No Back Streets in the Bush: 1920s and 1930s Pro-Aboriginal White Women's Activism and the Trans-Australia Railway

Australian Feminist Studies

Volumn 12, Issue 25, 1997, Pages 119-137

  Paisley, Fiona ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0031478419     PISSN: 08164649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08164649.1997.9994845     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. The North-South railway line ran through South Australia, Central Australia and the Northern Territory. The Trans-Continental passed through South Australia and Western Australia. Both were partly enabled by Commonwealth funding during the 1920s.
2. David Burke, Road Through the Wilderness: The Story of the Trans-Continental Railway (New South Wales University Press) Sydney, 1991. Writing of nineteenth-century Europe and America, Wolfgang Schivelbusch investigates the influence of railroad travel upon time, space and modern identity. See The Railway Journey: The Industrialisation of Time and Space in the Nineteenth Century (1977) (Leamington Spa) Berg, 1986.
3. David Burke, Road Through the Wilderness: The Story of the Trans-Continental Railway (New South Wales University Press) Sydney, 1991. Writing of nineteenth-century Europe and America, Wolfgang Schivelbusch investigates the influence of railroad travel upon time, space and modern identity. See The Railway Journey: The Industrialisation of Time and Space in the Nineteenth Century (1977) (Leamington Spa) Berg, 1986.
4. Ann McGrath, 'Travels to a Distant Past: the Mythology of the Outback', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 113-24. Patricia Limerick has written of the ongoing significance of the frontier to American history. See Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (Norton) New York, 1987. The significance of modern train travel to late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century colonial and imperial frontiers is argued by Winfried Baumgart, Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880-1914 (Oxford University Press) Oxford, 1983, pp. 25-32. Arguably a similar impact upon the colonial, imperial frontier was evident in inter-war Australia. According to Bob Hodge and Vijay Mishra, Dark Side of the Dream: Australian Literature and the Postcolonial Mind (Allen & Unwin) North Sydney, 1990, pp. 157-61, the explorer as hero represents another aspect of outback mythology. In the twentieth-century version, the railwayman as outback hero is celebrated by Patsy Adam Smith, The Rails Go Westward (Macmillan) Melbourne, 1969. Concerning the problematic of white women as fellow travellers in nineteenth-century representations of the bush, see Sue Rowley, 'The Journey's End: Women's Mobility and Confinement', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 69-83.
5. Ann McGrath, 'Travels to a Distant Past: the Mythology of the Outback', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 113-24. Patricia Limerick has written of the ongoing significance of the frontier to American history. See Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (Norton) New York, 1987. The significance of modern train travel to late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century colonial and imperial frontiers is argued by Winfried Baumgart, Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880-1914 (Oxford University Press) Oxford, 1983, pp. 25-32. Arguably a similar impact upon the colonial, imperial frontier was evident in inter-war Australia. According to Bob Hodge and Vijay Mishra, Dark Side of the Dream: Australian Literature and the Postcolonial Mind (Allen & Unwin) North Sydney, 1990, pp. 157-61, the explorer as hero represents another aspect of outback mythology. In the twentieth-century version, the railwayman as outback hero is celebrated by Patsy Adam Smith, The Rails Go Westward (Macmillan) Melbourne, 1969. Concerning the problematic of white women as fellow travellers in nineteenth-century representations of the bush, see Sue Rowley, 'The Journey's End: Women's Mobility and Confinement', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 69-83.
6. Ann McGrath, 'Travels to a Distant Past: the Mythology of the Outback', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 113-24. Patricia Limerick has written of the ongoing significance of the frontier to American history. See Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (Norton) New York, 1987. The significance of modern train travel to late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century colonial and imperial frontiers is argued by Winfried Baumgart, Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880-1914 (Oxford University Press) Oxford, 1983, pp. 25-32. Arguably a similar impact upon the colonial, imperial frontier was evident in inter-war Australia. According to Bob Hodge and Vijay Mishra, Dark Side of the Dream: Australian Literature and the Postcolonial Mind (Allen & Unwin) North Sydney, 1990, pp. 157-61, the explorer as hero represents another aspect of outback mythology. In the twentieth-century version, the railwayman as outback hero is celebrated by Patsy Adam Smith, The Rails Go Westward (Macmillan) Melbourne, 1969. Concerning the problematic of white women as fellow travellers in nineteenth-century representations of the bush, see Sue Rowley, 'The Journey's End: Women's Mobility and Confinement', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 69-83.
