Southernizing the American working class: Post-war episodes of regional and class transformation

Labor History

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 135-154

  Gregory, James N ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032390798     PISSN: 0023656X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00236679812331387310     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. "Detroit City" by Mel Tillis and Danny Dill, copyright 1962 by Cedarwood Publishing Company, Nashville, TN.
2. David M. Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Post-War Urban Crisis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); David Halle, America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics among Blue-Collar Property Owners (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). Other important interpretations of the post-war working class include Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class (London: Verso, 1986); Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London: Verso, 1988); Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
3. David M. Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Post-War Urban Crisis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); David Halle, America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics among Blue-Collar Property Owners (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). Other important interpretations of the post-war working class include Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class (London: Verso, 1986); Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London: Verso, 1988); Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
4. David M. Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Post-War Urban Crisis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); David Halle, America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics among Blue-Collar Property Owners (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). Other important interpretations of the post-war working class include Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class (London: Verso, 1986); Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London: Verso, 1988); Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
5. David M. Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Post-War Urban Crisis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); David Halle, America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics among Blue-Collar Property Owners (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). Other important interpretations of the post-war working class include Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class (London: Verso, 1986); Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London: Verso, 1988); Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
6. David M. Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Post-War Urban Crisis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); David Halle, America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics among Blue-Collar Property Owners (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). Other important interpretations of the post-war working class include Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class (London: Verso, 1986); Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London: Verso, 1988); Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
7. David M. Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Post-War Urban Crisis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); David Halle, America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics among Blue-Collar Property Owners (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). Other important interpretations of the post-war working class include Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class (London: Verso, 1986); Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London: Verso, 1988); Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
8. David M. Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Post-War Urban Crisis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); David Halle, America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics among Blue-Collar Property Owners (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). Other important interpretations of the post-war working class include Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class (London: Verso, 1986); Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London: Verso, 1988); Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
9. The concept of southernization was first used by John Egerton in The Americanization of Dixie: The Southernization of America (New York: Harper's Magazine Press, 1974). It has since been used to describe recent developments in both popular culture and electoral politics. See James C. Cobb, "From Muskogee to Luckenbach: Country Music and the 'Southernization' of America," Journal of Popular Culture, 16 (1982), 81-91; Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995) ; Kenneth Durr, "When Southern Politics Came North: The Roots of White Working-Class Conservatism in Baltimore, 1940-1964," Labor History, 37 (1996), 309-331.
10. The concept of southernization was first used by John Egerton in The Americanization of Dixie: The Southernization of America (New York: Harper's Magazine Press, 1974). It has since been used to describe recent developments in both popular culture and electoral politics. See James C. Cobb, "From Muskogee to Luckenbach: Country Music and the 'Southernization' of America," Journal of Popular Culture, 16 (1982), 81-91; Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995) ; Kenneth Durr, "When Southern Politics Came North: The Roots of White Working-Class Conservatism in Baltimore, 1940-1964," Labor History, 37 (1996), 309-331.
11. The concept of southernization was first used by John Egerton in The Americanization of Dixie: The Southernization of America (New York: Harper's Magazine Press, 1974). It has since been used to describe recent developments in both popular culture and electoral politics. See James C. Cobb, "From Muskogee to Luckenbach: Country Music and the 'Southernization' of America," Journal of Popular Culture, 16 (1982), 81-91; Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995) ; Kenneth Durr, "When Southern Politics Came North: The Roots of White Working-Class Conservatism in Baltimore, 1940-1964," Labor History, 37 (1996), 309-331.
12. The concept of southernization was first used by John Egerton in The Americanization of Dixie: The Southernization of America (New York: Harper's Magazine Press, 1974). It has since been used to describe recent developments in both popular culture and electoral politics. See James C. Cobb, "From Muskogee to Luckenbach: Country Music and the 'Southernization' of America," Journal of Popular Culture, 16 (1982), 81-91; Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995) ; Kenneth Durr, "When Southern Politics Came North: The Roots of White Working-Class Conservatism in Baltimore, 1940-1964," Labor History, 37 (1996), 309-331.
13. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Black Southerners, Chicago, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America (New York: Knopf, 1991); Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Jacqueline Jones examines both black and white migrants in The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
14. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Black Southerners, Chicago, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America (New York: Knopf, 1991); Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Jacqueline Jones examines both black and white migrants in The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
15. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Black Southerners, Chicago, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America (New York: Knopf, 1991); Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Jacqueline Jones examines both black and white migrants in The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
16. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Black Southerners, Chicago, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America (New York: Knopf, 1991); Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Jacqueline Jones examines both black and white migrants in The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
17. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Black Southerners, Chicago, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America (New York: Knopf, 1991); Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Jacqueline Jones examines both black and white migrants in The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
18. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Black Southerners, Chicago, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America (New York: Knopf, 1991); Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Jacqueline Jones examines both black and white migrants in The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
19. 1964 Survey Research Center survey as cited in Richard F. Hamilton, Class and Politics in the United States (New York: Wiley, 1972), 258, 309. See also Arthur B. Shostak, Blue Collar Life (New York: Random House, 1969).
20. 1964 Survey Research Center survey as cited in Richard F. Hamilton, Class and Politics in the United States (New York: Wiley, 1972), 258, 309. See also Arthur B. Shostak, Blue Collar Life (New York: Random House, 1969).
21. For a fuller display of social and economic data on the two groups of southern expatriates see James N. Gregory, "The Southern Diaspora and the Urban Dispossessed: Demonstrating the Census Public Use Microdata Samples," Journal of American History, 82 (1995), 111-134.
22. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: The Viking Press, 1939); Harriette Arnow, The Dollmaker (New York: Macmillan, 1954); Grace G. Leybourne, "Urban Adjustments of Migrants from the Southern Appalachian Plateaus," Social Forces, 16 (1937), 238-246; Erdmann Doanne Beynon, "The Southern White Laborer Migrates to Michigan," American Sociological Review, 3 (1938), 333-343; Lewis M. Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Rosemary Deyling, "Hillbillies in Steelville: A Study of Participation in Community Life" (unpublished MA essay, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Eldon D. Smith, "Migration and Adjustment Experiences of Rural Migrant Workers in Indianapolis" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1953); Harry P. Sharp, "Migration and Social Participation in the Detroit Area" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, 1954).
23. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: The Viking Press, 1939); Harriette Arnow, The Dollmaker (New York: Macmillan, 1954); Grace G. Leybourne, "Urban Adjustments of Migrants from the Southern Appalachian Plateaus," Social Forces, 16 (1937), 238-246; Erdmann Doanne Beynon, "The Southern White Laborer Migrates to Michigan," American Sociological Review, 3 (1938), 333-343; Lewis M. Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Rosemary Deyling, "Hillbillies in Steelville: A Study of Participation in Community Life" (unpublished MA essay, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Eldon D. Smith, "Migration and Adjustment Experiences of Rural Migrant Workers in Indianapolis" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1953); Harry P. Sharp, "Migration and Social Participation in the Detroit Area" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, 1954).
24. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: The Viking Press, 1939); Harriette Arnow, The Dollmaker (New York: Macmillan, 1954); Grace G. Leybourne, "Urban Adjustments of Migrants from the Southern Appalachian Plateaus," Social Forces, 16 (1937), 238-246; Erdmann Doanne Beynon, "The Southern White Laborer Migrates to Michigan," American Sociological Review, 3 (1938), 333-343; Lewis M. Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Rosemary Deyling, "Hillbillies in Steelville: A Study of Participation in Community Life" (unpublished MA essay, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Eldon D. Smith, "Migration and Adjustment Experiences of Rural Migrant Workers in Indianapolis" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1953); Harry P. Sharp, "Migration and Social Participation in the Detroit Area" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, 1954).
25. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: The Viking Press, 1939); Harriette Arnow, The Dollmaker (New York: Macmillan, 1954); Grace G. Leybourne, "Urban Adjustments of Migrants from the Southern Appalachian Plateaus," Social Forces, 16 (1937), 238-246; Erdmann Doanne Beynon, "The Southern White Laborer Migrates to Michigan," American Sociological Review, 3 (1938), 333-343; Lewis M. Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Rosemary Deyling, "Hillbillies in Steelville: A Study of Participation in Community Life" (unpublished MA essay, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Eldon D. Smith, "Migration and Adjustment Experiences of Rural Migrant Workers in Indianapolis" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1953); Harry P. Sharp, "Migration and Social Participation in the Detroit Area" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, 1954).
26. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: The Viking Press, 1939); Harriette Arnow, The Dollmaker (New York: Macmillan, 1954); Grace G. Leybourne, "Urban Adjustments of Migrants from the Southern Appalachian Plateaus," Social Forces, 16 (1937), 238-246; Erdmann Doanne Beynon, "The Southern White Laborer Migrates to Michigan," American Sociological Review, 3 (1938), 333-343; Lewis M. Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Rosemary Deyling, "Hillbillies in Steelville: A Study of Participation in Community Life" (unpublished MA essay, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Eldon D. Smith, "Migration and Adjustment Experiences of Rural Migrant Workers in Indianapolis" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1953); Harry P. Sharp, "Migration and Social Participation in the Detroit Area" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, 1954).
27. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: The Viking Press, 1939); Harriette Arnow, The Dollmaker (New York: Macmillan, 1954); Grace G. Leybourne, "Urban Adjustments of Migrants from the Southern Appalachian Plateaus," Social Forces, 16 (1937), 238-246; Erdmann Doanne Beynon, "The Southern White Laborer Migrates to Michigan," American Sociological Review, 3 (1938), 333-343; Lewis M. Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Rosemary Deyling, "Hillbillies in Steelville: A Study of Participation in Community Life" (unpublished MA essay, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Eldon D. Smith, "Migration and Adjustment Experiences of Rural Migrant Workers in Indianapolis" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1953); Harry P. Sharp, "Migration and Social Participation in the Detroit Area" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, 1954).
28. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: The Viking Press, 1939); Harriette Arnow, The Dollmaker (New York: Macmillan, 1954); Grace G. Leybourne, "Urban Adjustments of Migrants from the Southern Appalachian Plateaus," Social Forces, 16 (1937), 238-246; Erdmann Doanne Beynon, "The Southern White Laborer Migrates to Michigan," American Sociological Review, 3 (1938), 333-343; Lewis M. Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Rosemary Deyling, "Hillbillies in Steelville: A Study of Participation in Community Life" (unpublished MA essay, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Eldon D. Smith, "Migration and Adjustment Experiences of Rural Migrant Workers in Indianapolis" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1953); Harry P. Sharp, "Migration and Social Participation in the Detroit Area" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, 1954).
29. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: The Viking Press, 1939); Harriette Arnow, The Dollmaker (New York: Macmillan, 1954); Grace G. Leybourne, "Urban Adjustments of Migrants from the Southern Appalachian Plateaus," Social Forces, 16 (1937), 238-246; Erdmann Doanne Beynon, "The Southern White Laborer Migrates to Michigan," American Sociological Review, 3 (1938), 333-343; Lewis M. Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Rosemary Deyling, "Hillbillies in Steelville: A Study of Participation in Community Life" (unpublished MA essay, Univ. of Chicago, 1949); Eldon D. Smith, "Migration and Adjustment Experiences of Rural Migrant Workers in Indianapolis" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1953); Harry P. Sharp, "Migration and Social Participation in the Detroit Area" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, 1954).
30. Robert Coles, The South Goes North (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Todd Gitlin and Nanci Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Lewis M. Killian, White Southerners (New York: Random House, 1970), 91-119; Edwin S. Harwood, "Work and Community Among Urban Newcomers: A Study of the Social and Economic Adaptation of Southern Migrants in Chicago" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1966); Don Edward Merten, "Up Here and Down Home: Appalachian Migrants in Northtown" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1974). More recent studies include William W. Philliber, Appalachian Migrants in Urban America: Cultural Conflict or Ethnic Group Formation? (New York: Praeger, 1981); Gene B. Petersen, Laure M. Sharp, and Thomas H. Drury, Southern Newcomers in Northern Cities: Work and Social Adjustment in Cleveland (New York: Praeger, 1977).
31. Robert Coles, The South Goes North (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Todd Gitlin and Nanci Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Lewis M. Killian, White Southerners (New York: Random House, 1970), 91-119; Edwin S. Harwood, "Work and Community Among Urban Newcomers: A Study of the Social and Economic Adaptation of Southern Migrants in Chicago" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1966); Don Edward Merten, "Up Here and Down Home: Appalachian Migrants in Northtown" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1974). More recent studies include William W. Philliber, Appalachian Migrants in Urban America: Cultural Conflict or Ethnic Group Formation? (New York: Praeger, 1981); Gene B. Petersen, Laure M. Sharp, and Thomas H. Drury, Southern Newcomers in Northern Cities: Work and Social Adjustment in Cleveland (New York: Praeger, 1977).
