Institutional analysis and the role of ideas in political economy

Theory and Society

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 377-409

  Campbell, John L ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032385768     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006871114987     Document Type: Review

References (198)

1. E.g., Frank Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railway Age (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, editors, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Peter Hall, editor, The Political Power of Economic Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
2. E.g., Frank Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railway Age (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, editors, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Peter Hall, editor, The Political Power of Economic Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
3. E.g., Frank Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railway Age (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, editors, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Peter Hall, editor, The Political Power of Economic Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
4. Mark M. Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy," Comparative Politics 29/2 (1997): 229-250; John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado About Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics 47 (1995): 283-310; Albert S. Yee, "The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies," International Organization 50/1 (1996): 69-108.
5. Mark M. Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy," Comparative Politics 29/2 (1997): 229-250; John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado About Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics 47 (1995): 283-310; Albert S. Yee, "The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies," International Organization 50/1 (1996): 69-108.
6. Mark M. Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy," Comparative Politics 29/2 (1997): 229-250; John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado About Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics 47 (1995): 283-310; Albert S. Yee, "The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies," International Organization 50/1 (1996): 69-108.
7. Margaret R. Somers, "What's Political or Cultural about Political Culture and the Public Sphere? Toward an Historical Sociology of Concept Formation," Sociological Theory 13/2 (1995): 113-144;
8. Kathleen Thelen and Sven Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics," in Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, editors. Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 1-32.
9. Despite this analytic separation there are, of course, important relationships between ideas and interests. Notably, there is convincing evidence that self interest as an important motivation in the Western world is a historically specific social construction that emerged only after the concept of the individual gained privileged position over the concept of community. Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977). Thus, subjectively understood interests are in fact a particular type of idea. Nevertheless, as Weber recognized in his famous reference to how ideas act as the switchmen that determine the tracks along which interests push action, simply to dismiss the distinction between ideas and interests in this way is to ignore important differences in types of human motivation and determinants of political and other social outcomes. Max Weber, "The Social Psychology of the World Religions," in Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, editors, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 280.
10. Despite this analytic separation there are, of course, important relationships between ideas and interests. Notably, there is convincing evidence that self interest as an important motivation in the Western world is a historically specific social construction that emerged only after the concept of the individual gained privileged position over the concept of community. Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977). Thus, subjectively understood interests are in fact a particular type of idea. Nevertheless, as Weber recognized in his famous reference to how ideas act as the switchmen that determine the tracks along which interests push action, simply to dismiss the distinction between ideas and interests in this way is to ignore important differences in types of human motivation and determinants of political and other social outcomes. Max Weber, "The Social Psychology of the World Religions," in Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, editors, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 280.
11. Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
12. Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
13. Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy.
14. Peter A. Hall and Rosemary C. R. Taylor, "Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms," Political Studies 44/4 (1996): 936-957; W Richard Scott, "Institutional Analysis: Variance and Process Theory Approaches," in W. Richard Scott and John W. Meyer, editors, Institutional Environments and Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1994), 81-99.
15. Peter A. Hall and Rosemary C. R. Taylor, "Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms," Political Studies 44/4 (1996): 936-957; W Richard Scott, "Institutional Analysis: Variance and Process Theory Approaches," in W. Richard Scott and John W. Meyer, editors, Institutional Environments and Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1994), 81-99.
16. John L. Campbell and Ove K. Pedersen, "Theories of Institutional Change in the Postcommunist Context," in John L. Campbell and Ove K. Pedersen, editors, Legacies of Change: Transformations of Postcommunist European Economies (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1996), 3-26; Roger Friedland and Robert R. Alford, "Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions," in Walter Powell and Paul DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 232-263; William H. Sewell, Jr., "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation," American Journal of Sociology 91 (1992): 1-29.
17. John L. Campbell and Ove K. Pedersen, "Theories of Institutional Change in the Postcommunist Context," in John L. Campbell and Ove K. Pedersen, editors, Legacies of Change: Transformations of Postcommunist European Economies (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1996), 3-26; Roger Friedland and Robert R. Alford, "Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions," in Walter Powell and Paul DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 232-263; William H. Sewell, Jr., "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation," American Journal of Sociology 91 (1992): 1-29.
18. John L. Campbell and Ove K. Pedersen, "Theories of Institutional Change in the Postcommunist Context," in John L. Campbell and Ove K. Pedersen, editors, Legacies of Change: Transformations of Postcommunist European Economies (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1996), 3-26; Roger Friedland and Robert R. Alford, "Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions," in Walter Powell and Paul DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 232-263; William H. Sewell, Jr., "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation," American Journal of Sociology 91 (1992): 1-29.
19. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, editors, Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Peter J. Katzenstein, editor, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978). There have been very few attempts to describe the central paradigmatic features of historical institutionalism. (But see Theda Skocpol, "Bringing the State Back In," in Evans et al., editors, Bringing the State Back In, 3-37; Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.") Hence, the characterization that follows is based largely on empirical work within this tradition.
20. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, editors, Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Peter J. Katzenstein, editor, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978). There have been very few attempts to describe the central paradigmatic features of historical institutionalism. (But see Theda Skocpol, "Bringing the State Back In," in Evans et al., editors, Bringing the State Back In, 3-37; Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.") Hence, the characterization that follows is based largely on empirical work within this tradition.
21. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, editors, Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Peter J. Katzenstein, editor, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978). There have been very few attempts to describe the central paradigmatic features of historical institutionalism. (But see Theda Skocpol, "Bringing the State Back In," in Evans et al., editors, Bringing the State Back In, 3-37; Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.") Hence, the characterization that follows is based largely on empirical work within this tradition.
22. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, editors, Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Peter J. Katzenstein, editor, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978). There have been very few attempts to describe the central paradigmatic features of historical institutionalism. (But see Theda Skocpol, "Bringing the State Back In," in Evans et al., editors, Bringing the State Back In, 3-37; Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.") Hence, the characterization that follows is based largely on empirical work within this tradition.
23. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, editors, Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Peter J. Katzenstein, editor, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978). There have been very few attempts to describe the central paradigmatic features of historical institutionalism. (But see Theda Skocpol, "Bringing the State Back In," in Evans et al., editors, Bringing the State Back In, 3-37; Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.") Hence, the characterization that follows is based largely on empirical work within this tradition.
24. Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics," 2.
25. Paul Quirk, "Deregulation and the Politics of Ideas in Congress," in Jane J. Mansbridge, editor, Beyond Self-Interest (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 183-199; Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, editors, States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
26. Paul Quirk, "Deregulation and the Politics of Ideas in Congress," in Jane J. Mansbridge, editor, Beyond Self-Interest (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 183-199; Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, editors, States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
27. Paul Quirk, "Deregulation and the Politics of Ideas in Congress," in Jane J. Mansbridge, editor, Beyond Self-Interest (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 183-199; Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, editors, States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
28. Paul Quirk, "Deregulation and the Politics of Ideas in Congress," in Jane J. Mansbridge, editor, Beyond Self-Interest (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 183-199; Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, editors, States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
29. Hall, The Political Power of Economic Ideas;
30. Margaret Weir and Theda Skocpol, "State Structures and the Possibilities for 'Keynesian' Responses to the Great Depression in Sweden, Britain, and the United States," in Evans et al., Bringing the State Back In, 107-168.
31. Peter M. Haas, "Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination," International Organization 46 (1992): 1-35.
32. Rueschemeyer and Skocpol, States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies.
33. Peter A. Hall, "Conclusion: The Politics of Keynesian Ideas, " in Hall, The Political Power of Economic Ideas, 361-391.
34. Weir and Skocpol, "State Structures and the Possibilities for 'Keynesian' Responses to the Great Depression in Sweden, Britain, and the United States."
35. G. John Ikenberry, "Conclusion: An Institutional Approach to Foreign Economic Policy," in G. John Ikenberry, David A. Lake, and Michael Mastanduno, editors, The State and American Foreign Economic Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 242; Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institulionalism in Comparative Politics," 14.
36. G. John Ikenberry, "Conclusion: An Institutional Approach to Foreign Economic Policy," in G. John Ikenberry, David A. Lake, and Michael Mastanduno, editors, The State and American Foreign Economic Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 242; Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institulionalism in Comparative Politics," 14.
37. Some scholars have attributed the historical institulionalists' problem of undertheorizing the development and impact of ideas to excessively state-centered analytic assumptions. Friedland and Alford, "Bringing Society Back In." However, the problem stems more from the materialist theoretical heritage of the perspective. Indeed, many historical institutionalists rejected the state-centered versus society-centered dichotomy but still ignored the influence of ideas on policy making. E.g., John L. Campbell, Collapse of an Industry: Nuclear Power and the Contradictions of U.S. Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); John L. Campbell and Leon N. Lindberg, "Property Rights and the Organization of Economic Activity by the State," American Sociological Review 55 (1990): 634- 647; Hall, Governing the Economy; Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty.
38. Some scholars have attributed the historical institulionalists' problem of undertheorizing the development and impact of ideas to excessively state-centered analytic assumptions. Friedland and Alford, "Bringing Society Back In." However, the problem stems more from the materialist theoretical heritage of the perspective. Indeed, many historical institutionalists rejected the state-centered versus society-centered dichotomy but still ignored the influence of ideas on policy making. E.g., John L. Campbell, Collapse of an Industry: Nuclear Power and the Contradictions of U.S. Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); John L. Campbell and Leon N. Lindberg, "Property Rights and the Organization of Economic Activity by the State," American Sociological Review 55 (1990): 634- 647; Hall, Governing the Economy; Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty.