7. Ann McGrath, 'Travels to a Distant Past: the Mythology of the Outback', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 113-24. Patricia Limerick has written of the ongoing significance of the frontier to American history. See Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (Norton) New York, 1987. The significance of modern train travel to late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century colonial and imperial frontiers is argued by Winfried Baumgart, Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880-1914 (Oxford University Press) Oxford, 1983, pp. 25-32. Arguably a similar impact upon the colonial, imperial frontier was evident in inter-war Australia. According to Bob Hodge and Vijay Mishra, Dark Side of the Dream: Australian Literature and the Postcolonial Mind (Allen & Unwin) North Sydney, 1990, pp. 157-61, the explorer as hero represents another aspect of outback mythology. In the twentieth-century version, the railwayman as outback hero is celebrated by Patsy Adam Smith, The Rails Go Westward (Macmillan) Melbourne, 1969. Concerning the problematic of white women as fellow travellers in nineteenth-century representations of the bush, see Sue Rowley, 'The Journey's End: Women's Mobility and Confinement', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 69-83.
8. Ann McGrath, 'Travels to a Distant Past: the Mythology of the Outback', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 113-24. Patricia Limerick has written of the ongoing significance of the frontier to American history. See Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (Norton) New York, 1987. The significance of modern train travel to late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century colonial and imperial frontiers is argued by Winfried Baumgart, Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880-1914 (Oxford University Press) Oxford, 1983, pp. 25-32. Arguably a similar impact upon the colonial, imperial frontier was evident in inter-war Australia. According to Bob Hodge and Vijay Mishra, Dark Side of the Dream: Australian Literature and the Postcolonial Mind (Allen & Unwin) North Sydney, 1990, pp. 157-61, the explorer as hero represents another aspect of outback mythology. In the twentieth-century version, the railwayman as outback hero is celebrated by Patsy Adam Smith, The Rails Go Westward (Macmillan) Melbourne, 1969. Concerning the problematic of white women as fellow travellers in nineteenth-century representations of the bush, see Sue Rowley, 'The Journey's End: Women's Mobility and Confinement', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 69-83.
9. Ann McGrath, 'Travels to a Distant Past: the Mythology of the Outback', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 113-24. Patricia Limerick has written of the ongoing significance of the frontier to American history. See Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (Norton) New York, 1987. The significance of modern train travel to late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century colonial and imperial frontiers is argued by Winfried Baumgart, Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880-1914 (Oxford University Press) Oxford, 1983, pp. 25-32. Arguably a similar impact upon the colonial, imperial frontier was evident in inter-war Australia. According to Bob Hodge and Vijay Mishra, Dark Side of the Dream: Australian Literature and the Postcolonial Mind (Allen & Unwin) North Sydney, 1990, pp. 157-61, the explorer as hero represents another aspect of outback mythology. In the twentieth-century version, the railwayman as outback hero is celebrated by Patsy Adam Smith, The Rails Go Westward (Macmillan) Melbourne, 1969. Concerning the problematic of white women as fellow travellers in nineteenth-century representations of the bush, see Sue Rowley, 'The Journey's End: Women's Mobility and Confinement', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 69-83.
10. Andrew Markus notes the increase in articles concerning Aboriginal conditions in southern newspapers during the inter-war years. See Markus, Governing Savages (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990, pp. 3-5. Also for example Peter Biskup, Not Slaves Not Citizens (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1973, p. 87.
11. Andrew Markus notes the increase in articles concerning Aboriginal conditions in southern newspapers during the inter-war years. See Markus, Governing Savages (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990, pp. 3-5. Also for example Peter Biskup, Not Slaves Not Citizens (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1973, p. 87.
12. For example, A.G. Bolan, The Trans-Australian Wonderland (1923) (University of Western Australia Press) Nedlands, 1978, aimed to impress upon readers features of the living museum they would encounter through outback travel. In her investigation of the Blue Mountains as a nineteenth-century tourist attraction Julie Horne points to the influence of art, poetry and travel guides in their cultural production as an important link with Europe. Julie Horne, 'Travelling Through the Romantic Landscapes of the Blue Mountains', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 84-98.
