Recent developments in molecular organic electroluminescent materials

Macromolecular Symposia

Volumn 125, Issue , 1998, Pages 1-48

  Chen, C H ^a   Shi, J ^a   Tang, C W ^a  

^a EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032405172     PISSN: 10221360     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/masy.19981250102     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. S. A. Van Slyke and C. W. Tang, US 4,539,507 (1985).
2. J. Kido, Bull. Electrochem., 10, 1 (1994).
3. J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. Marks, K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, P. L. Burns and A. B. Holmes, Nature, 347, 539 (1990).
4. M. Granstrom, M. Berggren, O. Inganas, Science, 267, 1479 (1995) and references cited therein.
5. R. W. Gymer, Endeavour, 20, 115 (1996); See also: I. D. Parker et al (Uniax Corp.), SID 97 Digest, 786 (1997).
6. R. W. Gymer, Endeavour, 20, 115 (1996); See also: I. D. Parker et al (Uniax Corp.), SID 97 Digest, 786 (1997).
7. J. R. Sheats, H. Antoniadis, M. Hueschen, W. Leonard, J. Miller, R. Moon, D. Roitman, A. Stocking, Science, 273, 884 (1996).
8. R. Mach and G.O. Mueller, Semicond. Sci. Technol., 6, 305 (1991).
9. Recently, Candela-class high-brightness InGaN(Zn doped)/AlGaN double-heterostruclurc blue LED has been commercialized by Nichia Chemicals Industrial, Ltd., Japan. Its impact on the future development of organic LED technology is yet to be determined.
10. J. Dresner, RCA Review, 30, 332 (1969).
11. W. Helfrich and W.G. Schneider, Phys. Rev. Lett., 14, 229 (1965).
12. T. Tsutsui and S. Saito, in "Polymers for Microelectronics", eds. Y. Tabata, et al. Kodansha, Tokyo, pp 591-600, 1990.
13. Y. Itoh, N. Tomikawa, S. Kobayashi, and T. Minato, Extended Abstracts, The 51th Autumn Meeting, The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1040 (1990).
14. J. Kido, T. Matsumoto, SID 97 Digest, 775 (1997).
15. T. Ishida, H. Kobayashi and Y. Nakato, J. Appl. Phys., 73, 4344 (1993).
16. C. W. Tang, S. A. Van Slyke, Appl. Phys. Lett., 51, 913 (1987).
17. C. W. Tang, Information Display, 10, 16 (1996).
18. C. W. Tang, S. A. Van Slyke and C. H. Chen, J. Appl. Phys., 65, 3610 (1989).
19. C. Adachi, S. Tokito, T. Tsutsui and S. Saito, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 27, L713 (1988).
20. M. Era, C. Adachi, T. Tsutsui and S. Saito, Chem. Phys. Lett., 178, 488 (1991).
21. J. Kido, M. Kohda, K. Okuyama and K. Nagai, Appl. Phys. Lett., 61, 761 (1992).
22. J. Kido, M. Kimura, K. Nagai, Science, 267, 1332 (1995).
23. K.-W. Klupfel, O. Sus, H. Behmenburg, and W. Neugebauer, US 3,180,730 (1965).
24. T. B. Brantly, L. E. Contois and C. J. Fox, US 3,567,450 (1971).
25. T. B. Brandy, L. E. Contois and C. J. Fox, US 3,658,520 (1972).
26. P. M. Borsenberger, W. Mey and A. Chowdry, Appl. Phys., 49, 273 (1978).
27. S. A. Van Slyke and C. W. Tang, US 5,061,569 (1991).
28. K. Iwasaki, C. Adachi, T. Tsutsui and S. Saito, Abstract of the 51st Autumn Meeting of Japan Society of Applied Physics, Iwate, Sept., 28a-PB-3, 1993.
29. T. Mori, S. Miyake and T. Mizutani, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 34(7A), L845, Part 2 (1995).
