Gender, Citizenship and Race in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia, 1890 to the 1930s

Australian Feminist Studies

Volumn 13, Issue 28, 1998, Pages 199-214

  Grimshaw, Patricia ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032360291     PISSN: 08164649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08164649.1998.9994910     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. White Ribbon Signal, 1 March 1937, p. 43. I am particularly grateful to Judith Smart for bringing this reference to my attention.
2. White Ribbon Signal, 2 March 1936, p. 46.
3. White Ribbon Signal, 1 March 1937, p. 43; see also 1 February 1936, p. 34.
4. White Ribbon Signal, 2 March 1936, p. 46.
5. White Ribbon Signal, 1 March 1937, p. 43.
6. Ian Tyrrell, Woman's World/Woman's Empire: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective, 1880-1930 (University of North Carolina Press) Chapel Hill and London, 1991.
7. See Tyrrell, Woman's World/Woman's Empire, chapter 3.
8. See Judith Pargeter, 'For God, Home and Humanity': Centenary History 1891-1991 (National Women's Temperance Union of Australia) Golden Grove, SA, 1995. See also Ian Tyrrell, 'International Aspects of the Woman's Christian Temperance Movement in Australia: the Influence of the American WCTU, 1882-1914', Journal of Religious History, vol. 12, no. 3, 1983.
9. See Judith Pargeter, 'For God, Home and Humanity': Centenary History 1891-1991 (National Women's Temperance Union of Australia) Golden Grove, SA, 1995. See also Ian Tyrrell, 'International Aspects of the Woman's Christian Temperance Movement in Australia: the Influence of the American WCTU, 1882-1914', Journal of Religious History, vol. 12, no. 3, 1983.
10. Southern Times (Bunbury) 19 October 1893, in Elizabeth W. Nicholls Scrapbook, Archives WCTU of Western Australia.
11. Suzanne M. Marilley, 'Frances Willard and the Feminism of Fear', Feminist Studies, vol. 19, 1993; Suzanne M. Marilley, Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820-1920 (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1996. See also Janet Zollinger Giele, Two Paths to Women's Equality: Temperance, Suffrage, and the Origins of Modern Feminism (Twayne Publishers) New York, 1995; Ruth Bordin, Frances Willard: a Biography (University of North Carolina Press) Chapel Hill, 1986; Michael Kazin, 'Onward, Christian Mothers and Soldiers: the Prohibitionist Crusade', The Populist Persuasion: an American History (Basic Books) New York, 1995; Carolyn DeSwarte Gifford, 'Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's Conversion to Woman Suffrage' in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler (ed.), One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement (New Sage Press) Troutdale, 1995.
12. Suzanne M. Marilley, 'Frances Willard and the Feminism of Fear', Feminist Studies, vol. 19, 1993; Suzanne M. Marilley, Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820-1920 (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1996. See also Janet Zollinger Giele, Two Paths to Women's Equality: Temperance, Suffrage, and the Origins of Modern Feminism (Twayne Publishers) New York, 1995; Ruth Bordin, Frances Willard: a Biography (University of North Carolina Press) Chapel Hill, 1986; Michael Kazin, 'Onward, Christian Mothers and Soldiers: the Prohibitionist Crusade', The Populist Persuasion: an American History (Basic Books) New York, 1995; Carolyn DeSwarte Gifford, 'Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's Conversion to Woman Suffrage' in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler (ed.), One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement (New Sage Press) Troutdale, 1995.
13. Suzanne M. Marilley, 'Frances Willard and the Feminism of Fear', Feminist Studies, vol. 19, 1993; Suzanne M. Marilley, Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820-1920 (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1996. See also Janet Zollinger Giele, Two Paths to Women's Equality: Temperance, Suffrage, and the Origins of Modern Feminism (Twayne Publishers) New York, 1995; Ruth Bordin, Frances Willard: a Biography (University of North Carolina Press) Chapel Hill, 1986; Michael Kazin, 'Onward, Christian Mothers and Soldiers: the Prohibitionist Crusade', The Populist Persuasion: an American History (Basic Books) New York, 1995; Carolyn DeSwarte Gifford, 'Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's Conversion to Woman Suffrage' in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler (ed.), One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement (New Sage Press) Troutdale, 1995.