13. For example, A.G. Bolan, The Trans-Australian Wonderland (1923) (University of Western Australia Press) Nedlands, 1978, aimed to impress upon readers features of the living museum they would encounter through outback travel. In her investigation of the Blue Mountains as a nineteenth-century tourist attraction Julie Horne points to the influence of art, poetry and travel guides in their cultural production as an important link with Europe. Julie Horne, 'Travelling Through the Romantic Landscapes of the Blue Mountains', Australian Cultural History, no. 10, 1991, pp. 84-98.
14. Argus, 17 August 1927, p. 21.
15. P.F. Donovan, At the Other End of Australia: The Commonwealth and the Northern Territory, 1911-1918 (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1984, p. 126.
16. Ann McGrath points to the utility of the outback myth of civilisation versus timelessness in providing an 'alibi' for dispossession. McGrath, 'Travels to a Distant Past', p. 121.
17. Burke, Road Through the Wilderness, pp. 5-10.
18. In Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives (University of Chicago Press) Chicago, 1990, Marianna Torgovnick argues for the central role of the 'misrecognition' of 'primitive' others in the formulation of Western late nineteenth-century modernism.
19. This pro-Aboriginal feminism is the subject of my doctoral thesis, 'Ideas Have Wings: White Women Challenge Aboriginal Policy 1920s and 1930s', History Department, La Trobe University, 1995. See 'Towards a Knowledge of "Liberty"', Journal of Australian Studies, forthcoming.
20. This pro-Aboriginal feminism is the subject of my doctoral thesis, 'Ideas Have Wings: White Women Challenge Aboriginal Policy 1920s and 1930s', History Department, La Trobe University, 1995. See 'Towards a Knowledge of "Liberty"', Journal of Australian Studies, forthcoming.
21. Various humanitarian organisations and pro-Aboriginal campaigns are described in (for example) C.D. Rowley, The Destruction of Aboriginal Society (1970) (Penguin) Middlesex, 1980; Markus, Governing Savages; Russell McGregor, 'Civilisation or Extinction: The Destiny of the Aborigines in White Australian Imagination, c.1880-1930', PhD James Cook University, March 1993.
22. Various humanitarian organisations and pro-Aboriginal campaigns are described in (for example) C.D. Rowley, The Destruction of Aboriginal Society (1970) (Penguin) Middlesex, 1980; Markus, Governing Savages; Russell McGregor, 'Civilisation or Extinction: The Destiny of the Aborigines in White Australian Imagination, c.1880-1930', PhD James Cook University, March 1993.
23. Various humanitarian organisations and pro-Aboriginal campaigns are described in (for example) C.D. Rowley, The Destruction of Aboriginal Society (1970) (Penguin) Middlesex, 1980; Markus, Governing Savages; Russell McGregor, 'Civilisation or Extinction: The Destiny of the Aborigines in White Australian Imagination, c.1880-1930', PhD James Cook University, March 1993.
24. Bennett's published work included Christison of Lammermoor (Alston Riveres) London, 1927, The Australian Aboriginal as a Human Being (Alston Rivers) London, 1930, and Teaching the Aborigines: Data from Mount Margaret Mission (United Aborigines Mission) Perth, 1935.
25. Bennett's published work included Christison of Lammermoor (Alston Riveres) London, 1927, The Australian Aboriginal as a Human Being (Alston Rivers) London, 1930, and Teaching the Aborigines: Data from Mount Margaret Mission (United Aborigines Mission) Perth, 1935.
26. Bennett's published work included Christison of Lammermoor (Alston Riveres) London, 1927, The Australian Aboriginal as a Human Being (Alston Rivers) London, 1930, and Teaching the Aborigines: Data from Mount Margaret Mission (United Aborigines Mission) Perth, 1935.
27. British Commonwealth League Conference Report, 1934, p. 49, British Commowealth League Papers, Fawcett Library, London (hereafter BCLP FL).
28. British Commonwealth League Conference Papers, 1926, p. 3, BCLP FL.
29. The League of Nations Covenant of 1919 called upon 'advanced' nations to uphold their 'sacred trust' to 'uplift' their native populations (articles 22.1 and 22.2). For a discussion of Australian women activists as Dominion women representatives to the London-based British Commonwealth League, see my article, 'Citizens of their World: Australian Feminism and Indigenous Rights in the International Context, 1920s and 1930s', Feminist Review, forthcoming.