39. Some scholars have attributed the historical institulionalists' problem of undertheorizing the development and impact of ideas to excessively state-centered analytic assumptions. Friedland and Alford, "Bringing Society Back In." However, the problem stems more from the materialist theoretical heritage of the perspective. Indeed, many historical institutionalists rejected the state-centered versus society-centered dichotomy but still ignored the influence of ideas on policy making. E.g., John L. Campbell, Collapse of an Industry: Nuclear Power and the Contradictions of U.S. Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); John L. Campbell and Leon N. Lindberg, "Property Rights and the Organization of Economic Activity by the State," American Sociological Review 55 (1990): 634-647; Hall, Governing the Economy; Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty.
40. Some scholars have attributed the historical institulionalists' problem of undertheorizing the development and impact of ideas to excessively state-centered analytic assumptions. Friedland and Alford, "Bringing Society Back In." However, the problem stems more from the materialist theoretical heritage of the perspective. Indeed, many historical institutionalists rejected the state-centered versus society-centered dichotomy but still ignored the influence of ideas on policy making. E.g., John L. Campbell, Collapse of an Industry: Nuclear Power and the Contradictions of U.S. Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); John L. Campbell and Leon N. Lindberg, "Property Rights and the Organization of Economic Activity by the State," American Sociological Review 55 (1990): 634- 647; Hall, Governing the Economy; Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty.
41. Judith Goldstein, Ideas, Interests, and American Trade Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework," in Goldstein and Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, 3-30; Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
42. Judith Goldstein, Ideas, Interests, and American Trade Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework," in Goldstein and Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, 3-30; Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
43. Judith Goldstein, Ideas, Interests, and American Trade Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework," in Goldstein and Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, 3-30; Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
44. Jacobsen, "Much Ado About Ideas," 294-305; Yee, "The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies," 86-89.
45. Jacobsen, "Much Ado About Ideas," 294-305; Yee, "The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies," 86-89.
46. Hall, "Conclusion: The Politics of Keynesian Ideas"; Peter J. Katzenstein, "Coping with Terrorism: Norms and Internal Security in Germany and Japan," in Goldstein and Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change. 265-295: Margaret Weir, Politics and Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policy in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 169.
47. Hall, "Conclusion: The Politics of Keynesian Ideas"; Peter J. Katzenstein, "Coping with Terrorism: Norms and Internal Security in Germany and Japan," in Goldstein and Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change. 265-295: Margaret Weir, Politics and Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policy in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 169.
48. Hall, "Conclusion: The Politics of Keynesian Ideas"; Peter J. Katzenstein, "Coping with Terrorism: Norms and Internal Security in Germany and Japan," in Goldstein and Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change. 265-295: Margaret Weir, Politics and Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policy in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 169.
49. Goldstein, Ideas, Interests and American Trade Policy Chap. 1; Weir, Politics and Jobs.
50. Goldstein, Ideas, Interests and American Trade Policy Chap. 1; Weir, Politics and Jobs.
51. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
52. Yee, "The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies."
53. Hall, "Conclusion: The Politics of Keynesian Ideas," 383-386.
54. Although generally not a central component of most historical institutional analyses, some historical institutionalists have also acknowledged that the impact of ideas on policy markers is heightened during times of economic or political uncertainty and ambiguity. Goldstein, Ideas, Interests and American Trade Policy, 3.
55. Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Powell and DiMaggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 1-38; John W. Meyer, John Boli, and George M. Thomas, "Ontology and Rationalization in the Western Cultural Account," in George Thomas, John Meyer, Francisco Ramirez, and John Bili, editors, Institutional Structure: Constituting State, Society and the Individual (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1987), 12-37; W. Richard Scott, Institutions and Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1995), Chap. 3.
56. Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Powell and DiMaggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 1-38; John W. Meyer, John Boli, and George M. Thomas, "Ontology and Rationalization in the Western Cultural Account," in George Thomas, John Meyer, Francisco Ramirez, and John Bili, editors, Institutional Structure: Constituting State, Society and the Individual (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1987), 12-37; W. Richard Scott, Institutions and Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1995), Chap. 3.
57. Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Powell and DiMaggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 1-38; John W. Meyer, John Boli, and George M. Thomas, "Ontology and Rationalization in the Western Cultural Account," in George Thomas, John Meyer, Francisco Ramirez, and John Bili, editors, Institutional Structure: Constituting State, Society and the Individual (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1987), 12-37; W. Richard Scott, Institutions and Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1995), Chap. 3.
58. John W. Meyer, John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco O. Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation State," American Journal of Sociology 103/1 (1997): 144-181; George M. Thomas, John W. Meyer, Francisco O. Ramirez, and John Boli, editors, Institutional Structure: Constituting State, Society, and the Individual (Newbury Park, Cal.: Sage, 1987); Pamela S. Tolbert and Lynne G. Zucker, "Institutional Sources of Change in the Formal Structure of Organizations: The Diffusion of Civil Service Reform, 1880-1935," Administrative Science Quarterly 28 (1983): 22-39.