14. Suzanne M. Marilley, 'Frances Willard and the Feminism of Fear', Feminist Studies, vol. 19, 1993; Suzanne M. Marilley, Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820-1920 (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1996. See also Janet Zollinger Giele, Two Paths to Women's Equality: Temperance, Suffrage, and the Origins of Modern Feminism (Twayne Publishers) New York, 1995; Ruth Bordin, Frances Willard: a Biography (University of North Carolina Press) Chapel Hill, 1986; Michael Kazin, 'Onward, Christian Mothers and Soldiers: the Prohibitionist Crusade', The Populist Persuasion: an American History (Basic Books) New York, 1995; Carolyn DeSwarte Gifford, 'Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's Conversion to Woman Suffrage' in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler (ed.), One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement (New Sage Press) Troutdale, 1995.
15. Suzanne M. Marilley, 'Frances Willard and the Feminism of Fear', Feminist Studies, vol. 19, 1993; Suzanne M. Marilley, Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820-1920 (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1996. See also Janet Zollinger Giele, Two Paths to Women's Equality: Temperance, Suffrage, and the Origins of Modern Feminism (Twayne Publishers) New York, 1995; Ruth Bordin, Frances Willard: a Biography (University of North Carolina Press) Chapel Hill, 1986; Michael Kazin, 'Onward, Christian Mothers and Soldiers: the Prohibitionist Crusade', The Populist Persuasion: an American History (Basic Books) New York, 1995; Carolyn DeSwarte Gifford, 'Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's Conversion to Woman Suffrage' in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler (ed.), One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement (New Sage Press) Troutdale, 1995.
16. Suzanne M. Marilley, 'Frances Willard and the Feminism of Fear', Feminist Studies, vol. 19, 1993; Suzanne M. Marilley, Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820-1920 (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1996. See also Janet Zollinger Giele, Two Paths to Women's Equality: Temperance, Suffrage, and the Origins of Modern Feminism (Twayne Publishers) New York, 1995; Ruth Bordin, Frances Willard: a Biography (University of North Carolina Press) Chapel Hill, 1986; Michael Kazin, 'Onward, Christian Mothers and Soldiers: the Prohibitionist Crusade', The Populist Persuasion: an American History (Basic Books) New York, 1995; Carolyn DeSwarte Gifford, 'Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's Conversion to Woman Suffrage' in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler (ed.), One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement (New Sage Press) Troutdale, 1995.
17. See references listed in note 10. See also Peggy Pascoe, Relations of Rescue: the Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874-1939 (Oxford University Press) New York and Oxford, 1990.
18. See Patricia Hill, The World their Household: the American Woman's Foreign Mission Movement and Cultural Transformation, 1870-1920 (University of Michigan Press) Ann Arbor, 1985; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-century China (Yale University Press) New Haven, 1984; Patricia Grimshaw, Paths of Duty: American Missionary Wives in Nineteenth Century Hawaii (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989.
19. See Patricia Hill, The World their Household: the American Woman's Foreign Mission Movement and Cultural Transformation, 1870-1920 (University of Michigan Press) Ann Arbor, 1985; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-century China (Yale University Press) New Haven, 1984; Patricia Grimshaw, Paths of Duty: American Missionary Wives in Nineteenth Century Hawaii (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989.
20. See Patricia Hill, The World their Household: the American Woman's Foreign Mission Movement and Cultural Transformation, 1870-1920 (University of Michigan Press) Ann Arbor, 1985; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-century China (Yale University Press) New Haven, 1984; Patricia Grimshaw, Paths of Duty: American Missionary Wives in Nineteenth Century Hawaii (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989.