30. British Commowealth League Conference Report (hereafter BCLCR) 1934, p. 62, BCLP FL.
31. Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Politics and National Identity' in Geoff Stokes (ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 1996 (forthcoming), 'Between Old World "Barbarism" and Stone Age "Primitivism": The Double Difference of the White Australian Feminist' in Norma Grieve and Ailsa Burns (eds), Australian Women: Contemporary Feminist Thought (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994, pp. 80-91, 'A Revolution in the Family: The Challenge and Contradictions of Maternal Citizenship' in Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (eds), Mothers of a New World: Matemalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State (Routledge) New York, 1993, 'Personality, Individuality, Nationality: Feminist Conceptions of Citizenship 1920-1940', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 25-38; Ann Curthoys, 'Feminism, Citizenship and National Identity', Feminist Review, no. 44, Summer 1993, pp. 19-38; Marie de Lepervanche, 'Women, Nation and State in Australia' in Nira Yuval Davis and Floya Anthias (eds), Woman-Nation-State (Macmillan) London, 1989, pp. 36-57; Stephen Castles, Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis and Michael Morrisey, 'The Bicentenary and the Failure of Australian Nationalism', Race and Class, vol. 29, no. 3, 1988, pp. 53-68; Jan Pettman, 'Whose Country is it Anyway? Cultural Politics, Racism and the Construction of Being Australian', Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1-24; Gail Reekie, 'Contesting Australia: Feminism and Histories of Nation' in Gillian Whitlock and David Carter (eds), Images of Australia: An Introductory Reader in Australian Studies (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1992, pp. 145-55.
32. Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Politics and National Identity' in Geoff Stokes (ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 1996 (forthcoming), 'Between Old World "Barbarism" and Stone Age "Primitivism": The Double Difference of the White Australian Feminist' in Norma Grieve and Ailsa Burns (eds), Australian Women: Contemporary Feminist Thought (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994, pp. 80-91, 'A Revolution in the Family: The Challenge and Contradictions of Maternal Citizenship' in Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (eds), Mothers of a New World: Matemalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State (Routledge) New York, 1993, 'Personality, Individuality, Nationality: Feminist Conceptions of Citizenship 1920-1940', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 25-38; Ann Curthoys, 'Feminism, Citizenship and National Identity', Feminist Review, no. 44, Summer 1993, pp. 19-38; Marie de Lepervanche, 'Women, Nation and State in Australia' in Nira Yuval Davis and Floya Anthias (eds), Woman-Nation-State (Macmillan) London, 1989, pp. 36-57; Stephen Castles, Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis and Michael Morrisey, 'The Bicentenary and the Failure of Australian Nationalism', Race and Class, vol. 29, no. 3, 1988, pp. 53-68; Jan Pettman, 'Whose Country is it Anyway? Cultural Politics, Racism and the Construction of Being Australian', Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1-24; Gail Reekie, 'Contesting Australia: Feminism and Histories of Nation' in Gillian Whitlock and David Carter (eds), Images of Australia: An Introductory Reader in Australian Studies (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1992, pp. 145-55.
33. Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Politics and National Identity' in Geoff Stokes (ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 1996 (forthcoming), 'Between Old World "Barbarism" and Stone Age "Primitivism": The Double Difference of the White Australian Feminist' in Norma Grieve and Ailsa Burns (eds), Australian Women: Contemporary Feminist Thought (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994, pp. 80-91, 'A Revolution in the Family: The Challenge and Contradictions of Maternal Citizenship' in Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (eds), Mothers of a New World: Matemalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State (Routledge) New York, 1993, 'Personality, Individuality, Nationality: Feminist Conceptions of Citizenship 1920-1940', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 25-38; Ann Curthoys, 'Feminism, Citizenship and National Identity', Feminist Review, no. 44, Summer 1993, pp. 19-38; Marie de Lepervanche, 'Women, Nation and State in Australia' in Nira Yuval Davis and Floya Anthias (eds), Woman-Nation-State (Macmillan) London, 1989, pp. 36-57; Stephen Castles, Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis and Michael Morrisey, 'The Bicentenary and the Failure of Australian Nationalism', Race and Class, vol. 29, no. 3, 1988, pp. 53-68; Jan Pettman, 'Whose Country is it Anyway? Cultural Politics, Racism and the Construction of Being Australian', Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1-24; Gail Reekie, 'Contesting Australia: Feminism and Histories of Nation' in Gillian Whitlock and David Carter (eds), Images of Australia: An Introductory Reader in Australian Studies (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1992, pp. 145-55.
34. Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Politics and National Identity' in Geoff Stokes (ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 1996 (forthcoming), 'Between Old World "Barbarism" and Stone Age "Primitivism": The Double Difference of the White Australian Feminist' in Norma Grieve and Ailsa Burns (eds), Australian Women: Contemporary Feminist Thought (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994, pp. 80-91, 'A Revolution in the Family: The Challenge and Contradictions of Maternal Citizenship' in Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (eds), Mothers of a New World: Matemalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State (Routledge) New York, 1993, 'Personality, Individuality, Nationality: Feminist Conceptions of Citizenship 1920-1940', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 25-38; Ann Curthoys, 'Feminism, Citizenship and National Identity', Feminist Review, no. 44, Summer 1993, pp. 19-38; Marie de Lepervanche, 'Women, Nation and State in Australia' in Nira Yuval Davis and Floya Anthias (eds), Woman-Nation-State (Macmillan) London, 1989, pp. 36-57; Stephen Castles, Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis and Michael Morrisey, 'The Bicentenary and the Failure of Australian Nationalism', Race and Class, vol. 29, no. 3, 1988, pp. 53-68; Jan Pettman, 'Whose Country is it Anyway? Cultural Politics, Racism and the Construction of Being Australian', Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1-24; Gail Reekie, 'Contesting Australia: Feminism and Histories of Nation' in Gillian Whitlock and David Carter (eds), Images of Australia: An Introductory Reader in Australian Studies (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1992, pp. 145-55.
35. Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Politics and National Identity' in Geoff Stokes (ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 1996 (forthcoming), 'Between Old World "Barbarism" and Stone Age "Primitivism": The Double Difference of the White Australian Feminist' in Norma Grieve and Ailsa Burns (eds), Australian Women: Contemporary Feminist Thought (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994, pp. 80-91, 'A Revolution in the Family: The Challenge and Contradictions of Maternal Citizenship' in Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (eds), Mothers of a New World: Matemalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State (Routledge) New York, 1993, 'Personality, Individuality, Nationality: Feminist Conceptions of Citizenship 1920-1940', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 25-38; Ann Curthoys, 'Feminism, Citizenship and National Identity', Feminist Review, no. 44, Summer 1993, pp. 19-38; Marie de Lepervanche, 'Women, Nation and State in Australia' in Nira Yuval Davis and Floya Anthias (eds), Woman-Nation-State (Macmillan) London, 1989, pp. 36-57; Stephen Castles, Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis and Michael Morrisey, 'The Bicentenary and the Failure of Australian Nationalism', Race and Class, vol. 29, no. 3, 1988, pp. 53-68; Jan Pettman, 'Whose Country is it Anyway? Cultural Politics, Racism and the Construction of Being Australian', Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1-24; Gail Reekie, 'Contesting Australia: Feminism and Histories of Nation' in Gillian Whitlock and David Carter (eds), Images of Australia: An Introductory Reader in Australian Studies (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1992, pp. 145-55.
36. Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Politics and National Identity' in Geoff Stokes (ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 1996 (forthcoming), 'Between Old World "Barbarism" and Stone Age "Primitivism": The Double Difference of the White Australian Feminist' in Norma Grieve and Ailsa Burns (eds), Australian Women: Contemporary Feminist Thought (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994, pp. 80-91, 'A Revolution in the Family: The Challenge and Contradictions of Maternal Citizenship' in Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (eds), Mothers of a New World: Matemalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State (Routledge) New York, 1993, 'Personality, Individuality, Nationality: Feminist Conceptions of Citizenship 1920-1940', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 25-38; Ann Curthoys, 'Feminism, Citizenship and National Identity', Feminist Review, no. 44, Summer 1993, pp. 19-38; Marie de Lepervanche, 'Women, Nation and State in Australia' in Nira Yuval Davis and Floya Anthias (eds), Woman-Nation-State (Macmillan) London, 1989, pp. 36-57; Stephen Castles, Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis and Michael Morrisey, 'The Bicentenary and the Failure of Australian Nationalism', Race and Class, vol. 29, no. 3, 1988, pp. 53-68; Jan Pettman, 'Whose Country is it Anyway? Cultural Politics, Racism and the Construction of Being Australian', Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1-24; Gail Reekie, 'Contesting Australia: Feminism and Histories of Nation' in Gillian Whitlock and David Carter (eds), Images of Australia: An Introductory Reader in Australian Studies (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1992, pp. 145-55.
37. Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Politics and National Identity' in Geoff Stokes (ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 1996 (forthcoming), 'Between Old World "Barbarism" and Stone Age "Primitivism": The Double Difference of the White Australian Feminist' in Norma Grieve and Ailsa Burns (eds), Australian Women: Contemporary Feminist Thought (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994, pp. 80-91, 'A Revolution in the Family: The Challenge and Contradictions of Maternal Citizenship' in Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (eds), Mothers of a New World: Matemalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State (Routledge) New York, 1993, 'Personality, Individuality, Nationality: Feminist Conceptions of Citizenship 1920-1940', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 25-38; Ann Curthoys, 'Feminism, Citizenship and National Identity', Feminist Review, no. 44, Summer 1993, pp. 19-38; Marie de Lepervanche, 'Women, Nation and State in Australia' in Nira Yuval Davis and Floya Anthias (eds), Woman-Nation-State (Macmillan) London, 1989, pp. 36-57; Stephen Castles, Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis and Michael Morrisey, 'The Bicentenary and the Failure of Australian Nationalism', Race and Class, vol. 29, no. 3, 1988, pp. 53-68; Jan Pettman, 'Whose Country is it Anyway? Cultural Politics, Racism and the Construction of Being Australian', Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1-24; Gail Reekie, 'Contesting Australia: Feminism and Histories of Nation' in Gillian Whitlock and David Carter (eds), Images of Australia: An Introductory Reader in Australian Studies (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1992, pp. 145-55.
38. Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Politics and National Identity' in Geoff Stokes (ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 1996 (forthcoming), 'Between Old World "Barbarism" and Stone Age "Primitivism": The Double Difference of the White Australian Feminist' in Norma Grieve and Ailsa Burns (eds), Australian Women: Contemporary Feminist Thought (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994, pp. 80-91, 'A Revolution in the Family: The Challenge and Contradictions of Maternal Citizenship' in Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (eds), Mothers of a New World: Matemalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State (Routledge) New York, 1993, 'Personality, Individuality, Nationality: Feminist Conceptions of Citizenship 1920-1940', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 25-38; Ann Curthoys, 'Feminism, Citizenship and National Identity', Feminist Review, no. 44, Summer 1993, pp. 19-38; Marie de Lepervanche, 'Women, Nation and State in Australia' in Nira Yuval Davis and Floya Anthias (eds), Woman-Nation-State (Macmillan) London, 1989, pp. 36-57; Stephen Castles, Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis and Michael Morrisey, 'The Bicentenary and the Failure of Australian Nationalism', Race and Class, vol. 29, no. 3, 1988, pp. 53-68; Jan Pettman, 'Whose Country is it Anyway? Cultural Politics, Racism and the Construction of Being Australian', Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1-24; Gail Reekie, 'Contesting Australia: Feminism and Histories of Nation' in Gillian Whitlock and David Carter (eds), Images of Australia: An Introductory Reader in Australian Studies (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1992, pp. 145-55.
39. Marilyn Lake, 'Feminist Politics and National Identity' in Geoff Stokes (ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 1996 (forthcoming), 'Between Old World "Barbarism" and Stone Age "Primitivism": The Double Difference of the White Australian Feminist' in Norma Grieve and Ailsa Burns (eds), Australian Women: Contemporary Feminist Thought (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994, pp. 80-91, 'A Revolution in the Family: The Challenge and Contradictions of Maternal Citizenship' in Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (eds), Mothers of a New World: Matemalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State (Routledge) New York, 1993, 'Personality, Individuality, Nationality: Feminist Conceptions of Citizenship 1920-1940', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 25-38; Ann Curthoys, 'Feminism, Citizenship and National Identity', Feminist Review, no. 44, Summer 1993, pp. 19-38; Marie de Lepervanche, 'Women, Nation and State in Australia' in Nira Yuval Davis and Floya Anthias (eds), Woman-Nation-State (Macmillan) London, 1989, pp. 36-57; Stephen Castles, Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis and Michael Morrisey, 'The Bicentenary and the Failure of Australian Nationalism', Race and Class, vol. 29, no. 3, 1988, pp. 53-68; Jan Pettman, 'Whose Country is it Anyway? Cultural Politics, Racism and the Construction of Being Australian', Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1-24; Gail Reekie, 'Contesting Australia: Feminism and Histories of Nation' in Gillian Whitlock and David Carter (eds), Images of Australia: An Introductory Reader in Australian Studies (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1992, pp. 145-55.
