When southern politics came north: The roots of white working-class conservatism in Baltimore, 1940-1964

Labor History

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 309-331

  Durr, Kenneth ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0030523353     PISSN: 0023656X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00236619612331386853     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. U.S. Census of Population and Housing, 1940, Statistics for Census Tracts, Baltimore, MD (Washington, DC: GPO, 1942), 4, 26.
2. Decendants of 19th century German and Irish immigrants will be considered "native Baltimoreans." Ethnics will refer to those of more recent immigrant stock such as Poles and Italians.
3. Joseph L. Arnold, "Baltimore: Southern Economy and a Northern Culture," in Richard M. Bernard, ed., Snowbelt Cities: Metropolitan Politics in the Northeast and Midwest since World War II (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1990), 27.
4. Jo Anne E. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1988), 204.
5. See Joseph L. Arnold, "The Last of the Good Old Days: Politics in Baltimore, 1920-1950," Maryland Historical Magazine (Fall 1976), 443-448.
6. Argersinger, 203.
7. Robert E. Loevy, "Political Behavior in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area" (unpublished PhD diss., Johns Hopkins Univ., 1963), 90-92.
8. Baltimore Evening Sun, Sept. 30, 1943.
9. Harold Randall Manakee, Maryland in World War II, Vol. 4 (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1950), 389-395.
10. "Federal Works Agency Memo," Nov. 14, 1941, Maryland Council of Churches Collection, Series 1, Box 33, Univ. of Baltimore Archives (hereafter UBA).
11. Evening Sun, Mar. 14, 1944.
12. Peter Harry Henderson, "Local Deals and the New Deal State: Implementing Federal Public Housing in Baltimore, 1933-1968" (unpublished PhD diss., Johns Hopkins Univ., 1994), 225-256.
13. Louise Porach Oral History, Interview by Thomas Jacklin, Baltimore Neighborhood Heritage Program (hereafter BNHP), UBA, 28.
14. Baltimore News-Post, June 24, 1941.
15. Josephine Purdy Oral History, Interview by Areta Kupchyk, BNHP, 43-44.
16. See Edward J. Cabbell, "Black Invisibility and Racism in Appalachia: An Informal Survey," in William H. Turner and Edward J. Cabbell, eds., Blacks in Appalachia (Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1985), 3-10.
17. For the best work on the making of white working-class consciousness in the 19th century see David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991), and Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London: Verso, 1990).
18. For the best work on the making of white working-class consciousness in the 19th century see David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991), and Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London: Verso, 1990).
19. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Hearings Before the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, Part 15, "Baltimore Hearings, July 1 and 2, 1941" (Washington, DC: GPO, 1941), 6075.
20. James N. Gregory, "Southernizing the American Working Class: The Changing Tone of Blue-Collar Culture, 1940-1970" (unpublished manuscript in author's possession), 14; Arnold, "Baltimore: Southern Economy . . .," 27.
21. James N. Gregory, "Southernizing the American Working Class: The Changing Tone of Blue-Collar Culture, 1940-1970" (unpublished manuscript in author's possession), 14; Arnold, "Baltimore: Southern Economy . . .," 27.
22. Manakee, 329.
23. "Negro Employment Hourly Workers," Feb. 9, 1944, RG 153, Records of the Army Judge Advocate General, Entry 188, Box 28, National Archives and Records Administration (hereafter NARA).
24. Byron Fairchild and Jonathan Grossman, The Army and Industrial Manpower (Washington DC: GPO, 1959), 161-164; Sun, Nov. 10, 1943.
25. Byron Fairchild and Jonathan Grossman, The Army and Industrial Manpower (Washington DC: GPO, 1959), 161-164; Sun, Nov. 10, 1943.
26. "Will Maslow, FEPC Director of Field Operations, to Nathan Feinsinger," Dec. 18, 1943, RG 153, Entry 188, Box 28, NARA.
27. For similar findings see Lewis M. Killian, "The Effects of Southern White Workers on Race Relations in Northern Plants," American Sociological Review, 17 (1952), 327-331.
28. Baltimore Afro-American, Dec. 18, 1943; in 1941 the average Baltimore migrant worker was 27.5 years old. See "Recent Migration into Baltimore, Maryland," Nov. 14, 1941, Maryland Council of Churches Collection, Series 1, Box 33, UBA.
29. Baltimore Afro-American, Dec. 18, 1943; in 1941 the average Baltimore migrant worker was 27.5 years old. See "Recent Migration into Baltimore, Maryland," Nov. 14, 1941, Maryland Council of Churches Collection, Series 1, Box 33, UBA.
30. Sun, Dec. 23, 1943.
31. "Moncure Bailey, Department 2620, to PBEA," Aug. 11, 1943, RG 153, Entry 188, Box 28, NARA.
32. "Memo from Lemuel L. Foster," Dec. 17, 1943, RG 160, Records of the Army Service Forces, Entry 177, Box 807, NARA.
33. Fairchild and Grossman, 163-64.
34. "Complaint from North Carolina," undated typescript of excerpt from the Sun, RG 211, Records of the War Manpower Commission, Entry 141, Box 3, NARA.
35. U.S. Congress, National Defense Migration, 5951.
36. A number of studies find working-class people's most desired route of upward mobility to be starting a small business. See for example Ely Chinoy, Automobile Workers and the American Dream (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1955), 82.
37. Baltimore City Directory, 1961.
38. South Baltimore Enterprise, Jan. 14, 1954.
39. See the Human Renewal Program Steering Committee for a Plan for Action Report, "A Plan for Action on the Problems of Baltimore's Disadvantaged People," Nov., 1964, RG 29, Series 1, Box 43, Baltimore City Archives, 17.
40. Richard Meads Oral History, Interview by Susan Hawes, BNHP, 17.
41. See Rosalind Robinson Levering, Baltimore Baptists, 1773-1973: A History of the Baptist Work in Baltimore During 200 Years (Baltimore: Baltimore Baptist Association, 1973), 97-168.
42. Brooklyn News, July 22, 1954.
43. Brooklyn News, Oct. 28, 1954.
44. Text of "A Community Audit," a statement by the Baltimore Urban League reprinted in the Sun, Feb. 12, 1950.
45. U.S. Census, 1950 Population Census Report, Volume 3, Chapter 4, Baltimore, MD (Washington, DC: GPO, 1952), 7.
46. Sun, Mar. 15, 1955.
47. W. Edward Orser, Blockbusting in Baltimore: The Edmondson Village Story (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1994), 98.
48. James Rorty, "Desegregation along the Mason-Dixon Line" Commentary, Dec. 1954, 493.
49. Sun, Oct. 3, 1954.
50. Elinor Pancoast, The Report of a Study on Desegregation in the Baltimore City Schools (Baltimore: Maryland Commission on Interracial Problems and Relations and Baltimore Commission on Human Relations, 1956), 26.
51. Pancoast, 31; Rorty, 494.
52. George H. Callcott, Maryland and America, 1940-1980 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1985), 151, 244.
53. Pancoast, 44-47.
54. Evening Sun, Sept. 30, 1954.
55. Pancoast, 53. Information on occupations is from the 1956 Baltimore City Directory.
56. Pancoast, 64, 55.
57. Afro-American, Oct. 9, 1954; Evening Sun, Sept. 30, 1954.
58. Afro-American, Oct. 9, 1954; Evening Sun, Sept. 30, 1954.
59. Evening Sun, Oct. 1, 1954; Pancoast, 59-61.
60. Southern School News, Nov. 4, 1954; Sun, Oct. 2, 1954.
61. Southern School News, Nov. 4, 1954; Sun, Oct. 2, 1954.
62. Southern School News, Nov. 4, 1954.
63. Sun, Oct. 2, 1954.
64. Enterprise, Oct. 7, 1954.
65. Sun, Oct. 4, 1954.
66. Pancoast, 67.
67. Ibid., 68-70, 73.
68. Pancoast, 72-73.
69. Pancoast, 50, 70.
70. Sun, Oct. 1, 1954.
71. Rorty, 494.
72. Afro-American, Oct. 9, 1954.
73. Southern School News, Dec. 1, 1954.
74. Franklin L. Burdette, "Modern Maryland Politics and Social Change," in Richard Walsh and William Lloyd Fox, eds., Maryland: A History, 1632-1974 (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1974), 773-904. See esp. page 814.
75. Southern School News, Nov. 4, 1954.
76. Proceedings, Maryland Industrial Union Council, 1954, 26.
77. Sun, Nov. 3, 1954.
78. Loevy, 75-76.
79. Burdette, 811.
80. Proceedings, Maryland Industrial Union Council, 1954, 15.
81. Ibid., 1955, 185-189.
82. Callcott, 136.
83. W. Theodore Durr, "People of the Peninsula," Maryland Historical Magazine, 77 (Spring 1982), 44-45.
84. Enterprise, Oct. 7, 1954.
85. Evening Sun, Nov. 2, 1954.
86. Enterprise, Jan. 25, 1962 and Feb. 1, 1962.
87. Sun, April 22, 1962.
88. East Baltimore Guide, Jan. 30, 1964.
89. Enterprise, Sept. 27, 1962.
90. Sun, July 5, 1963; Time, July 12, 1963.
91. Sun, July 5, 1963; Time, July 12, 1963.
92. Evening Sun, July 12, 1963.
93. Jane Howard, "Madalyn Murray: Scrappy Atheist in a Hurry: The Most Hated Woman in America,' " Life, June 11, 1964, 91-94. Quote on 94.
94. Sun, Oct. 27, 1960.
95. Evening Sun, June 17, 1963. Murray's case was considered jointly with the Schempp Case. See Evening Sun, Feb. 27, 1963.
96. Evening Sun, June 17, 1963. Murray's case was considered jointly with the Schempp Case. See Evening Sun, Feb. 27, 1963.
97. Enterprise, Feb. 27, 1964.
98. The Jeffersonian (Towson, MD), July 12, 1963.
99. Evening Sun, June 18, 1963.
100. Bill Jones, The Wallace Story (Northport, AL: American Southern Publishing Company, 1966), 260.
101. U.S., House of Representatives, Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary on Proposed Amendments to the Constitution Relating to Prayers and Bible Reading in the Public Schools, Part 1 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1964), 845.
102. Jones, The Wallace Story, 259.
103. Evening Sun, Sept. 13, 1963.
104. Evening Sun, Mar. 10, 1964.
105. Catholic Review, Mar. 20, 1964.
106. Jones, The Wallace Story, 272.
107. Evening Sun, Mar. 18, 1964.
108. Enterprise, Apr. 23, 1964.
109. Jones, The Wallace Story, 263; John Joseph Makay, "The Speaking of Governor George C. Wallace in the 1964 Maryland Presidential Primary" (unpublished PhD diss., Purdue Univ., 1969), 59.
110. Jones, The Wallace Story, 263; John Joseph Makay, "The Speaking of Governor George C. Wallace in the 1964 Maryland Presidential Primary" (unpublished PhD diss., Purdue Univ., 1969), 59.
111. Evening Sun, May 1, 1964.
112. Jody Carlson, George C. Wallace and the Politics of Powerlessness: The Wallace Campaigns for the Presidency, 1964-1976 (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1981) 65.
113. U.S. Census of Population and Housing: 1960, Final Report PHC (1)-13, Baltimore MD (Washington, DC: GPO, 1962), 15.
114. Makay, "The Speaking of Governor George C. Wallace," 97.
115. Carlson, 64-65.
116. Ibid., 63-64.
117. Ibid., 66.
118. Evening Sun, May 5, 1964.
119. Evening Sun, May 12, 1964.
120. Jones, The Wallace Story, 268.
121. Enterprise, May 14, 1964.
122. East Baltimore Guide, May 14, 1964.
123. Evening Sun, May 18, 1964.
124. Proceedings, Maryland AFL-CIO Council, 1965, 56.
125. "Vote Indeco-Vote Wallace," in East Baltimore Guide, May 14, 1964. Devlin touted his union membership when he campaigned for a Maryland House of Delegates seat in 1966. See East Baltimore Guide, Aug. 25, 1966.
126. "Vote Indeco-Vote Wallace," in East Baltimore Guide, May 14, 1964. Devlin touted his union membership when he campaigned for a Maryland House of Delegates seat in 1966. See East Baltimore Guide, Aug. 25, 1966.
127. "McDonald to Attalah," May 6, 1964, David McDonald Files, Box 47, United Steelworkers Archives, Pennsylvania State Univ.
128. Evening Sun, May 13, 1964.
129. David McDonald, Union Man (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 315;
130. Carlson, 36.
131. Jones, The Wallace Story, 302.
132. "Maryland's Editors Say This-," U.S. News and World Report, June 1, 1964, 31.
133. Afro-American, May 30, 1964.
134. M. Margaret Conway, "The White Backlash Re-examined: Wallace and the 1964 Primaries," Social Science Quarterly, 49 (1968), 710-719.
135. Afro-American, May 30, 1964.
136. Jones, The Wallace Story, 309.
137. Afro-American, May 30, 1964.
138. Ibid.
139. See especially Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991), 198-214.
140. For more on populist conservatism see Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History (New York: Basic Books, 1995). See also Ronald P. Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1991) , and Kevin P. Phillips, Post-Conservative America: People, Politics, and Ideology in a Time of Crisis (New York: Random House, 1982).
141. For more on populist conservatism see Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History (New York: Basic Books, 1995). See also Ronald P. Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1991) , and Kevin P. Phillips, Post-Conservative America: People, Politics, and Ideology in a Time of Crisis (New York: Random House, 1982).
142. For more on populist conservatism see Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History (New York: Basic Books, 1995). See also Ronald P. Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1991) , and Kevin P. Phillips, Post-Conservative America: People, Politics, and Ideology in a Time of Crisis (New York: Random House, 1982).