21. See Tyrrell, Woman's World/ Woman's Empire.
22. See Audrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: a Gift or a Struggle? (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1992. See also Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins' in Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1994; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperance, Christianity and Feminism: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1897', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, April 1976; Anthea Hyslop, 'Christian Temperance and Social Reform: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1912' in Sabine Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes: Essays in the History of Women and the Church in Australia (Dove) Melbourne, 1977; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperate Feminists: Marie Kirk and the WCTU' in Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (eds), Double Time: Women in Victoria - 150 Years (Penguin) Ringwood, Vic., 1985; Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: the Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War' in Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes; Patricia Grimshaw, 'Bessie Harrison Lee and the Fight for Voluntary Motherhood' in Lake and Kelly (eds), Double Time. Accounts by WCTU members include Isabel McCorkindale, Pioneer Pathways (Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia) Melbourne, 1948; Isabel McCorkindale, Frances E. Willard Centenary Book (WCTU of Australia) Adelaide, 1939; Isabel McCorkindale, Torch-bearers: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia, 1886-1948 (WCTU of South Australia) Melbourne, 1948.
23. See Audrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: a Gift or a Struggle? (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1992. See also Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins' in Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1994; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperance, Christianity and Feminism: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1897', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, April 1976; Anthea Hyslop, 'Christian Temperance and Social Reform: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1912' in Sabine Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes: Essays in the History of Women and the Church in Australia (Dove) Melbourne, 1977; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperate Feminists: Marie Kirk and the WCTU' in Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (eds), Double Time: Women in Victoria - 150 Years (Penguin) Ringwood, Vic., 1985; Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: the Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War' in Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes; Patricia Grimshaw, 'Bessie Harrison Lee and the Fight for Voluntary Motherhood' in Lake and Kelly (eds), Double Time. Accounts by WCTU members include Isabel McCorkindale, Pioneer Pathways (Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia) Melbourne, 1948; Isabel McCorkindale, Frances E. Willard Centenary Book (WCTU of Australia) Adelaide, 1939; Isabel McCorkindale, Torch-bearers: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia, 1886-1948 (WCTU of South Australia) Melbourne, 1948.
24. See Audrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: a Gift or a Struggle? (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1992. See also Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins' in Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1994; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperance, Christianity and Feminism: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1897', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, April 1976; Anthea Hyslop, 'Christian Temperance and Social Reform: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1912' in Sabine Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes: Essays in the History of Women and the Church in Australia (Dove) Melbourne, 1977; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperate Feminists: Marie Kirk and the WCTU' in Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (eds), Double Time: Women in Victoria - 150 Years (Penguin) Ringwood, Vic., 1985; Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: the Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War' in Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes; Patricia Grimshaw, 'Bessie Harrison Lee and the Fight for Voluntary Motherhood' in Lake and Kelly (eds), Double Time. Accounts by WCTU members include Isabel McCorkindale, Pioneer Pathways (Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia) Melbourne, 1948; Isabel McCorkindale, Frances E. Willard Centenary Book (WCTU of Australia) Adelaide, 1939; Isabel McCorkindale, Torch-bearers: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia, 1886-1948 (WCTU of South Australia) Melbourne, 1948.
25. See Audrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: a Gift or a Struggle? (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1992. See also Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins' in Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1994; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperance, Christianity and Feminism: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1897', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, April 1976; Anthea Hyslop, 'Christian Temperance and Social Reform: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1912' in Sabine Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes: Essays in the History of Women and the Church in Australia (Dove) Melbourne, 1977; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperate Feminists: Marie Kirk and the WCTU' in Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (eds), Double Time: Women in Victoria - 150 Years (Penguin) Ringwood, Vic., 1985; Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: the Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War' in Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes; Patricia Grimshaw, 'Bessie Harrison Lee and the Fight for Voluntary Motherhood' in Lake and Kelly (eds), Double Time. Accounts by WCTU members include Isabel McCorkindale, Pioneer Pathways (Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia) Melbourne, 1948; Isabel McCorkindale, Frances E. Willard Centenary Book (WCTU of Australia) Adelaide, 1939; Isabel McCorkindale, Torch-bearers: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia, 1886-1948 (WCTU of South Australia) Melbourne, 1948.