40. Carol Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1998, pp. 109-10. I thank one of AFS's readers for pointing out that along with sex-right, class politics are also evident in the alliances which formed around the question of Aboriginal women's bodily rights. Thus middle-class white women sought to curb the irresponsible behaviour of lower-class white men and to this end they gained nominal support from white men of the middle-class bureaucracy. These important aspects of feminist contestation over settler masculinities will be taken up in future work.
41. British Commonwealth League Conference Papers, 1934, p. 51, BCLP FL.
42. As I have argued elsewhere, this was a claim they made effectively from within the British Commonwealth League, as reported in London and Australian press during the 1930s. See '"Don't Tell England!": Women of Empire Campaign to Change Aboriginal Policy in Australia Between the Wars', Lilith, no. 8, Summer 1993, pp. 139-52.
43. A similar argument regarding Aboriginal women was made by nineteenth-century women writers. See Susan Sheridan, '"Wives and Mothers Like Ourselves, Poor Remnants of a Dying Race'": Aborigines in Colonial Women's Writing' in Anna Rutherford (ed.), Aboriginal Culture Today (Dangaroo Press-Kunapipi) Sydney, 1988, pp. 76-91.
44. According to David Trotter, within the psychic space of empire, the frontier has 'served as a permanent rite of passage'. David Trotter, 'Colonial Subjects', Critical Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 3, 1984, p. 8. Emphasising the importance of space in conceptualising power, Edward Soja has recently argued for the recognition of space(s) as highly contested and historically imbued. See Edward Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (Verso) London, 1989, especially chapter 1 in which Soja discusses Foucault's insistence upon the spatialisation of power/knowledge. The significance of space and place is underlined by Foucault in his preface to The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (Tavistock) London, 1970, preface, p. xxiv.
45. According to David Trotter, within the psychic space of empire, the frontier has 'served as a permanent rite of passage'. David Trotter, 'Colonial Subjects', Critical Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 3, 1984, p. 8. Emphasising the importance of space in conceptualising power, Edward Soja has recently argued for the recognition of space(s) as highly contested and historically imbued. See Edward Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (Verso) London, 1989, especially chapter 1 in which Soja discusses Foucault's insistence upon the spatialisation of power/knowledge. The significance of space and place is underlined by Foucault in his preface to The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (Tavistock) London, 1970, preface, p. xxiv.
46. According to David Trotter, within the psychic space of empire, the frontier has 'served as a permanent rite of passage'. David Trotter, 'Colonial Subjects', Critical Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 3, 1984, p. 8. Emphasising the importance of space in conceptualising power, Edward Soja has recently argued for the recognition of space(s) as highly contested and historically imbued. See Edward Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (Verso) London, 1989, especially chapter 1 in which Soja discusses Foucault's insistence upon the spatialisation of power/knowledge. The significance of space and place is underlined by Foucault in his preface to The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (Tavistock) London, 1970, preface, p. xxiv.
47. Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Investigate, Report, and Advise on Matters in Relations to the Conditions and Treatment of Aborigines, 1934, Transcripts of Evidence, AN 537, Ace. 993, 420/1930 (hereafter MRTE), p. 214, State Archives of Western Australia.
48. The presence of Aboriginal women in urban centres received passing interest in the Western Australian parliament in 1933. Sole woman parliamentarian May Holman remonstrated that Aboriginal women were not appropriately 'protected' when they were in town. Western Australian Parliamentary Debates, vol. 90, 30 August 1933, p. 756.
49. Judith Allen, '"Our Deeply Degraded Sex" and "The Animal in Man": Rose Scott's Vision: Feminism and Masculinity 1890-1925' in Barbara Caine, E.A. Grosz and Marie De Lepervanche (eds), Crossing Boundaries: Feminisms and the Critique of Knowledge (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988, pp. 157-65.
50. Organisations such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union called for amendment to the law to 'protect' white women from men's dissolution and violence. They sought a role for white women like themselves as protectors of other women and girls - in factories, on the streets and in marriage. See for example, Document 1.5, 'Mistresses of Themselves: Arming Women Against White Slave Traffic' in Marilyn Lake and Katie Holmes (eds), Freedom Bound II: Documents on Women in Modern Australia (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, 1995, pp. 16-17. Although health and welfare became increasingly their focus the regulation of heterosexual relations remained their central cause. Ann Summers has noted that policing sexual relations has been a major theme of white women's role in Australian history. See Damned Whores and God's Police: The Colonisation of Women in Australia (1977) (Penguin) Middlesex, 1995.