30. H. Kawamura, C. Hosokawa and T. Kusumoto, US 5,388,788 (1994).
31. K. Naito and A. Miura, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 6240, (1993).
32. J. Shi, C. H. Chen, S. A. Van Slyke, and C. W. Tang, US 5,554,450 (1996).
33. C. Hosokawa, T. Kusumoto and H. Higashi, US 5,142,343 (1992).
34. S. Tokito, H. Tanaka, A. Okada, and Y. Taga, Appl. Phys. Lett., 69, 878 (1996).
35. Y. Shirota, Y. Kuwabara, H. Inada, Appl. Phys., 65(7), 807 (1994).
36. K. Imai, M. Shinkai, T. Wakimoto and Y. Shirota, US 5,256,945 (1993).
37. K. Imai, T. Wakimoto, Y. Shirota, H. Inada and T. Kobata, US 5,374,489 (1994).
38. Y. Shirota, N. Okada, K. Namba, EP 611,148 (1994).
39. C. Adachi, K. Nagai and N. Tamto, Appl. Phys. Lett., 66(20), 2679, (1995).
40. T. Sano, T. Fujii, Y. Nishio, Y. Hamada, K. Shibata, K. Kuroki, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 34(6A), Part 1, 3124 (1995).
41. S. Saito, T. Tsutsui, M. Era, N. Takada, C. Adachi, Y. Hamada, T. Wakimoto, Proc. SPIE, 1910, 212 (1993).
42. C. Adachi, T. Tsutsui, S. Saito, Appl. Phys. Lett., 56, 799 (1990).
43. T. Fujii, M. Fujita, Y. Hamada, K. Shibata, Y. Tsujino, K. Kuroki, J. Photopolym. Sci. & Technol., 4, 135 (1991).
44. D. Braun, A. J. Heeger, Appl. Phys. Lett., 58, 1982 (1991).
45. J. Kido, M. Kohda, K. Okuyama, K. Nagai, Y. Okamoto, Proc. SPIE, 1910, 31 (1993).
46. C. H. Chen, Y. Hung, US 4,992,349 (1991).
47. M. Scozzafava, C. H. Chen, G. A. Reynolds, J. H. Perlstein, US 4,514,481 (1985).
48. T. M. Kung, C. H. Chen, US 5,236,797 (1993).
49. C. W. Tang, C. H. Chen and R. Goswami, US 4,769,292 (1988).
50. F. E. Lytle, D. R. Storey, and M. E. Juricich, Spectrochimica Acta, 29A, 1357 (1973).
51. D. Z. Garbuzov, V. Bulovic, P. E. Burrows, and S. R. Forrest, Chem. Phys. Lett., 249, 433 (1996).
52. C. Hosokawa, H. Tokailin, H. Higashi and T. Kusumoto, Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, 1220 (1992).
53. R. G. Kepler, P. M. Beeson, S. J. Jacobs, R. A. Anderson, M. B. Sinclair, V. S. Valencia, and P. A. Cahill, Appl. Phys. Lett., 66, 3618 (1995).
54. C. Hosokawa, H. Tokailin, H. Higashi and T. Kusumoto, Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, 1220 (1992).
55. P. E. Burrows, L. S. Sapochak, D. M. McCarty, S. R. Forrest, and M. E. Thompson, Appl. Phys. Lett., 64, 2718 (1994).
56. M. Matsumura and T. Akai, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 35, 5357 (1996).
57. P. E. Burrows, Z. Shen, V. Bulovic, D. M. McCarty, S. R. Forrest, J. A. Cronin, and M. E. Thompson, J. Appl. Phys., 79, 7991 (1996).
58. S. A. Van Slyke, US 5,151,629 (1992).
59. P. S. Bryan, F. V. Lovecchio, S. A. Van Slyke, US 5,141,671 (1992).
60. T. Sano, M. Fujita, T. Fujii, Y. Nishio, Y. Hamada, K. Shibata, K. Kuroki, US 5,432,014 (1995).
61. Y. Sato, S. Otsuka, EP 510,541 (1992).
62. Y. Hamada, T. Sano, M. Fujita, T. Fujii, Y. Nishio, K. Shibata, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2, 32, L514-L515 (1993).
63. Y. Hamada, T. Sano, M. Fujita, T. Fujii, Y. Nishio, K. Shibata, Chem. Lett., 905 (1993).
64. Y. Hamada, T. Sano, K. Shibata, K. Kuroki, Jpn J. Appl. Phys., Part 2, 34, L824-L826 (1995).
65. Y. Hamada, T. Sano, K. Shibata, K. Kuroki, Jpn J. Appl. Phys., Part 2, 34, L824-L826 (1995).
66. M. Ohta, Y. Sakon, T. Takahashi, C. Adachi, K. Nagai, US 5,420,288 (1995).
67. S. Saito, T. Tsutsui, C. Adachi, Y. Hamada, US 5,382,477 (1995).
68. Y. Hironaka, H. Tokailia, C. Hosokawa, T. Kusumoto, US 5,336,546 (1994).
69. Nichia Chemical Industries, Ltd. of Japan recently announced a Candela-class high-brightness InGaN/AlGaN double-heterostructureed blue-light-emitting diodes with the luminous intensity over 1 cd at 450 nm with a half-band width of 70 nm. See: S. Nakamura, T. Mukai, M. Senoh, Appl. Phys. Lett., 64, 1687 (1994).
70. Y. Hamada, C. Adachi, T. Tsutsui, S. Saito, Optoelectronics, 7, 83 (1992).
71. J. Kido, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2, 32 (7A), L917 (1993).
72. C. Hosokawa, US 5,142,343 (1992).
73. H. Tokailin, H. Higashi, C. Hosokawa, EP 388,768 (1990).
74. Y. Sakon, T. Ohnuma, M. Hashimoto, S. Saito, T. Tsutsui, C. Adachi, US 5,077,142 (1991).
75. T. Shibata, (Konishiroku Photo), JP 6,122,874 (1994).
76. M. Tashiro, S. Mataga, K. Takahashi, S. Saito, T. Tsutsui, C. Adachi, Y. Sato, S. Maeda, US 5,059,863 (1991).
77. T. Kudo, EP 499,011 (1991).
78. A. Funaki, JP 6,306,357 (1994).
79. C. Hosakawa, S. Sakamoto, T. Kusumoto, US 5,389,444 (1995).
80. H. Higashi, C. Hosokawa, H. Tokailin, T. Kusumoto, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 10, 1162 (1992).
81. C. Hosokawa, H. Tokailin, H. Higashi, T. Kusumoto, J. Appl. Phys., 78, 5831 (1995).
82. C. Hosokawa, H. Tokailin, H. Higashi, T. Kusumoto, Appl. Phys. Lett., 63, 1322 (1993).
83. C. Hosokawa, N. Kawasaki, S. Sakamoto, T. Kusumoto, Appl. Phys. Lett., 61, 2503 (1992).
84. T. Tsutsui, E. Aminaka, Y. Hamada, C. Adachi, S. Saito, Proc. SPIE, 1910, 180 (1993).
85. K. Kawate, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 2174 (Advanced Flat Panel Display Technologies), 200-211 (1994).
86. T. Wakimoto, Y. Yonemoto, JP 06,240,243 (1994).
87. J. Ito, JP 07,166,160 (1995).
88. T. Inoe, K. Nakatani, JP 06,009,952 (1994).
89. J. L. Fox and C. H. Chen, US 4,736,032 (1988).
90. R. Murayama, US 5,227,252 (1993).
91. T. Wakimoto, R. Murayama, H. Nakada, K. Imai, Polymer Preprint Japan, 40, 3600 (1991).
92. J. Shi and C. W. Tang, US 5,593,788 (1997).
93. J. Shi and C. W. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 70, 1665 (1997).
94. M. Nohara, M. Hasegawa, C. Hosokawa, H. Tokailin and T. Kusumoto, Chem. Lett., 189 (1990).
95. J. Kido, K. Nagai, and Y. Ohashi, Chem. Lett., 657 (1990).
96. S. Dirr, H.-H. Johannes, J. Schobel, D. Ammermann, A. Bohler, W. Kowalsky, and W. Grahn, SID 97 Digest, 778, 1997.
97. K. Utsugi and S. Takano, J. Electrochem. Soc., 139, 3610 (1992).
98. C. Adachi, S. Tokito, T. Tsutsui and S. Saito, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 27, L269 (1988).
99. J. Klinowski, Material Science, 7, 43 (1981) and references cited therein.
100. C. Adachi, T. Tsutsui and S. Saito, Appl. Phys. Lett., 56, 799 (1990).
101. Y. Hamada, T. Sano, M. Fujita, T. Fujii, Y. Nishio and K. Shibata, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 32, L511 (1993).
102. J. Shi, C. W. Tang, and C. H. Chen, US Patent Application No. 08/700,252 (1996).
103. H. Higashi, C. Hosokawa, H. Tokailin and T. Kusumoto, Nippon Kagaku, Kaishi, 1162 (1992).
104. H. Tokailin, M. Matsuura, H. Higashi, C. Hosokawa, T. Kusumoto, Proc. SPIE, 1910, 38 (1993).
105. C. Hosokawa, H. Higashi, H. Nakamura, T. Kusumoto, Appl. Phys. Lett., 67, 3853 (1995).
106. H. Tokailin, H. Higashi, C. Hosokawa, US 5,130,630 (1992).
107. S. A. Van Slyke, C. W. Tang, US 4,720,432 (1988).
108. H. Nakamura, C. Hosokawa, H. Tokailin, M. Matsuura, H. Higashi, T. Kusumoto, Report of IEICE, OME94-80, 13 (1995).
109. C. Hosokawa, M. Eida, M. Matsuura, K. Fukuoka, H. Nakamure, and T. Kusumoto, SID 97 Digest, 1073 (1997).
110. M. Matsuura, H. Tokalin, M. Eida, C. Hosokawa, 1Y. Hironaka, T. Kusumoto, Asia Display 95, S11-2, 269 (1996).
111. T. Sano, US 5,432,014 (1995).
112. P. R. Hammond, Optics Comm., 29, 331 (1979).
113. C. H. Chen and C. W. Tang, Chem. of Functional Dyes, Vol. 2, Z. Yoshida and Y. Shirota (ed.), Mita Press, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 536-543, 1993.
114. An improved red dopant based on the t-butyl-substituted DCJT (DCJTB) was disclosed by C. H. Chen, C. W. Tang, J. Shi and K. P. Klubek at the 213th National ACS Meeting, San Francisco, April 13, 1997.
115. C. W. Tang, C. H. Weidner and D. L. Comfort, US 5,409,783 (1995).
116. P. E. Burrows, S. R. Forrest, S. P. Sibley, M. E. Thompson, Appl. Phys. Lett., 69, 2959 (1996).
117. J. Kido, K. Nagai, Y. Okamoto and t. Skotheim, Chem. Lett., 1267 (1991).
118. C. Rompf, D. Ammermann, W. Kowalsky, Material Science Technol., 11, 845 (1995).
119. S. A. Van Slyke, C. W. Tang, L. C. Roberts, US 4,720,432 (1988).
120. Sato, JP 07,142,169 (1995).
121. J. Kido, K. Hongawa, K. Okuyama, K. Nagi, Appl. Phys. Lett., 64, 815 (1994).
122. J. Shi and C. W. Tang, US Patent Application No. 08/592,830 (1996).
123. A. Dodabalapur. L. J. Rothberg, T. M. Miller, E. W. Kwock, Appl. Phys. Lett., 64, 2486 (1994).
124. A. Dodabalapur, L. J. Rothberg, T. M. Miller, Appl. Phys. Lett., 65, 2308 (1994).
125. R. H. Jordan, A. Dodabalapur, M. Strukelj, T. M. Miller, Appl. Phys. Lett., 68 (9), 1 (1996).
126. M. Strukelj, R. H. Jordan, A. Dodabalapur, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 1213 (1996).
127. E.-M. Han, L.-M. Do, N. Yamamoto, and M. Fujihira, Chem. Lett. 57 (1995).
128. P. E. Burrows, F. Bulovic, S. R. Forrest, L. S. Sapochak, D. M. McCarty, and M. E. Thompson, Appl. Phys. Lett., 65, 2922 (1992).
129. C. Adachi, K. Nagi, and N. Tamoto, Appl. Phys. Lett., 66, 2679 (1995).
130. S. A. Van Slyke, C. H. Chen, and C. W. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2160 (1996).
131. C. W. Tang, 1996 SID Intern'l Sym. Digest of Technical Papers (SID, Santa Ana, CA, 1996), p. 181.
132. M. Hiramoto, M. Yokoyama, Proc. SPIE, 1910, 222 (1993).
133. M. Hiramoto, J. Tani, M. Yokoyama, Proc. SPIE, 1910, 190 (1993).
134. T. Wakimoto, R. Murayama, K. Nagamiya, Y. Okuda, H. Nakada, and T. Tohma, SID 96 Digest, 849 (1996).
135. R. F. Service, Science, 273, 878 (1996).
136. The fabrication of a QVGA (320 x 240) mono-color display was just announced by Idemitsu Kosan Co., at the recent SID 97 meeting in Boston, MA, May 15, 1997.