32. Robert Coles, The South Goes North (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Todd Gitlin and Nanci Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Lewis M. Killian, White Southerners (New York: Random House, 1970), 91-119; Edwin S. Harwood, "Work and Community Among Urban Newcomers: A Study of the Social and Economic Adaptation of Southern Migrants in Chicago" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1966); Don Edward Merten, "Up Here and Down Home: Appalachian Migrants in Northtown" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1974). More recent studies include William W. Philliber, Appalachian Migrants in Urban America: Cultural Conflict or Ethnic Group Formation? (New York: Praeger, 1981); Gene B. Petersen, Laure M. Sharp, and Thomas H. Drury, Southern Newcomers in Northern Cities: Work and Social Adjustment in Cleveland (New York: Praeger, 1977).
33. Robert Coles, The South Goes North (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Todd Gitlin and Nanci Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Lewis M. Killian, White Southerners (New York: Random House, 1970), 91-119; Edwin S. Harwood, "Work and Community Among Urban Newcomers: A Study of the Social and Economic Adaptation of Southern Migrants in Chicago" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1966); Don Edward Merten, "Up Here and Down Home: Appalachian Migrants in Northtown" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1974). More recent studies include William W. Philliber, Appalachian Migrants in Urban America: Cultural Conflict or Ethnic Group Formation? (New York: Praeger, 1981); Gene B. Petersen, Laure M. Sharp, and Thomas H. Drury, Southern Newcomers in Northern Cities: Work and Social Adjustment in Cleveland (New York: Praeger, 1977).
34. Robert Coles, The South Goes North (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Todd Gitlin and Nanci Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Lewis M. Killian, White Southerners (New York: Random House, 1970), 91-119; Edwin S. Harwood, "Work and Community Among Urban Newcomers: A Study of the Social and Economic Adaptation of Southern Migrants in Chicago" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1966); Don Edward Merten, "Up Here and Down Home: Appalachian Migrants in Northtown" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1974). More recent studies include William W. Philliber, Appalachian Migrants in Urban America: Cultural Conflict or Ethnic Group Formation? (New York: Praeger, 1981); Gene B. Petersen, Laure M. Sharp, and Thomas H. Drury, Southern Newcomers in Northern Cities: Work and Social Adjustment in Cleveland (New York: Praeger, 1977).
35. Robert Coles, The South Goes North (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Todd Gitlin and Nanci Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Lewis M. Killian, White Southerners (New York: Random House, 1970), 91-119; Edwin S. Harwood, "Work and Community Among Urban Newcomers: A Study of the Social and Economic Adaptation of Southern Migrants in Chicago" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1966); Don Edward Merten, "Up Here and Down Home: Appalachian Migrants in Northtown" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1974). More recent studies include William W. Philliber, Appalachian Migrants in Urban America: Cultural Conflict or Ethnic Group Formation? (New York: Praeger, 1981); Gene B. Petersen, Laure M. Sharp, and Thomas H. Drury, Southern Newcomers in Northern Cities: Work and Social Adjustment in Cleveland (New York: Praeger, 1977).
36. Robert Coles, The South Goes North (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Todd Gitlin and Nanci Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); Lewis M. Killian, White Southerners (New York: Random House, 1970), 91-119; Edwin S. Harwood, "Work and Community Among Urban Newcomers: A Study of the Social and Economic Adaptation of Southern Migrants in Chicago" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1966); Don Edward Merten, "Up Here and Down Home: Appalachian Migrants in Northtown" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1974). More recent studies include William W. Philliber, Appalachian Migrants in Urban America: Cultural Conflict or Ethnic Group Formation? (New York: Praeger, 1981); Gene B. Petersen, Laure M. Sharp, and Thomas H. Drury, Southern Newcomers in Northern Cities: Work and Social Adjustment in Cleveland (New York: Praeger, 1977).
37. Gregory, "The Southern Diaspora and the Urban Dispossessed"; also Gregory, American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
38. This is made clear in a pair of Chicago surveys reported by Harwood, "Work and Community Among Urban Newcomers," 88-90.
39. The Public Use Microdata Samples are machine-readable data files prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. There are six separate files, each a different 1% sample of household records from the 1970 census. This study uses the sample designated 5% State data.
40. For a more complete breakdown that includes foreign-born whites see Gregory, "The Southern Diaspora and the Urban Dispossessed".
41. Labor force participation rates in the Great Lakes among females 14 years and older were as follows: southern whites (39.1%), other whites (39.6%), African-Americans (45.2%), Latinas (42.1%).
42. Calculated from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Public Use Microdata Sample (5% State sample).
43. Katherine Archibald, Wartime Shipyard: A Study of Social Disunity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1947); Deyling, "Hillbillies in Steelville".
44. Katherine Archibald, Wartime Shipyard: A Study of Social Disunity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1947); Deyling, "Hillbillies in Steelville".
45. Lewis M. Killian, "The Adjustment of Southern White Migrants to Northern Urban Norms," Social Forces, 32 (1953), 68, See also his "Effects of Southern White Workers on Race Relations in Northern Plants," American Sociological Review, 17 (1952), 327-331. Bennett M. Berger, Working-Class Suburb: A Study of Auto Workers in Suburbia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960); William E. Powles, "The Southern Appalachian Migrant: Country Boy Turned Blue-Collarite," in Arthur B. Shostak and William Gomberg, eds., Blue-Collar World: Studies of the American Worker (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964), 270-281. On the survey research see note 20 below.
46. Lewis M. Killian, "The Adjustment of Southern White Migrants to Northern Urban Norms," Social Forces, 32 (1953), 68, See also his "Effects of Southern White Workers on Race Relations in Northern Plants," American Sociological Review, 17 (1952), 327-331. Bennett M. Berger, Working-Class Suburb: A Study of Auto Workers in Suburbia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960); William E. Powles, "The Southern Appalachian Migrant: Country Boy Turned Blue-Collarite," in Arthur B. Shostak and William Gomberg, eds., Blue-Collar World: Studies of the American Worker (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964), 270-281. On the survey research see note 20 below.
47. Lewis M. Killian, "The Adjustment of Southern White Migrants to Northern Urban Norms," Social Forces, 32 (1953), 68, See also his "Effects of Southern White Workers on Race Relations in Northern Plants," American Sociological Review, 17 (1952), 327-331. Bennett M. Berger, Working-Class Suburb: A Study of Auto Workers in Suburbia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960); William E. Powles, "The Southern Appalachian Migrant: Country Boy Turned Blue-Collarite," in Arthur B. Shostak and William Gomberg, eds., Blue-Collar World: Studies of the American Worker (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964), 270-281. On the survey research see note 20 below.
48. Lewis M. Killian, "The Adjustment of Southern White Migrants to Northern Urban Norms," Social Forces, 32 (1953), 68, See also his "Effects of Southern White Workers on Race Relations in Northern Plants," American Sociological Review, 17 (1952), 327-331. Bennett M. Berger, Working-Class Suburb: A Study of Auto Workers in Suburbia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960); William E. Powles, "The Southern Appalachian Migrant: Country Boy Turned Blue-Collarite," in Arthur B. Shostak and William Gomberg, eds., Blue-Collar World: Studies of the American Worker (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964), 270-281. On the survey research see note 20 below.
49. Recent accounts of the Wallace campaigns include Carter, The Politics of Rage; Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 221-244.
50. Recent accounts of the Wallace campaigns include Carter, The Politics of Rage; Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 221-244.
51. Hamilton, Class and Politics, 460-467. Also Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969), 450; Samuel Lubell, The Hidden Crisis in American Politics (New York: Norton, 1970), 75.
52. Hamilton, Class and Politics, 460-467. Also Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969), 450; Samuel Lubell, The Hidden Crisis in American Politics (New York: Norton, 1970), 75.
53. Hamilton, Class and Politics, 460-467. Also Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969), 450; Samuel Lubell, The Hidden Crisis in American Politics (New York: Norton, 1970), 75.
54. Thomas J. Sugrue, "Crabgrass-Roots Politics: Race, Rights, and the Reaction against Liberalism in the Urban North, 1940-1964," Journal of American History, 82 (1995), 551-578 and in the same issue: Arnold R. Hirsch, "Massive Resistance in the Urban North: Trumbull Park, Chicago, 1953-1966," 522-550. See also Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto; Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ronald P. Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
55. Thomas J. Sugrue, "Crabgrass-Roots Politics: Race, Rights, and the Reaction against Liberalism in the Urban North, 1940-1964," Journal of American History, 82 (1995), 551-578 and in the same issue: Arnold R. Hirsch, "Massive Resistance in the Urban North: Trumbull Park, Chicago, 1953-1966," 522-550. See also Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto; Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ronald P. Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
56. Thomas J. Sugrue, "Crabgrass-Roots Politics: Race, Rights, and the Reaction against Liberalism in the Urban North, 1940-1964," Journal of American History, 82 (1995), 551-578 and in the same issue: Arnold R. Hirsch, "Massive Resistance in the Urban North: Trumbull Park, Chicago, 1953-1966," 522-550. See also Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto; Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ronald P. Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
57. Thomas J. Sugrue, "Crabgrass-Roots Politics: Race, Rights, and the Reaction against Liberalism in the Urban North, 1940-1964," Journal of American History, 82 (1995), 551-578 and in the same issue: Arnold R. Hirsch, "Massive Resistance in the Urban North: Trumbull Park, Chicago, 1953-1966," 522-550. See also Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto; Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ronald P. Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
58. Thomas J. Sugrue, "Crabgrass-Roots Politics: Race, Rights, and the Reaction against Liberalism in the Urban North, 1940-1964," Journal of American History, 82 (1995), 551-578 and in the same issue: Arnold R. Hirsch, "Massive Resistance in the Urban North: Trumbull Park, Chicago, 1953-1966," 522-550. See also Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto; Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ronald P. Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
59. The two national surveys are reported in Paul B. Sheatsley, "White Attitudes Toward the Negro," Daedalus, 95 ( 1966), 277; and Hamilton, Class and Politics, 474, footnote 20. The Chicago and Los Angeles samples are in Donald J. Bogue and Richard McKinlay, Militancy For and Against Civil Rights and Integration in Chicago: Summer 1967 Report #1 of University of Chicago Community and Family Study Center (Aug. 1, 1967), 14-17; Richard T. Morriss and Vincent Jeffries, "The White Reaction Study", in Nathan Cohen, ed., The Los Angeles Riots: A Socio-Psychological Study (New York: Praeger, 1970). On the basis of extensive interviews in 1966 with a Los Angeles sample, Howard S. Elinson reports no important differences in viewpoints of southerners and other working-class whites in "Folk Politics: The Political Mentality of White Working-Class Voters" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1967), 100. The only contrary data I have found were reported in Angus Campbell, White Attitudes Toward Black People (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1971), 44-45.
60. The two national surveys are reported in Paul B. Sheatsley, "White Attitudes Toward the Negro," Daedalus, 95 ( 1966), 277; and Hamilton, Class and Politics, 474, footnote 20. The Chicago and Los Angeles samples are in Donald J. Bogue and Richard McKinlay, Militancy For and Against Civil Rights and Integration in Chicago: Summer 1967 Report #1 of University of Chicago Community and Family Study Center (Aug. 1, 1967), 14-17; Richard T. Morriss and Vincent Jeffries, "The White Reaction Study", in Nathan Cohen, ed., The Los Angeles Riots: A Socio-Psychological Study (New York: Praeger, 1970). On the basis of extensive interviews in 1966 with a Los Angeles sample, Howard S. Elinson reports no important differences in viewpoints of southerners and other working-class whites in "Folk Politics: The Political Mentality of White Working-Class Voters" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1967), 100. The only contrary data I have found were reported in Angus Campbell, White Attitudes Toward Black People (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1971), 44-45.
61. The two national surveys are reported in Paul B. Sheatsley, "White Attitudes Toward the Negro," Daedalus, 95 ( 1966), 277; and Hamilton, Class and Politics, 474, footnote 20. The Chicago and Los Angeles samples are in Donald J. Bogue and Richard McKinlay, Militancy For and Against Civil Rights and Integration in Chicago: Summer 1967 Report #1 of University of Chicago Community and Family Study Center (Aug. 1, 1967), 14-17; Richard T. Morriss and Vincent Jeffries, "The White Reaction Study", in Nathan Cohen, ed., The Los Angeles Riots: A Socio-Psychological Study (New York: Praeger, 1970). On the basis of extensive interviews in 1966 with a Los Angeles sample, Howard S. Elinson reports no important differences in viewpoints of southerners and other working-class whites in "Folk Politics: The Political Mentality of White Working-Class Voters" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1967), 100. The only contrary data I have found were reported in Angus Campbell, White Attitudes Toward Black People (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1971), 44-45.
62. The two national surveys are reported in Paul B. Sheatsley, "White Attitudes Toward the Negro," Daedalus, 95 ( 1966), 277; and Hamilton, Class and Politics, 474, footnote 20. The Chicago and Los Angeles samples are in Donald J. Bogue and Richard McKinlay, Militancy For and Against Civil Rights and Integration in Chicago: Summer 1967 Report #1 of University of Chicago Community and Family Study Center (Aug. 1, 1967), 14-17; Richard T. Morriss and Vincent Jeffries, "The White Reaction Study", in Nathan Cohen, ed., The Los Angeles Riots: A Socio-Psychological Study (New York: Praeger, 1970). On the basis of extensive interviews in 1966 with a Los Angeles sample, Howard S. Elinson reports no important differences in viewpoints of southerners and other working-class whites in "Folk Politics: The Political Mentality of White Working-Class Voters" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1967), 100. The only contrary data I have found were reported in Angus Campbell, White Attitudes Toward Black People (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1971), 44-45.
63. The two national surveys are reported in Paul B. Sheatsley, "White Attitudes Toward the Negro," Daedalus, 95 ( 1966), 277; and Hamilton, Class and Politics, 474, footnote 20. The Chicago and Los Angeles samples are in Donald J. Bogue and Richard McKinlay, Militancy For and Against Civil Rights and Integration in Chicago: Summer 1967 Report #1 of University of Chicago Community and Family Study Center (Aug. 1, 1967), 14-17; Richard T. Morriss and Vincent Jeffries, "The White Reaction Study", in Nathan Cohen, ed., The Los Angeles Riots: A Socio-Psychological Study (New York: Praeger, 1970). On the basis of extensive interviews in 1966 with a Los Angeles sample, Howard S. Elinson reports no important differences in viewpoints of southerners and other working-class whites in "Folk Politics: The Political Mentality of White Working-Class Voters" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1967), 100. The only contrary data I have found were reported in Angus Campbell, White Attitudes Toward Black People (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1971), 44-45.
64. The two national surveys are reported in Paul B. Sheatsley, "White Attitudes Toward the Negro," Daedalus, 95 ( 1966), 277; and Hamilton, Class and Politics, 474, footnote 20. The Chicago and Los Angeles samples are in Donald J. Bogue and Richard McKinlay, Militancy For and Against Civil Rights and Integration in Chicago: Summer 1967 Report #1 of University of Chicago Community and Family Study Center (Aug. 1, 1967), 14-17; Richard T. Morriss and Vincent Jeffries, "The White Reaction Study", in Nathan Cohen, ed., The Los Angeles Riots: A Socio-Psychological Study (New York: Praeger, 1970). On the basis of extensive interviews in 1966 with a Los Angeles sample, Howard S. Elinson reports no important differences in viewpoints of southerners and other working-class whites in "Folk Politics: The Political Mentality of White Working-Class Voters" (unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1967), 100. The only contrary data I have found were reported in Angus Campbell, White Attitudes Toward Black People (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1971), 44-45.
65. Kenneth Durr's very recent article "When Southern Politics Came North" appeared too late to help this effort. A study of Baltimore white working-class politics it shows in more detail than I have the evolution of backlash political rhetoric.
66. Carter, The Politics of Rage, describes a number of start-up incidents; James Lewis Canfield, A Case of Third Party Activism: The George Wallace Campaign Worker and the American Independent Party (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984), 32-35. For other observations about ex-southerners see Jody Carlson, George C. Wallace and the Politics of the Powerless: The Wallace Campaigns for the Presidency, 1964-1976 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1981), 88; Lubell, The Hidden Crisis in American Politics, 75, 84; Lillian B. Rubin, Busing and Backlash: White Against White in a California School District (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 147-154.
67. Carter, The Politics of Rage, describes a number of start-up incidents; James Lewis Canfield, A Case of Third Party Activism: The George Wallace Campaign Worker and the American Independent Party (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984), 32-35. For other observations about ex-southerners see Jody Carlson, George C. Wallace and the Politics of the Powerless: The Wallace Campaigns for the Presidency, 1964-1976 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1981), 88; Lubell, The Hidden Crisis in American Politics, 75, 84; Lillian B. Rubin, Busing and Backlash: White Against White in a California School District (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 147-154.
68. Carter, The Politics of Rage, describes a number of start-up incidents; James Lewis Canfield, A Case of Third Party Activism: The George Wallace Campaign Worker and the American Independent Party (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984), 32-35. For other observations about ex-southerners see Jody Carlson, George C. Wallace and the Politics of the Powerless: The Wallace Campaigns for the Presidency, 1964-1976 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1981), 88; Lubell, The Hidden Crisis in American Politics, 75, 84; Lillian B. Rubin, Busing and Backlash: White Against White in a California School District (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 147-154.
69. Carter, The Politics of Rage, describes a number of start-up incidents; James Lewis Canfield, A Case of Third Party Activism: The George Wallace Campaign Worker and the American Independent Party (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984), 32-35. For other observations about ex-southerners see Jody Carlson, George C. Wallace and the Politics of the Powerless: The Wallace Campaigns for the Presidency, 1964-1976 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1981), 88; Lubell, The Hidden Crisis in American Politics, 75, 84; Lillian B. Rubin, Busing and Backlash: White Against White in a California School District (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 147-154.
70. Carter, The Politics of Rage, describes a number of start-up incidents; James Lewis Canfield, A Case of Third Party Activism: The George Wallace Campaign Worker and the American Independent Party (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984), 32-35. For other observations about ex-southerners see Jody Carlson, George C. Wallace and the Politics of the Powerless: The Wallace Campaigns for the Presidency, 1964-1976 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1981), 88; Lubell, The Hidden Crisis in American Politics, 75, 84; Lillian B. Rubin, Busing and Backlash: White Against White in a California School District (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 147-154.
71. Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Raab, The Politics of Unreason: Right Wing Extremism in America 1790-1970 (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), 363-365.
72. Carter, The Politics of Rage, especially 294-370; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto; Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Vintage, 1992), 151-219.
73. Carter, The Politics of Rage, especially 294-370; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto; Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Vintage, 1992), 151-219.
74. Carter, The Politics of Rage, especially 294-370; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto; Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Vintage, 1992), 151-219.
75. Lipset and Raab, Politics of Unreason, 340-350, 407. See also Lewis Chester, Godfrey Hodgson, and Bruce Page, An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968 (New York: Viking Press, 1969), 261-294; Thomas Byrne Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991), 76-80.
76. Lipset and Raab, Politics of Unreason, 340-350, 407. See also Lewis Chester, Godfrey Hodgson, and Bruce Page, An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968 (New York: Viking Press, 1969), 261-294; Thomas Byrne Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991), 76-80.
77. Lipset and Raab, Politics of Unreason, 340-350, 407. See also Lewis Chester, Godfrey Hodgson, and Bruce Page, An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968 (New York: Viking Press, 1969), 261-294; Thomas Byrne Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991), 76-80.
78. Carter, The Politics of Rage, 299-300, finds no evidence that Wallace was anti-Catholic or anti-semitic, though some of his associates were. On other backlash candidates see J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground (New York: Knopf, 1985), 115-138; Formisano, Boston Against Busing; John C. Bollens and Grant B. Geyer, Yorty: Politics of a Constant Candidate (Pacific Palisades, CA: Palisades Publishers, 1973).
79. Carter, The Politics of Rage, 299-300, finds no evidence that Wallace was anti-Catholic or anti-semitic, though some of his associates were. On other backlash candidates see J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground (New York: Knopf, 1985), 115-138; Formisano, Boston Against Busing; John C. Bollens and Grant B. Geyer, Yorty: Politics of a Constant Candidate (Pacific Palisades, CA: Palisades Publishers, 1973).
80. Carter, The Politics of Rage, 299-300, finds no evidence that Wallace was anti-Catholic or anti-semitic, though some of his associates were. On other backlash candidates see J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground (New York: Knopf, 1985), 115-138; Formisano, Boston Against Busing; John C. Bollens and Grant B. Geyer, Yorty: Politics of a Constant Candidate (Pacific Palisades, CA: Palisades Publishers, 1973).
81. Carter, The Politics of Rage, 299-300, finds no evidence that Wallace was anti-Catholic or anti-semitic, though some of his associates were. On other backlash candidates see J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground (New York: Knopf, 1985), 115-138; Formisano, Boston Against Busing; John C. Bollens and Grant B. Geyer, Yorty: Politics of a Constant Candidate (Pacific Palisades, CA: Palisades Publishers, 1973).
82. See Gregory, American Exodus, 191-222; James Davison Hunter, American Evangelicalism: Conservative Religion and the Quandary of Modernity (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983).
83. See Gregory, American Exodus, 191-222; James Davison Hunter, American Evangelicalism: Conservative Religion and the Quandary of Modernity (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983).
84. Richard A. Peterson and Paul Di Maggio, "From Region to Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of the Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces, 53 (1975), 497-506. Other important sources on the development and diffusion of country music include Bill C. Malone's two books Country Music USA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968) and Southern Music American Music (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1979); D. K. Wilgus, "Country-Western Music and the Urban Hillbilly," Journal of American Folklore, 83 (1970), 157-179; Archie Green, "Hillbilly Music: Source and Symbol," Journal of American Folklore, 78 (1965), 204-222; George O. Carney, "Country Music and the Radio: A Historical Geographic Assessment," Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, 11 (1974), 19-32. For an example of its place in tavern life see E. E. LeMasters, Blue-Collar Aristocrats: Life-Styles at a Working-Class Tavern (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 143-144.
85. Richard A. Peterson and Paul Di Maggio, "From Region to Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of the Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces, 53 (1975), 497-506. Other important sources on the development and diffusion of country music include Bill C. Malone's two books Country Music USA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968) and Southern Music American Music (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1979); D. K. Wilgus, "Country-Western Music and the Urban Hillbilly," Journal of American Folklore, 83 (1970), 157-179; Archie Green, "Hillbilly Music: Source and Symbol," Journal of American Folklore, 78 (1965), 204-222; George O. Carney, "Country Music and the Radio: A Historical Geographic Assessment," Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, 11 (1974), 19-32. For an example of its place in tavern life see E. E. LeMasters, Blue-Collar Aristocrats: Life-Styles at a Working-Class Tavern (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 143-144.
86. Richard A. Peterson and Paul Di Maggio, "From Region to Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of the Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces, 53 (1975), 497-506. Other important sources on the development and diffusion of country music include Bill C. Malone's two books Country Music USA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968) and Southern Music American Music (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1979); D. K. Wilgus, "Country-Western Music and the Urban Hillbilly," Journal of American Folklore, 83 (1970), 157-179; Archie Green, "Hillbilly Music: Source and Symbol," Journal of American Folklore, 78 (1965), 204-222; George O. Carney, "Country Music and the Radio: A Historical Geographic Assessment," Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, 11 (1974), 19-32. For an example of its place in tavern life see E. E. LeMasters, Blue-Collar Aristocrats: Life-Styles at a Working-Class Tavern (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 143-144.
87. Richard A. Peterson and Paul Di Maggio, "From Region to Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of the Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces, 53 (1975), 497-506. Other important sources on the development and diffusion of country music include Bill C. Malone's two books Country Music USA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968) and Southern Music American Music (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1979); D. K. Wilgus, "Country-Western Music and the Urban Hillbilly," Journal of American Folklore, 83 (1970), 157-179; Archie Green, "Hillbilly Music: Source and Symbol," Journal of American Folklore, 78 (1965), 204-222; George O. Carney, "Country Music and the Radio: A Historical Geographic Assessment," Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, 11 (1974), 19-32. For an example of its place in tavern life see E. E. LeMasters, Blue-Collar Aristocrats: Life-Styles at a Working-Class Tavern (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 143-144.
88. Richard A. Peterson and Paul Di Maggio, "From Region to Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of the Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces, 53 (1975), 497-506. Other important sources on the development and diffusion of country music include Bill C. Malone's two books Country Music USA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968) and Southern Music American Music (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1979); D. K. Wilgus, "Country-Western Music and the Urban Hillbilly," Journal of American
89. Richard A. Peterson and Paul Di Maggio, "From Region to Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of the Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces, 53 (1975), 497-506. Other important sources on the development and diffusion of country music include Bill C. Malone's two books Country Music USA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968) and Southern Music American Music (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1979); D. K. Wilgus, "Country-Western Music and the Urban Hillbilly," Journal of American Folklore, 83 (1970), 157-179; Archie Green, "Hillbilly Music: Source and Symbol," Journal of American Folklore, 78 (1965), 204-222; George O. Carney, "Country Music and the Radio: A Historical Geographic Assessment," Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, 11 (1974), 19-32. For an example of its place in tavern life see E. E. LeMasters, Blue-Collar Aristocrats: Life-Styles at a Working-Class Tavern (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 143-144.
90. Richard A. Peterson and Paul Di Maggio, "From Region to Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of the Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces, 53 (1975), 497-506. Other important sources on the development and diffusion of country music include Bill C. Malone's two books Country Music USA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968) and Southern Music American Music (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1979); D. K. Wilgus, "Country-Western Music and the Urban Hillbilly," Journal of American Folklore, 83 (1970), 157-179; Archie Green, "Hillbilly Music: Source and Symbol," Journal of American Folklore, 78 (1965), 204-222; George O. Carney, "Country Music and the Radio: A Historical Geographic Assessment," Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, 11 (1974), 19-32. For an example of its place in tavern life see E. E. LeMasters, Blue-Collar Aristocrats: Life-Styles at a Working-Class Tavern (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 143-144.
91. George Lipsitz, Class and Culture in Cold War America: A Rainbow at Midnight (New York: Praeger, 1981), 195-225.
92. Lipsitz presses for a more open reading of rock'n'roll (and for that matter country music) than I have implied here in his Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 99-162. Simon Frith, Sound Effects: Youth, Leisure, and the Politics of Rock'n'Roll (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981) argues that the music has never had much to do with class.
93. Lipsitz presses for a more open reading of rock'n'roll (and for that matter country music) than I have implied here in his Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 99-162. Simon Frith, Sound Effects: Youth, Leisure, and the Politics of Rock'n'Roll (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981) argues that the music has never had much to do with class.
94. Stanley Aronowitz treats these matters in False Promises: The Shaping of American Working Class Consciousness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973); and in The Politics of Identity: Class, Culture, Social Movements (New York: Routledge, 1992).
95. Stanley Aronowitz treats these matters in False Promises: The Shaping of American Working Class Consciousness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973); and in The Politics of Identity: Class, Culture, Social Movements (New York: Routledge, 1992).
96. Stanley Aronowitz, The Politics of Identity; Lipsitz, Time Passages, 39-75.
97. Stanley Aronowitz, The Politics of Identity; Lipsitz, Time Passages, 39-75.
98. Ivan M. Tribe, "The Hillbilly Versus the City: Urban Images in Country Music," John Edwards Memorial Foundation Quarterly, 10 (1974), 41-51; Anthony O. Edmonds, "Myths and Migrants: Images of Rural and Urban Life in Country Music," Indiana Social Studies Quarterly, 28 (1975/76), 67-72.
99. Ivan M. Tribe, "The Hillbilly Versus the City: Urban Images in Country Music," John Edwards Memorial Foundation Quarterly, 10 (1974), 41-51; Anthony O. Edmonds, "Myths and Migrants: Images of Rural and Urban Life in Country Music," Indiana Social Studies Quarterly, 28 (1975/76), 67-72.
100. Robert Shelton, "Meet a New Folk Hero, the Truck Driver," The New York Times, Dec. 4, 1966; Malone, Country Music USA, 296-297.
101. Robert Shelton, "Meet a New Folk Hero, the Truck Driver," The New York Times, Dec. 4, 1966; Malone, Country Music USA, 296-297.
102. A good place to start an examination of country music's social themes is Patricia Averill's encyclopedic dissertation, "Can the Circle be Unbroken: A Study of the Modernization of Rural Born Southern Whites Since World War I Using Country Music" (unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1975). Also Alex Freedman, "The Sociology of Country Music," Southern Humanities Review, 3 (1969), 358-362.
103. A good place to start an examination of country music's social themes is Patricia Averill's encyclopedic dissertation, "Can the Circle be Unbroken: A Study of the Modernization of Rural Born Southern Whites Since World War I Using Country Music" (unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1975). Also Alex Freedman, "The Sociology of Country Music," Southern Humanities Review, 3 (1969), 358-362.
104. A number of prominent musicians signed on to help the Wallace campaigns, including Hank Snow, Marty Robbins, Autry Inman, Teddy Wilburn. See Malone, Country Music USA, 317; Averill, "Can the Circle Be Unbroken", 664.
105. A number of prominent musicians signed on to help the Wallace campaigns, including Hank Snow, Marty Robbins, Autry Inman, Teddy Wilburn. See Malone, Country Music USA, 317; Averill, "Can the Circle Be Unbroken", 664.
106. Charles Conrad, "Work Songs, Hegemony, and Illusions of Self," Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 5 (1988), 179 201.
107. Averill, "Can the Circle be Unbroken".
108. Paul Di Maggio, Richard A. Peterson, and Jack Esco, Jr., "Country Music: Ballad of the Silent Majority," in R. Serge Denisoff and Richard A. Peterson, eds., The Sounds of Social Change (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972); and in the same volume Jens Lund, "Fundamentalism, Racism, and Political Reaction in Country Music", 86-91. See also Averill's compilation of political references in "Can the Circle Be Unbroken," 665-683, 1197-1206.
109. Paul Di Maggio, Richard A. Peterson, and Jack Esco, Jr., "Country Music: Ballad of the Silent Majority," in R. Serge Denisoff and Richard A. Peterson, eds., The Sounds of Social Change (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972); and in the same volume Jens Lund, "Fundamentalism, Racism, and Political Reaction in Country Music", 86-91. See also Averill's compilation of political references in "Can the Circle Be Unbroken," 665-683, 1197-1206.
110. Paul Di Maggio, Richard A. Peterson, and Jack Esco, Jr., "Country Music: Ballad of the Silent Majority," in R. Serge Denisoff and Richard A. Peterson, eds., The Sounds of Social Change (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972); and in the same volume Jens Lund, "Fundamentalism, Racism, and Political Reaction in Country Music", 86-91. See also Averill's compilation of political references in "Can the Circle Be Unbroken," 665-683, 1197-1206.
111. These titles are from Averill, "Can the Circle Be Unbroken," appendix B, 1184-1206. Most appeared on Billboard Top Ten lists or in Country Song Round-up.
112. ibid. See also Malone, Country Music USA, 311-320.
113. ibid. See also Malone, Country Music USA, 311-320.
114. The unanimity of political perspective was not accidental. When Glenn Campbell recorded "The Universal Soldier" in 1965 the response was so hostile that according to one source he felt compelled to apologize. See Averill, "Can the Circle be Unbroken," 32. Malone, Country Music USA, 318, cites other examples of artists who suppressed their personal politics in order to serve the market.
115. The unanimity of political perspective was not accidental. When Glenn Campbell recorded "The Universal Soldier" in 1965 the response was so hostile that according to one source he felt compelled to apologize. See Averill, "Can the Circle be Unbroken," 32. Malone, Country Music USA, 318, cites other examples of artists who suppressed their personal politics in order to serve the market.
116. "Workin' Man Blues" by Merle Haggard, copyright 1969, Tree Publishing. On Haggard's career and influence see Merle Haggard, Sing Me Back Home: My Story (New York: Times Books, 1981); James N. Gregory, "Country Music and the Okie Subculture" in James J. Rawls, ed., New Directions in California History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988).
117. "Workin' Man Blues" by Merle Haggard, copyright 1969, Tree Publishing. On Haggard's career and influence see Merle Haggard, Sing Me Back Home: My Story (New York: Times Books, 1981); James N. Gregory, "Country Music and the Okie Subculture" in James J. Rawls, ed., New Directions in California History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988).
118. "Workin' Man Blues" by Merle Haggard, copyright 1969, Tree Publishing. On Haggard's career and influence see Merle Haggard, Sing Me Back Home: My Story (New York: Times Books, 1981); James N. Gregory, "Country Music and the Okie Subculture" in James J. Rawls, ed., New Directions in California History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988).
119. Paul Hemphill, "Merle Haggard," The Atlantic Monthly, September 1971, 98-103.
120. "America, Communicate with Me" by Ray Stevens, copyright 1970 by Ahab Music Company, Inc. as transcribed in Averill, "Can the Circle Be Unbroken," 673.
121. "America, Communicate with Me" by Ray Stevens, copyright 1970 by Ahab Music Company, Inc. as transcribed in Averill, "Can the Circle Be Unbroken," 673.
122. Country music also changed, as James Cobb reminds us in his article "From Muskogee to Luckenbach: Country Music and the Southernization of America." Still a "white" medium, by the mid-1970s it made room for "outlaws" like Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings and for a very different discourse on gender, including by the 1980s some of the music world's clearest expressions of feminism. Other sources on "Redneck Chic": John M. Coggeshall, "Goin" to the Dawgs?: The Rustication of American Culture," Western Folklore, 11 (1985), 122-132; Bill AuCoin, Redneck (Matteson, IL: Great Lakes Living Press, 1977).
123. Country music also changed, as James Cobb reminds us in his article "From Muskogee to Luckenbach: Country Music and the Southernization of America." Still a "white" medium, by the mid-1970s it made room for "outlaws" like Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings and for a very different discourse on gender, including by the 1980s some of the music world's clearest expressions of feminism. Other sources on "Redneck Chic": John M. Coggeshall, "Goin" to the Dawgs?: The Rustication of American Culture," Western Folklore, 11 (1985), 122-132; Bill AuCoin, Redneck (Matteson, IL: Great Lakes Living Press, 1977).
124. Country music also changed, as James Cobb reminds us in his article "From Muskogee to Luckenbach: Country Music and the Southernization of America." Still a "white" medium, by the mid-1970s it made room for "outlaws" like Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings and for a very different discourse on gender, including by the 1980s some of the music world's clearest expressions of feminism. Other sources on "Redneck Chic": John M. Coggeshall, "Goin" to the Dawgs?: The Rustication of American Culture," Western Folklore, 11 (1985), 122-132; Bill AuCoin, Redneck (Matteson, IL: Great Lakes Living Press, 1977).
125. Egerton, The Americanization of Dixie; David R. Goldfield, The Promised Land: The South Since 1945 (Arlington Heights, IL: H. Davidson Inc., 1987); Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modem America: A Region at Odds (New York: Harper Collins, 1994); Steven C. Ballard and Thomas E. James, eds., The Future of the Sunbelt: Managing Growth and Change (New York: Praeger, 1983); James F. Lea, ed., Contemporary Southern Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988); Joe P. Dunn and Howard L. Preston, eds., The Future South: A Historical Perspective for the Twenty-First Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
126. Egerton, The Americanization of Dixie; David R. Goldfield, The Promised Land: The South Since 1945 (Arlington Heights, IL: H. Davidson Inc., 1987); Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modem America: A Region at Odds (New York: Harper Collins, 1994); Steven C. Ballard and Thomas E. James, eds., The Future of the Sunbelt: Managing Growth and Change (New York: Praeger, 1983); James F. Lea, ed., Contemporary Southern Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988); Joe P. Dunn and Howard L. Preston, eds., The Future South: A Historical Perspective for the Twenty-First Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
127. Egerton, The Americanization of Dixie; David R. Goldfield, The Promised Land: The South Since 1945 (Arlington Heights, IL: H. Davidson Inc., 1987); Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modem America: A Region at Odds (New York: Harper Collins, 1994); Steven C. Ballard and Thomas E. James, eds., The Future of the Sunbelt: Managing Growth and Change (New York: Praeger, 1983); James F. Lea, ed., Contemporary Southern Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988); Joe P. Dunn and Howard L. Preston, eds., The Future South: A Historical Perspective for the Twenty-First Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
128. Egerton, The Americanization of Dixie; David R. Goldfield, The Promised Land: The South Since 1945 (Arlington Heights, IL: H. Davidson Inc., 1987); Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modem America: A Region at Odds (New York: Harper Collins, 1994); Steven C. Ballard and Thomas E. James, eds., The Future of the Sunbelt: Managing Growth and Change (New York: Praeger, 1983); James F. Lea, ed., Contemporary Southern Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988); Joe P. Dunn and Howard L. Preston, eds., The Future South: A Historical Perspective for the Twenty-First Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
129. Egerton, The Americanization of Dixie; David R. Goldfield, The Promised Land: The South Since 1945 (Arlington Heights, IL: H. Davidson Inc., 1987); Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modem America: A Region at Odds (New York: Harper Collins, 1994); Steven C. Ballard and Thomas E. James, eds., The Future of the Sunbelt: Managing Growth and Change (New York: Praeger, 1983); James F. Lea, ed., Contemporary Southern Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988); Joe P. Dunn and Howard L. Preston, eds., The Future South: A Historical Perspective for the Twenty-First Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
130. Egerton, The Americanization of Dixie; David R. Goldfield, The Promised Land: The South Since 1945 (Arlington Heights, IL: H. Davidson Inc., 1987); Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modem America: A Region at Odds (New York: Harper Collins, 1994); Steven C. Ballard and Thomas E. James, eds., The Future of the Sunbelt: Managing Growth and Change (New York: Praeger, 1983); James F. Lea, ed., Contemporary Southern Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988); Joe P. Dunn and Howard L. Preston, eds., The Future South: A Historical Perspective for the Twenty-First Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
131. Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream, 137.