59. John W. Meyer, John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco O. Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation State," American Journal of Sociology 103/1 (1997): 144- 181; George M. Thomas, John W. Meyer, Francisco O. Ramirez, and John Boli, editors, Institutional Structure: Constituting State, Society, and the Individual (Newbury Park, Cal.: Sage, 1987); Pamela S. Tolbert and Lynne G. Zucker, "Institutional Sources of Change in the Formal Structure of Organizations: The Diffusion of Civil Service Reform, 1880-1935," Administrative Science Quarterly 28 (1983): 22-39.
60. John W. Meyer, John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco O. Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation State," American Journal of Sociology 103/1 (1997): 144- 181; George M. Thomas, John W. Meyer, Francisco O. Ramirez, and John Boli, editors, Institutional Structure: Constituting State, Society, and the Individual (Newbury Park, Cal.: Sage, 1987); Pamela S. Tolbert and Lynne G. Zucker, "Institutional Sources of Change in the Formal Structure of Organizations: The Diffusion of Civil Service Reform, 1880-1935," Administrative Science Quarterly 28 (1983): 22-39.
61. Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy. 31. Ibid., 9-19.
62. Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy. 31. Ibid., 9-19.
63. Ronald Jepperson, "Institutions, Institutional Effects, and Institutionalism," in Powell and DiMaggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 146.
64. W. Richard Scott, "Institutions and Organizations: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis," in W. Richard Scott and John W. Meyer, editors, Institutional Environments and Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1994), 66-68.
65. John W. Meyer, "Rationalized Environments," in W. Richard Scott and John W. Meyer, editors, Institutional Environments and Organizations (Newbury Park, Cal.: Sage, 1994), 28-54; Walter W. Powell, "The Transformation of Organizational Forms: How Useful is Organization Theory in Accounting for Social Change?" in Roger Friedland and A. F. Robertson, editors, Beyond the Marketplace (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990), 304.
66. John W. Meyer, "Rationalized Environments," in W. Richard Scott and John W. Meyer, editors, Institutional Environments and Organizations (Newbury Park, Cal.: Sage, 1994), 28-54; Walter W. Powell, "The Transformation of Organizational Forms: How Useful is Organization Theory in Accounting for Social Change?" in Roger Friedland and A. F. Robertson, editors, Beyond the Marketplace (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990), 304.
67. Some scholars have argued that the failure to specify the causal processes through which structures enable and empower actors is partly due to the high level of abstraction at which organizational institutionalists often operate theoretically. Paul M. Hirsch and Michael Lounsbury, "Putting the Organization Back into Organization Theory: Action, Change and the 'New' Institutionalism," Journal of Management Inquiry, 6 (1997): 79-88; Paul M. Hirsch and Michael Lounsbury, "Ending the Family Quarrel: Towards a Reconciliation of 'Old' and 'New' Institutionalism," American Behavioral Scientist 40 (1997): 406-418. However, it is also due to the fact that much of the empirical work done within this tradition involves the analysis of changes in large numbers of states or organizations that obscure the details of change that would be revealed by more fine-grained case studies. For example, see many of the empirical studies in W. Richard Scott and John W. Meyer, editors, Institutional Environments and Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1994).
68. Some scholars have argued that the failure to specify the causal processes through which structures enable and empower actors is partly due to the high level of abstraction at which organizational institutionalists often operate theoretically. Paul M. Hirsch and Michael Lounsbury, "Putting the Organization Back into Organization Theory: Action, Change and the 'New' Institutionalism," Journal of Management Inquiry, 6 (1997): 79-88; Paul M. Hirsch and Michael Lounsbury, "Ending the Family Quarrel: Towards a Reconciliation of 'Old' and 'New' Institutionalism," American Behavioral Scientist 40 (1997): 406-418. However, it is also due to the fact that much of the empirical work done within this tradition involves the analysis of changes in large numbers of states or organizations that obscure the details of change that would be revealed by more fine-grained case studies. For example, see many of the empirical studies in W. Richard Scott and John W. Meyer, editors, Institutional Environments and Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1994).
69. Some scholars have argued that the failure to specify the causal processes through which structures enable and empower actors is partly due to the high level of abstraction at which organizational institutionalists often operate theoretically. Paul M. Hirsch and Michael Lounsbury, "Putting the Organization Back into Organization Theory: Action, Change and the 'New' Institutionalism," Journal of Management Inquiry, 6 (1997): 79-88; Paul M. Hirsch and Michael Lounsbury, "Ending the Family Quarrel: Towards a Reconciliation of 'Old' and 'New' Institutionalism," American Behavioral Scientist 40 (1997): 406-418. However, it is also due to the fact that much of the empirical work done within this tradition involves the analysis of changes in large numbers of states or organizations that obscure the details of change that would be revealed by more fine-grained case studies. For example, see many of the empirical studies in W. Richard Scott and John W. Meyer, editors, Institutional Environments and Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1994).
70. Martha Finnemore, "Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology's Institutionalism," International Organization 50/2 (1996): 325-347;
71. Paul M. Hirsch, "Sociology Without Social Structure: Neoinstitutional Theory Meets Brave New World," American Journal of Sociology 102/6 (1997): 1702-1723;
72. Hirsch and Lounsbury, "Putting the Organization Back into Organization Theory: Action, Change and the 'New' Institutionalism."
73. Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy. Elsewhere Dobbin does a much better job showing how cognitive structures are enabling. Notable is his discussion of how the failed paradigm of traditional economics, e.g., balanced budgets, guided policy innovation during the Great Depression by providing policy makers with a model of what not to do. Frank Dobbin, "The Social Construction of the Great Depression: Industrial Policy During the 1930s in the United States, Britain and France," Theory and Society 22 (1993): 1-56.
74. Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy. Elsewhere Dobbin does a much better job showing how cognitive structures are enabling. Notable is his discussion of how the failed paradigm of traditional economics, e.g., balanced budgets, guided policy innovation during the Great Depression by providing policy makers with a model of what not to do. Frank Dobbin, "The Social Construction of the Great Depression: Industrial Policy During the 1930s in the United States, Britain and France," Theory and Society 22 (1993): 1-56.
75. Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994). Clearly, there is a similarity between Soysal's argument and that of the historical institutionalists who argue that policies must be made to fit with prevailing societal norms and values. However, her treatment pays closer attention to the intricacies and politics of the transposition process as it unfolds in different countries and attends to how policy makers fit new policy ideas to the organizational as well as normative character of national political institutions.
76. Sewell, "A Theory of Structure: Duality. Agency and Transformation."
77. Mary Douglas, How Institutions Think (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), 66-67.
78. John L. Campbell, "Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change in Economic Governance: Interaction, Interpretation and Bricolage," in Lars Magnusson and Jan Ottosson, editors, Evolutionary Economics and Path Dependency (Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 1997), 10-32: Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in Powell and DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 199.
79. John L. Campbell, "Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change in Economic Governance: Interaction, Interpretation and Bricolage," in Lars Magnusson and Jan Ottosson, editors, Evolutionary Economics and Path Dependency (Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 1997), 10-32: Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in Powell and DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 199.
80. Ann Swidler, "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies," American Sociological Review, 51 (1986): 273-286. See also Jack A. Goldstone, "Ideology, Cultural Frameworks, and the Process of Revolution," Theory and Society, 20 (1991): 405- 453; David E. Snow, Burke Rochford, Steven Worden, and Robert Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review, 51 (1986): 464-481; David E. Snow and Robert Benford, "Master Frames and Cycles of Protest," in Aldon Morris and Carol Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 133-155.
81. Ann Swidler, "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies," American Sociological Review, 51 (1986): 273-286. See also Jack A. Goldstone, "Ideology, Cultural Frameworks, and the Process of Revolution," Theory and Society, 20 (1991): 405-453; David E. Snow, Burke Rochford, Steven Worden, and Robert Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review, 51 (1986): 464-481; David E. Snow and Robert Benford, "Master Frames and Cycles of Protest," in Aldon Morris and Carol Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 133-155.
82. Ann Swidler, "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies," American Sociological Review, 51 (1986): 273-286. See also Jack A. Goldstone, "Ideology, Cultural Frameworks, and the Process of Revolution," Theory and Society, 20 (1991): 405- 453; David E. Snow, Burke Rochford, Steven Worden, and Robert Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review, 51 (1986): 464-481; David E. Snow and Robert Benford, "Master Frames and Cycles of Protest," in Aldon Morris and Carol Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 133-155.
83. Ann Swidler, "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies," American Sociological Review, 51 (1986): 273-286. See also Jack A. Goldstone, "Ideology, Cultural Frameworks, and the Process of Revolution," Theory and Society, 20 (1991): 405- 453; David E. Snow, Burke Rochford, Steven Worden, and Robert Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review, 51 (1986): 464-481; David E. Snow and Robert Benford, "Master Frames and Cycles of Protest," in Aldon Morris and Carol Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 133-155.
84. DiMaggio and Powell, "Introduction," 24-25; Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy, 19.
85. DiMaggio and Powell, "Introduction," 24-25; Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy, 19.
86. Indeed, among historical institutionalists Peter Hall is probably the only one who has paid much altention to cognitive issues, and then primarily to identify the conditions under which shifts in cognitive paradigms occur rather than how they constrain policy making once they are established. Peter A. Hall, "Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain," Comparative Politics 25/3 (1993): 275-296.
87. DiMaggio and Powell, "Introduction"; Jepperson, "Institutions, Institutional Effects, and Institutionalism."
88. DiMaggio and Powell, "Introduction"; Jepperson, "Institutions, Institutional Effects, and Institutionalism."
89. Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, "Conclusion," in Rueschemeyer and Skocpol, editors, editors, States, Social Konwledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies, 300; Scott, "Institutions and Organizations: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis."
90. Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, "Conclusion," in Rueschemeyer and Skocpol, editors, editors, States, Social Konwledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies, 300; Scott, "Institutions and Organizations: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis."
91. Weir, Politics and Jobs.
92. Robert Heilbroner and William Milberg, The Crisis of Vision in Modern Economic Thought (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
93. Paul Craig Roberts, The Supply-Side Revolution: An Insider's Account of Policy-making in Washington (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 5-13.
94. Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity (New York: Norton, 1994), Chaps. 2-3.
95. Mark H. Moore, "What Sort of Ideas Become Public Ideas?" in Robert Reich, editor, The Power of Public Ideas (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), 55-83;
96. Robert M. Solow, "How Economic Ideas Turn to Mush," in David Colander and A. M. Coats, editor, The Spread of Economic Ideas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 80.
97. Otis L. Graham, Jr., Losing Time: The Industrial Policy Debate (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992).
98. Heilbroner and Milberg, The Crisis of Vision in Modern Economic Thought, 100; David M. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 179.
99. Heilbroner and Milberg, The Crisis of Vision in Modern Economic Thought, 100; David M. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 179.
100. Roberts, The Supply-Side Revolution.
101. Jim Shoch, "The Politics of the U.S. Industrial Policy Debate: 1981-1984," in David Kotz, Terrence McDonough, and Michael Reich, editors, Social Structures of Accumulation (NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 177-178.
102. George Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (New York: Basic Books, 1981).
103. Roberts, The Supply-Side Revolution, 27.
104. Graham, Losing Time, 166.
105. Heilbroner and Milberg, The Crisis of Vision in Modern Economic Thought, Chap. 3.
106. Michael Patrick Allen, "Elite Social Movement Organizations and the State: The Rise of the Conservative Policy-Planning Network," Research in Politics and Society 4 (1994): 87-109; Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks, Chap. 7; James A. Smith, "Think Tanks and the Politics of Ideas," in Colander and Coats, editors, The Spread of Economic Ideas, 189.
107. Michael Patrick Allen, "Elite Social Movement Organizations and the State: The Rise of the Conservative Policy-Planning Network," Research in Politics and Society 4 (1994): 87-109; Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks, Chap. 7; James A. Smith, "Think Tanks and the Politics of Ideas," in Colander and Coats, editors, The Spread of Economic Ideas, 189.
108. Michael Patrick Allen, "Elite Social Movement Organizations and the State: The Rise of the Conservative Policy-Planning Network," Research in Politics and Society 4 (1994): 87-109; Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks, Chap. 7; James A. Smith, "Think Tanks and the Politics of Ideas," in Colander and Coats, editors, The Spread of Economic Ideas, 189.
109. Theda Skocpol, Boomerang (New York: Norton, 1996).
110. Martha Derthick and Paul J. Quirk, The Politics of Deregulation (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1995).
111. Mauro Guillen, Models of Management (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 7-20.
112. Fred Block, Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Donald A. Schön and Martin Rein, Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
113. Fred Block, Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Donald A. Schön and Martin Rein, Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
114. Hall, "Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State"; Richard R. Lau, Richard A. Smith, and Susan T. Fiske, "Political Beliefs, Policy Interpretations, and Political Persuasion," Journal of Politics 53/3 (1991): 644-675.
115. Hall, "Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State"; Richard R. Lau, Richard A. Smith, and Susan T. Fiske, "Political Beliefs, Policy Interpretations, and Political Persuasion," Journal of Politics 53/3 (1991): 644-675.
116. E. Ray Canterbery and Robert J. Burkhardt, "What Do We Mean by Asking Whether Economics is a Science?" in Alfred S. Eichner, editor, Why Economics is Not Yet a Science (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1983), 15-40; Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks.
117. E. Ray Canterbery and Robert J. Burkhardt, "What Do We Mean by Asking Whether Economics is a Science?" in Alfred S. Eichner, editor, Why Economics is Not Yet a Science (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1983), 15-40; Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks.
118. Goldstein, Ideas, Interests and American Trade Policy, 15.
119. Peter E. Earl, "A Behavioral Theory of Economists' Behavior," in Eichner, editor, Why Economics is Not Yet a Science, 100-101; Alfred S. Eichner, "Why Economics is Not Yet a Science," in Echner, editor, Why Economics is Not Yet a Science, 234- 235.
120. Peter E. Earl, "A Behavioral Theory of Economists' Behavior," in Eichner, editor, Why Economics is Not Yet a Science, 100-101; Alfred S. Eichner, "Why Economics is Not Yet a Science," in Echner, editor, Why Economics is Not Yet a Science, 234-235.
121. Krugman, Peddling Prosperity.
122. Heilbroner and Milberg, The Crisis of Vision in Modern Economic Thought, Chap. 5.
123. For comparisons of the assumptions of institutional and neoclassical economics, see Michael Best, The New Competition: Institutions of Industrial Restructuring (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1990), Chap. 4; William Lazonick, Business Organization and the Myth of the Market Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Rodney Stevenson, "Institutional Economics and the Theory of Production," Journal of Economic Issues 21/4 (1987): 1471-1493.
124. For comparisons of the assumptions of institutional and neoclassical economics, see Michael Best, The New Competition: Institutions of Industrial Restructuring (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1990), Chap. 4; William Lazonick, Business Organization and the Myth of the Market Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Rodney Stevenson, "Institutional Economics and the Theory of Production," Journal of Economic Issues 21/4 (1987): 1471-1493.
125. For comparisons of the assumptions of institutional and neoclassical economics, see Michael Best, The New Competition: Institutions of Industrial Restructuring (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1990), Chap. 4; William Lazonick, Business Organization and the Myth of the Market Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Rodney Stevenson, "Institutional Economics and the Theory of Production," Journal of Economic Issues 21/4 (1987): 1471-1493.
126. Business Week, "The Reindustrialization of America," Special issue, June 30, 1980; Lester Thurow, The Zero-Sum Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980).
127. Business Week, "The Reindustrialization of America," Special issue, June 30, 1980; Lester Thurow, The Zero-Sum Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980).
128. Michael J. Piore, Beyond Individualism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), Chap 3.
129. Shoch, "The Politics of the U.S. Industrial Policy Debate: 1981-1984," 185.
130. John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (New York: Harper Collins, 1984), Chap. 7;
131. Weir, Politics and Jobs, 169.
132. Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996), Chaps 1 2: John H. Makin and Norman J. Ornstein, Debt and Taxes (Washington, D.C.: Random House, 1994); James D. Savage, Balanced Budgets and American Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988).
133. Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996), Chaps 1 2: John H. Makin and Norman J. Ornstein, Debt and Taxes (Washington, D.C.: Random House, 1994); James D. Savage, Balanced Budgets and American Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988).
134. Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996), Chaps 1 2: John H. Makin and Norman J. Ornstein, Debt and Taxes (Washington, D.C.: Random House, 1994); James D. Savage, Balanced Budgets and American Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988).
135. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 160-163.
136. Ibid., 148-149.
137. Weir, Politics and Jobs, 158.
138. Savage, Balanced Budgets and American Politics, Chap. 7.
139. Page and Shapiro, The Rational Public. 265. The irony that the public was averse to deficits but willing to support a dramatic military build up that quickly increased deficits to historically unprecedented levels underscores the fact that public sentiments are often inconsistent.
140. Thomas Byrne Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality (New York: Norton, 1984), 65-66.
141. Makin and Ornstein, Debt and Taxes, Chap. 2.
142. Stephen M. Weatherford and Lorraine M. McDonnell, "Ideology and Economic Policy," in Larry Berman, editor, Looking Back on the Reagan Presidency (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 139-140.
143. Krugman, Peddling Prosperity.
144. Martin Rein and Christopher Winship, "Policy Entrepreneurs and the Academic Establishment: Truth and Values in Social Controversies," in Elliot White, editor, Intelligence, Political Inequality and Public Policy (New York: Praeger, 1997), 17-48.
145. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, 70.
146. Steven Brint, In an Age of Experts: The Changing Role of Professionals in Politics and Public Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 141;
147. Lau et al., "Political Beliefs, Policy Interpretations, and Political Persuasion," 670.
148. Eric A. Nordlinger, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), 30.
149. Cathy J. Martin, Shifting the Burden: The Struggle over Growth and Corporate Taxation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Roberts, The Supply-Side Revolution: Sven Steinmo, Taxation and Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
150. Cathy J. Martin, Shifting the Burden: The Struggle over Growth and Corporate Taxation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Roberts, The Supply-Side Revolution: Sven Steinmo, Taxation and Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
151. Mark Leff, The Limits of Symbolic Reform: The New Deal and Taxation, 1933-1939 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robert Stanley, Dimensions of Law in the Service of Order: Origins of the Federal Income Tax, 1861-1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
152. Mark Leff, The Limits of Symbolic Reform: The New Deal and Taxation, 1933-1939 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robert Stanley, Dimensions of Law in the Service of Order: Origins of the Federal Income Tax, 1861-1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
153. Frank Ackerman, Reaganomics: Rhetoric vs. Reality (Boston: South End Press, 1982), Chap. 2.
154. Savage, Balanced Budgets and American Politics, 201-204.
155. Gilder, Wealth and Poverty, Chaps. 1-2.
156. Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 394.
157. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics, 175.
158. Shoch, "The Politics of the U.S. Industrial Policy Debate: 1981-1984," 108.
159. Gilder, Wealth and Poverty, 5, 22, 51.
160. Graham, Losing Time, 102.
161. Ibid., 42, 208.
162. Ibid., 158.
163. Ibid., Chap. 7.
164. Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 416.
165. Ibid., 397-398.
166. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics;
167. Smith, "Think Tanks and the Politics of Ideas."
168. Page and Shapiro, The Rational Public, 149.
169. Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 417-428.
170. Meyer et al., "World Society and the Nation State";
171. Meyer et al., "Ontology and Rationalization in the Western Cultural Account."
172. Goldstein and Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework"; Hall, "Conclusion: The Politics of Keynesian Ideas" ; Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics."
173. Goldstein and Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework"; Hall, "Conclusion: The Politics of Keynesian Ideas" ; Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics."
174. Goldstein and Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework"; Hall, "Conclusion: The Politics of Keynesian Ideas" ; Thelen and Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics."
175. Theda Skocpol, "Cultural Idioms and Political Ideologies in the Revolutionary Reconstruction of State Power: A Rejoinder to Sewell," in Theda Skocpol, editor, Social Revolutions in the Modern World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 199-212: Charles Tilly, "Repertoires of Contention in America and Britain, 1750-1830," in John D. McCarthy and Mayer Zald, editors. The Dynamics of Social Movements (Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop Publishers, 1979), 126-155; see also Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Chap. 7; William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
176. Theda Skocpol, "Cultural Idioms and Political Ideologies in the Revolutionary Reconstruction of State Power: A Rejoinder to Sewell," in Theda Skocpol, editor, Social Revolutions in the Modern World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 199-212: Charles Tilly, "Repertoires of Contention in America and Britain, 1750-1830," in John D. McCarthy and Mayer Zald, editors. The Dynamics of Social Movements (Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop Publishers, 1979), 126-155; see also Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Chap. 7; William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
177. Theda Skocpol, "Cultural Idioms and Political Ideologies in the Revolutionary Reconstruction of State Power: A Rejoinder to Sewell," in Theda Skocpol, editor, Social Revolutions in the Modern World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 199-212: Charles Tilly, "Repertoires of Contention in America and Britain, 1750-1830," in John D. McCarthy and Mayer Zald, editors. The Dynamics of Social Movements (Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop Publishers, 1979), 126-155; see also Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Chap. 7; William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
178. Theda Skocpol, "Cultural Idioms and Political Ideologies in the Revolutionary Reconstruction of State Power: A Rejoinder to Sewell," in Theda Skocpol, editor, Social Revolutions in the Modern World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 199-212: Charles Tilly, "Repertoires of Contention in America and Britain, 1750-1830," in John D. McCarthy and Mayer Zald, editors. The Dynamics of Social Movements (Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop Publishers, 1979), 126-155; see also Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Chap. 7; William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
179. Steven Brint, "Sociological Analysis of Political Culture: An Introduction and Assessment," Research on Democracy and Society 2 (1994); 3-41.
180. Hirsch, "Sociology without Social Structure: Neoinstitutional Theory Meets Brave New World."
181. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies.
182. Brint, "Sociological Analysis of Political Culture: An Introduction and Assessment."
183. See also Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 131-139.
184. Weber, "The Social Psychology of the World Religions," 280; Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Scribner's, 1958), 183; Robert Wuthnow, Communities of Discourse: Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989).
185. Weber, "The Social Psychology of the World Religions," 280; Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Scribner's, 1958), 183; Robert Wuthnow, Communities of Discourse: Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989).
186. Weber, "The Social Psychology of the World Religions," 280; Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Scribner's, 1958), 183; Robert Wuthnow, Communities of Discourse: Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989).
187. G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? A View for the '80s (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1983), Chap. 4;
188. Thomas Dye, Who's Running America? The Clinton Years (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1995), Chap. 9.
189. Page and Shapiro, The Rational Public, 31-34.
190. Donald McCloskey, The Rhetoric of Economics (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985);
191. Rueschemeyer and Skocpol, "Conclusion."
192. Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy.
193. Murray Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964); Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1959), Chap. 3; Timur Kuran, Private Truths, Public Lies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
194. Murray Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964); Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1959), Chap. 3; Timur Kuran, Private Truths, Public Lies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
195. Murray Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964); Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1959), Chap. 3; Timur Kuran, Private Truths, Public Lies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
196. Murray Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964); Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1959), Chap. 3; Timur Kuran, Private Truths, Public Lies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
197. Arthur Stinchcombe, Constructing Social Theories (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968), 24-28.
198. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (London: Macmillan, 1936), 383.