26. See Audrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: a Gift or a Struggle? (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1992. See also Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins' in Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1994; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperance, Christianity and Feminism: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1897', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, April 1976; Anthea Hyslop, 'Christian Temperance and Social Reform: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1912' in Sabine Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes: Essays in the History of Women and the Church in Australia (Dove) Melbourne, 1977; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperate Feminists: Marie Kirk and the WCTU' in Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (eds), Double Time: Women in Victoria - 150 Years (Penguin) Ringwood, Vic., 1985; Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: the Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War' in Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes; Patricia Grimshaw, 'Bessie Harrison Lee and the Fight for Voluntary Motherhood' in Lake and Kelly (eds), Double Time. Accounts by WCTU members include Isabel McCorkindale, Pioneer Pathways (Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia) Melbourne, 1948; Isabel McCorkindale, Frances E. Willard Centenary Book (WCTU of Australia) Adelaide, 1939; Isabel McCorkindale, Torch-bearers: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia, 1886-1948 (WCTU of South Australia) Melbourne, 1948.
27. See Audrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: a Gift or a Struggle? (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1992. See also Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins' in Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1994; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperance, Christianity and Feminism: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1897', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, April 1976; Anthea Hyslop, 'Christian Temperance and Social Reform: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1912' in Sabine Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes: Essays in the History of Women and the Church in Australia (Dove) Melbourne, 1977; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperate Feminists: Marie Kirk and the WCTU' in Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (eds), Double Time: Women in Victoria - 150 Years (Penguin) Ringwood, Vic., 1985; Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: the Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War' in Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes; Patricia Grimshaw, 'Bessie Harrison Lee and the Fight for Voluntary Motherhood' in Lake and Kelly (eds), Double Time. Accounts by WCTU members include Isabel McCorkindale, Pioneer Pathways (Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia) Melbourne, 1948; Isabel McCorkindale, Frances E. Willard Centenary Book (WCTU of Australia) Adelaide, 1939; Isabel McCorkindale, Torch-bearers: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia, 1886-1948 (WCTU of South Australia) Melbourne, 1948.
28. See Audrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: a Gift or a Struggle? (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1992. See also Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins' in Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1994; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperance, Christianity and Feminism: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1897', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, April 1976; Anthea Hyslop, 'Christian Temperance and Social Reform: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1912' in Sabine Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes: Essays in the History of Women and the Church in Australia (Dove) Melbourne, 1977; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperate Feminists: Marie Kirk and the WCTU' in Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (eds), Double Time: Women in Victoria - 150 Years (Penguin) Ringwood, Vic., 1985; Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: the Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War' in Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes; Patricia Grimshaw, 'Bessie Harrison Lee and the Fight for Voluntary Motherhood' in Lake and Kelly (eds), Double Time. Accounts by WCTU members include Isabel McCorkindale, Pioneer Pathways (Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia) Melbourne, 1948; Isabel McCorkindale, Frances E. Willard Centenary Book (WCTU of Australia) Adelaide, 1939; Isabel McCorkindale, Torch-bearers: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia, 1886-1948 (WCTU of South Australia) Melbourne, 1948.
29. See Audrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: a Gift or a Struggle? (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1992. See also Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins' in Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1994; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperance, Christianity and Feminism: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1897', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, April 1976; Anthea Hyslop, 'Christian Temperance and Social Reform: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1912' in Sabine Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes: Essays in the History of Women and the Church in Australia (Dove) Melbourne, 1977; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperate Feminists: Marie Kirk and the WCTU' in Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (eds), Double Time: Women in Victoria - 150 Years (Penguin) Ringwood, Vic., 1985; Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: the Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War' in Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes; Patricia Grimshaw, 'Bessie Harrison Lee and the Fight for Voluntary Motherhood' in Lake and Kelly (eds), Double Time. Accounts by WCTU members include Isabel McCorkindale, Pioneer Pathways (Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia) Melbourne, 1948; Isabel McCorkindale, Frances E. Willard Centenary Book (WCTU of Australia) Adelaide, 1939; Isabel McCorkindale, Torch-bearers: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia, 1886-1948 (WCTU of South Australia) Melbourne, 1948.
30. See Audrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: a Gift or a Struggle? (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1992. See also Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins' in Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1994; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperance, Christianity and Feminism: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1897', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, April 1976; Anthea Hyslop, 'Christian Temperance and Social Reform: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1912' in Sabine Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes: Essays in the History of Women and the Church in Australia (Dove) Melbourne, 1977; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperate Feminists: Marie Kirk and the WCTU' in Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (eds), Double Time: Women in Victoria - 150 Years (Penguin) Ringwood, Vic., 1985; Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: the Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War' in Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes; Patricia Grimshaw, 'Bessie Harrison Lee and the Fight for Voluntary Motherhood' in Lake and Kelly (eds), Double Time. Accounts by WCTU members include Isabel McCorkindale, Pioneer Pathways (Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia) Melbourne, 1948; Isabel McCorkindale, Frances E. Willard Centenary Book (WCTU of Australia) Adelaide, 1939; Isabel McCorkindale, Torch-bearers: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia, 1886-1948 (WCTU of South Australia) Melbourne, 1948.
31. See Audrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: a Gift or a Struggle? (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1992. See also Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins' in Caroline Daley and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1994; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperance, Christianity and Feminism: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1897', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, April 1976; Anthea Hyslop, 'Christian Temperance and Social Reform: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria, 1887 to 1912' in Sabine Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes: Essays in the History of Women and the Church in Australia (Dove) Melbourne, 1977; Anthea Hyslop, 'Temperate Feminists: Marie Kirk and the WCTU' in Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (eds), Double Time: Women in Victoria - 150 Years (Penguin) Ringwood, Vic., 1985; Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: the Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War' in Willis (ed.), Women, Faith and Fetes; Patricia Grimshaw, 'Bessie Harrison Lee and the Fight for Voluntary Motherhood' in Lake and Kelly (eds), Double Time. Accounts by WCTU members include Isabel McCorkindale, Pioneer Pathways (Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia) Melbourne, 1948; Isabel McCorkindale, Frances E. Willard Centenary Book (WCTU of Australia) Adelaide, 1939; Isabel McCorkindale, Torch-bearers: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia, 1886-1948 (WCTU of South Australia) Melbourne, 1948.
32. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Third Triennial Convention, p. 46.
33. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Third Triennial Convention, p. 46.
34. Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British, Feminists, Indian Women and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (University of North Carolina Press) Durham, 1994; Antoinette Burton, 'The Feminist Quest for Identity: British Imperial Suffragism and "Global Sisterhood", 1900-1915', Journal of Women's History, vol. 3, no. 2, Fall 1991.
35. Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British, Feminists, Indian Women and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (University of North Carolina Press) Durham, 1994; Antoinette Burton, 'The Feminist Quest for Identity: British Imperial Suffragism and "Global Sisterhood", 1900-1915', Journal of Women's History, vol. 3, no. 2, Fall 1991.
36. Ellice Hopkins, The Power of Womanhood (1899) (Wells Gardner) London, 1913, p. 161.
37. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Second Triennial Convention (WCTU of Australasia), Sydney, 1894, p. 36.
38. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Second Triennial Convention, p. 46.
39. See Patricia Grimshaw, 'Suffragists Representing Race and Gender in the American West: the Case of Colorado' in Patricia Grimshaw and Diane Kirkby (eds), Dealing with Difference: Essays in Gender, Culture and History (Melbourne University History Conference Series) Melbourne, 1997.
40. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Second Triennial Convention, p. 54.
41. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes and Proceedings of the First Intercolonial Woman's Christian Temperance Union Convention (WCTU) Melbourne, 1891, p. 21.
42. See Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia; Helen Jones, In Her Own Name: Women in South Australian History (Wakefield Press) Netley, SA, 1986.
43. See Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia; Helen Jones, In Her Own Name: Women in South Australian History (Wakefield Press) Netley, SA, 1986.
44. WCTU of South Australia, Minutes of the Second Annual Convention (WCTU) Adelaide, 1890, pp. 63-4.
45. WCTU of Victoria, Fifteenth Annual Report (WCTU) Melbourne, 1902, p. 45.
46. See Patricia Grimshaw, 'A White Woman's Suffrage' in Helen Irving (ed.), A Woman's Constitution? Gender and History in the Australian Commonwealth (Hale and Iremonger) Sydney, 1996; Pat Stretton and Christine Finnimore, 'Black Fellow Citizens: Aborigines and the Commonwealth Franchise', Australian Historical Studies, vol. 25, no. 101, October 1993; John Chesterman and Brian Galligan, Citizens Without Rights: Aborigines and Australian Citizenship (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1997.
47. See Patricia Grimshaw, 'A White Woman's Suffrage' in Helen Irving (ed.), A Woman's Constitution? Gender and History in the Australian Commonwealth (Hale and Iremonger) Sydney, 1996; Pat Stretton and Christine Finnimore, 'Black Fellow Citizens: Aborigines and the Commonwealth Franchise', Australian Historical Studies, vol. 25, no. 101, October 1993; John Chesterman and Brian Galligan, Citizens Without Rights: Aborigines and Australian Citizenship (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1997.
48. See Patricia Grimshaw, 'A White Woman's Suffrage' in Helen Irving (ed.), A Woman's Constitution? Gender and History in the Australian Commonwealth (Hale and Iremonger) Sydney, 1996; Pat Stretton and Christine Finnimore, 'Black Fellow Citizens: Aborigines and the Commonwealth Franchise', Australian Historical Studies, vol. 25, no. 101, October 1993; John Chesterman and Brian Galligan, Citizens Without Rights: Aborigines and Australian Citizenship (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1997.
49. Grimshaw, 'A White Woman's Suffrage'.
50. See Chesterman and Galligan, Citizens Without Rights. See also Susan Magarey, 'The Politics of Passion: Sex and Race in the New Australian Body Politic', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25, 1997, pp. 33-5.
51. See Chesterman and Galligan, Citizens Without Rights. See also Susan Magarey, 'The Politics of Passion: Sex and Race in the New Australian Body Politic', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25, 1997, pp. 33-5.
52. See Grimshaw, 'A White Woman's Suffrage'; Judith Allen, Rose Scott: Vision and Revision in Feminism (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994.
53. See Grimshaw, 'A White Woman's Suffrage'; Judith Allen, Rose Scott: Vision and Revision in Feminism (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994.
54. Cited in Raewyn Dalziel, 'Presenting the Enfranchisement of New Zealand Women Abroad' in Daley and Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond, p. 57.
55. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Third Triennial Convention (WCTU) Brisbane, 1897, p. 34.
56. White Ribbon Signal, 1 February 1901, p. 73.
57. White Ribbon Signal, 1 June 1909, p. 1.
58. Jessie Ackermann, Australia from a Woman's Point of View (Cassell) London and New York, 1913, between pp. 120 and 121.
59. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes and Proceedings of the First Intercolonial WCTU Convention.
60. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Third Triennial Convention, p. 71.
61. WCTU of South Australia, Minutes of the First Annual Convention (WCTU of SA) Adelaide, 1889, n.p.; Minutes of the Second Annual Convention 1890, p. 15.
62. WCTU of South Australia, Minutes of the First Annual Convention (WCTU of SA) Adelaide, 1889, n.p.; Minutes of the Second Annual Convention 1890, p. 15.
63. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Fourth Triennial Convention (WCTU) Adelaide, 1900, p. 20.
64. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Fifth Triennial Convention (WCTU) Melbourne, 1903, p. 106.
65. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Fifth Triennial Convention, pp. 105-6.
66. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Fifth Triennial Convention, p. 23.
67. WCTU of South Australia, Record Book of Native Races Department, SRG 186/144, Mortlock Library, Adelaide.
68. WCTU of Victoria, Fourteenth Annual Report ... 1901 (WCTU) Melbourne, 1901.
69. WCTU of Victoria, Fifteenth Annual Report ... 1902, p. 38.
70. WCTU of Victoria, Nineteenth Annual Report ... 1906 (WCTU) Melbourne, 1906, p. 41.
71. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Ninth Triennial Convention (WCTU) Adelaide, 1915.
72. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Sixth Triennial Convention (WCTU) Hobart, 1906, p. 18.
73. Pargeter, 'For God, Home and Humanity', p. 32.
74. See Fiona Paisley, 'Ideas have Wings: White Women Challenge Aboriginal Policy, 1920-1937', PhD thesis, La Trobe University, 1995; Fiona Paisley, 'Borderlands: Anglo-Australian Women Theorise "Culture Clash", 1920s-1930s' in Grimshaw and Kirkby (eds), Dealing with Difference; Fiona Paisley, 'Feminist Challenges to White Australia' in Diane Kirkby (ed.), Sex, Power and Justice: Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1995; Fiona Paisley, "'Don't Tell England!": Women of Empire Campaign to Change Aboriginal Policy in Australia Between the Wars', Lilith, no. 8, Summer 1993; Fiona Paisley, 'No Back Streets in the Bush: 1920s and 1930s Pro-Aboriginal White Women's Activism and the Trans-Australia Railway', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25, April 1997.
75. See Fiona Paisley, 'Ideas have Wings: White Women Challenge Aboriginal Policy, 1920-1937', PhD thesis, La Trobe University, 1995; Fiona Paisley, 'Borderlands: Anglo-Australian Women Theorise "Culture Clash", 1920s-1930s' in Grimshaw and Kirkby (eds), Dealing with Difference; Fiona Paisley, 'Feminist Challenges to White Australia' in Diane Kirkby (ed.), Sex, Power and Justice: Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1995; Fiona Paisley, "'Don't Tell England!": Women of Empire Campaign to Change Aboriginal Policy in Australia Between the Wars', Lilith, no. 8, Summer 1993; Fiona Paisley, 'No Back Streets in the Bush: 1920s and 1930s Pro-Aboriginal White Women's Activism and the Trans-Australia Railway', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25, April 1997.
76. See Fiona Paisley, 'Ideas have Wings: White Women Challenge Aboriginal Policy, 1920-1937', PhD thesis, La Trobe University, 1995; Fiona Paisley, 'Borderlands: Anglo-Australian Women Theorise "Culture Clash", 1920s-1930s' in Grimshaw and Kirkby (eds), Dealing with Difference; Fiona Paisley, 'Feminist Challenges to White Australia' in Diane Kirkby (ed.), Sex, Power and Justice: Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1995; Fiona Paisley, "'Don't Tell England!": Women of Empire Campaign to Change Aboriginal Policy in Australia Between the Wars', Lilith, no. 8, Summer 1993; Fiona Paisley, 'No Back Streets in the Bush: 1920s and 1930s Pro-Aboriginal White Women's Activism and the Trans-Australia Railway', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25, April 1997.
77. See Fiona Paisley, 'Ideas have Wings: White Women Challenge Aboriginal Policy, 1920-1937', PhD thesis, La Trobe University, 1995; Fiona Paisley, 'Borderlands: Anglo-Australian Women Theorise "Culture Clash", 1920s-1930s' in Grimshaw and Kirkby (eds), Dealing with Difference; Fiona Paisley, 'Feminist Challenges to White Australia' in Diane Kirkby (ed.), Sex, Power and Justice: Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1995; Fiona Paisley, "'Don't Tell England!": Women of Empire Campaign to Change Aboriginal Policy in Australia Between the Wars', Lilith, no. 8, Summer 1993; Fiona Paisley, 'No Back Streets in the Bush: 1920s and 1930s Pro-Aboriginal White Women's Activism and the Trans-Australia Railway', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25, April 1997.
78. See Fiona Paisley, 'Ideas have Wings: White Women Challenge Aboriginal Policy, 1920-1937', PhD thesis, La Trobe University, 1995; Fiona Paisley, 'Borderlands: Anglo-Australian Women Theorise "Culture Clash", 1920s-1930s' in Grimshaw and Kirkby (eds), Dealing with Difference; Fiona Paisley, 'Feminist Challenges to White Australia' in Diane Kirkby (ed.), Sex, Power and Justice: Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1995; Fiona Paisley, "'Don't Tell England!": Women of Empire Campaign to Change Aboriginal Policy in Australia Between the Wars', Lilith, no. 8, Summer 1993; Fiona Paisley, 'No Back Streets in the Bush: 1920s and 1930s Pro-Aboriginal White Women's Activism and the Trans-Australia Railway', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25, April 1997.
79. See Paisley, 'Ideas have Wings'; Pargeter, 'For God, Home and Humanity'; Diane Davidson, Women on the Warpath: Feminists in the First Wave (University of Western Australia Press) Nedlands, WA, 1997; Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Traditions of Anti-racism' in Geoffrey Grey and Andrew Markus (eds), The Politics of Racism (forthcoming 1998).
80. See Paisley, 'Ideas have Wings'; Pargeter, 'For God, Home and Humanity'; Diane Davidson, Women on the Warpath: Feminists in the First Wave (University of Western Australia Press) Nedlands, WA, 1997; Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Traditions of Anti-racism' in Geoffrey Grey and Andrew Markus (eds), The Politics of Racism (forthcoming 1998).
81. See Paisley, 'Ideas have Wings'; Pargeter, 'For God, Home and Humanity'; Diane Davidson, Women on the Warpath: Feminists in the First Wave (University of Western Australia Press) Nedlands, WA, 1997; Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Traditions of Anti-racism' in Geoffrey Grey and Andrew Markus (eds), The Politics of Racism (forthcoming 1998).
82. See Paisley, 'Ideas have Wings'; Pargeter, 'For God, Home and Humanity'; Diane Davidson, Women on the Warpath: Feminists in the First Wave (University of Western Australia Press) Nedlands, WA, 1997; Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Traditions of Anti-racism' in Geoffrey Grey and Andrew Markus (eds), The Politics of Racism (forthcoming 1998).
83. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Fourteenth Triennial Convention (WCTU) Brisbane, 1930, p. 91.
84. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Thirteenth Triennial Convention (WCTU) Sydney, 1927, p. 19.
85. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Thirteenth Triennial Convention, p. 29.
86. WCTU of Australasia, Minutes of the Fourteenth Triennial Convention, p. 14.
87. WCTU of Australia, Minutes of the Fifteenth Triennial Convention, pp. 18, 20.
88. See Davidson, Women on the Warpath, pp. 84, 113, 152.
89. Pargeter, 'For God, Home and Humanity', pp. 92-3.
90. White Ribbon Signal, 1 May 1933, p. 89.
91. White Ribbon Signal, 1 May 1933, p. 89.
92. White Ribbon Signal, 1 May 1933, p. 89.
93. National WCTU of Australia, Report of the Sixteenth Triennial Convention (WCTU) Perth, 1936, p. 11; see also White Ribbon Signal, 1 October 1936, p. 191.
94. National WCTU of Australia, Report of the Sixteenth Triennial Convention (WCTU) Perth, 1936, p. 11; see also White Ribbon Signal, 1 October 1936, p. 191.
95. National WCTU of Australia, Report of the Seventeenth Triennial Convention (WCTU) Launceston, 1939, p. 21.
96. National WCTU of Australia, Report of the Seventeenth Triennial Convention (WCTU), p. 21.
97. See 'The Tragedy of the Aboriginal Women', White Ribbon Signal, 1 October 1936.
98. See Patricia Grimshaw and Peter Sherlock, 'One Woman's Concerns for Social Justice: the Letters of Helen Baillie to Farnham Maynard, 1933-36' in Colin Holden (ed.), Anglo-Catholicism in Melbourne: Papers to Mark the 150th Anniversary of St Peter's Eestern Hill 1846-1996 (Melbourne University History Conference Series) Melbourne, 1997; Andrew Markus, Blood from a Stone (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988; V.A.A.L., Victims or Victors? The Story of the V.A.A.L. (Hyland House) Melbourne, 1985.
99. See Patricia Grimshaw and Peter Sherlock, 'One Woman's Concerns for Social Justice: the Letters of Helen Baillie to Farnham Maynard, 1933-36' in Colin Holden (ed.), Anglo-Catholicism in Melbourne: Papers to Mark the 150th Anniversary of St Peter's Eestern Hill 1846-1996 (Melbourne University History Conference Series) Melbourne, 1997; Andrew Markus, Blood from a Stone (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988; V.A.A.L., Victims or Victors? The Story of the V.A.A.L. (Hyland House) Melbourne, 1985.
100. See Patricia Grimshaw and Peter Sherlock, 'One Woman's Concerns for Social Justice: the Letters of Helen Baillie to Farnham Maynard, 1933-36' in Colin Holden (ed.), Anglo-Catholicism in Melbourne: Papers to Mark the 150th Anniversary of St Peter's Eestern Hill 1846-1996 (Melbourne University History Conference Series) Melbourne, 1997; Andrew Markus, Blood from a Stone (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988; V.A.A.L., Victims or Victors? The Story of the V.A.A.L. (Hyland House) Melbourne, 1985.