51. Organisations such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union called for amendment to the law to 'protect' white women from men's dissolution and violence. They sought a role for white women like themselves as protectors of other women and girls - in factories, on the streets and in marriage. See for example, Document 1.5, 'Mistresses of Themselves: Arming Women Against White Slave Traffic' in Marilyn Lake and Katie Holmes (eds), Freedom Bound II: Documents on Women in Modern Australia (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, 1995, pp. 16-17. Although health and welfare became increasingly their focus the regulation of heterosexual relations remained their central cause. Ann Summers has noted that policing sexual relations has been a major theme of white women's role in Australian history. See Damned Whores and God's Police: The Colonisation of Women in Australia (1977) (Penguin) Middlesex, 1995.
52. For discussion of government policy towards Aborigines during these years see J. McCorquodale, 'Aborigines: A History of Law and Justice, 1829-1985', PhD University of New England, 1985; McGregor, 'Civilisation or Extinction: The Destiny of the Aborigines in the White Australian Imagination c. 1880-1930'; Patricia Jacobs, 'Science and Veiled Assumptions: Miscegenation in W.A. 1930-37', Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 2, 1986, pp. 15-23; and Markus, Governing Savages.
53. For discussion of government policy towards Aborigines during these years see J. McCorquodale, 'Aborigines: A History of Law and Justice, 1829-1985', PhD University of New England, 1985; McGregor, 'Civilisation or Extinction: The Destiny of the Aborigines in the White Australian Imagination c. 1880-1930'; Patricia Jacobs, 'Science and Veiled Assumptions: Miscegenation in W.A. 1930-37', Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 2, 1986, pp. 15-23; and Markus, Governing Savages.
54. For discussion of government policy towards Aborigines during these years see J. McCorquodale, 'Aborigines: A History of Law and Justice, 1829-1985', PhD University of New England, 1985; McGregor, 'Civilisation or Extinction: The Destiny of the Aborigines in the White Australian Imagination c. 1880-1930'; Patricia Jacobs, 'Science and Veiled Assumptions: Miscegenation in W.A. 1930-37', Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 2, 1986, pp. 15-23; and Markus, Governing Savages.
55. For discussion of government policy towards Aborigines during these years see J. McCorquodale, 'Aborigines: A History of Law and Justice, 1829-1985', PhD University of New England, 1985; McGregor, 'Civilisation or Extinction: The Destiny of the Aborigines in the White Australian Imagination c. 1880-1930'; Patricia Jacobs, 'Science and Veiled Assumptions: Miscegenation in W.A. 1930-37', Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 2, 1986, pp. 15-23; and Markus, Governing Savages.
56. A.O. Neville, Australia's Coloured Minority: Its Place in the Community (Currawong) Sydney, 1947.
57. Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1988, p. 78.
58. According to historian of Aboriginal legislation, John McCorquodale, Aboriginal Acts in these decades represented 'a racial barrier [which was] also a sexual barrier of severe proportions ...', 'Aborigines: A History', p. 129.
59. For example, in 1918 Northern Territory legislation prohibited unlawful 'cohabitation' between any male person unmarried to a 'female aboriginal or half-caste', 'Northern Territory Aboriginals Ordinance', no. 9, 1918; Commonwealth Gazette (Government Printer) Melbourne, 1919, p. 1252.
60. For example, in 1918 Northern Territory legislation prohibited unlawful 'cohabitation' between any male person unmarried to a 'female aboriginal or half-caste', 'Northern Territory Aboriginals Ordinance', no. 9, 1918; Commonwealth Gazette (Government Printer) Melbourne, 1919, p. 1252.
61. A point made in favour of increased powers over 'half-caste' populations by Western Australian Chief Protector Neville in the 1937, 'Aboriginal Welfare: Report of the Initial Conference of Commonwealth and State Aboriginal Authorities', Canberra, 21-23 March 1937, p. 36, Australian Archives, 571, 37/2750.
62. A point made in favour of increased powers over 'half-caste' populations by Western Australian Chief Protector Neville in the 1937, 'