicz, and R. D. Smith, 1998: Isoneutral diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 805-830.
24. Hellerman, S., and M. Rosenstein, 1983: Normal monthly wind stress over the World Ocean with error estimates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1093-1104.
25. Hirst, A. C., and W. Cai, 1994: Sensitivity of a World Ocean GCM to changes in subsurface mixing parameterization. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1256-1279.
26. _, and T. J. McDougall, 1996: Deep-water properties and surface buoyancy flux as simulated by a z-coordinate model including eddy-induced advection. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1320-1343.
27. _, D. R. Jackett, and T. J. McDougall, 1996: The meridional overturning cells of a World Ocean model in neutral density coordinates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 775-791.
28. Jackett, D. R., and T. J. McDougall, 1997: A neutral density variable for the world's oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 237-263.
29. 16O ratios in seawater. Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf, S. S. Jacobs. Ed., Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 43, American Geophysical Union, 59-85.
30. Killworth, P. D., and M. M. Nanneh, 1994: Isopycnal momentum budget of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Fine Resolution Antarctic Model. J. Phys, Oceanogr., 24, 1201-1223.
31. Large, W. G., G. Danabasoglu, S. C. Doney, and J. C. McWilliams, 1997: Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in a global ocean model: Annual-mean climatology. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2418-2447.
32. Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. NOAA Prof. Paper No. 13., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C., 173 pp.
33. Manabe, S., R. J. Stouffer, M. J. Spelman, and K. Bryan, 1991: Transient responses of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Part I: Annual mean response. J. Climate, 4, 785-818.
34. Martel, F., and C. Wunsch, 1993: The North Atlantic circulation in the early 1980's-An estimate from inversion of a finite-difference model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 898-924.
35. McDougall, T. J., 1987a: Neutral surfaces. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1950-1964.
36. _, 1987b: Thermobaricity, cabbeling and water-mass conversion. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5448-5464.
37. _, 1991: Parameterizing mixing in inverse models. Dynamics of Oceanic Internal Gravity Waves, P. Muller and D. Henderson, Eds., Proc. Sixth 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI, 355-386.
38. _, and J. A. Church, 1986: Pitfalls with the numerical representation of isopycnal and diapycnal mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 196-199.
39. _, and P. C. McIntosh, 1996: The temporal-residual-mean velocity. Part I: Derivation and the scalar conservation equations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 2653-2665.
40. _, A. C. Hirst, M. H. England, and P. C. McIntosh, 1996: Implications of a new eddy parameterization for ocean models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2085-2088.
41. McIntosh, P. C., and T. J. McDougall, 1996: Isopycnal averaging and the residual mean circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1655-1660.
42. McWilliams, J. C., G. Danabasoglu, and P. R. Gent, 1996: Tracer budgets in the warm water sphere. Tellus, 48, 179-192.
43. Redi, M. H., 1982: Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154-1158.
44. Reid, J. L., 1994: On the total geostrophic circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean: Flow patterns, tracers and transports. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 33, Pergamon, 1-92.
45. Toggweiler, J. R., and B. Samuels, 1992: New radio carbon constraints on the upwelling of abyssal water to the ocean's surface The Global Carbon Cycle, M. Heimann, Ed., NATO ASI Series, Springer, 333-366.
46. _, and B. Samuels, 1995: Effect of sea ice on the salinity of Antarctic Bottom Waters. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1980-1997.
47. Veronis, G., 1975: The role of models in tracer studies. Numerical Models of the Ocean Circulation, Natl. Acad. Sci., 133-146.
48. Wijffels, S. E., J. M. Toole, H. L. Bryden, R. A. Fine, W. J. Jenkins, and J. L. Bullister, 1996: The water masses and circulation at 10°N in the Pacific, Deep-Sea Res., 43, 501-544.
49. Williams, R. G., M. A. Spall, and J. C. Marshall, 1995: Does Stommel's mixed layer "Demon" work? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 3089-3102.
50. Wunsch, C., D. Hu, and B. Grant, 1983: Mass, heat, salt and nutrient fluxes in the South Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 725-753.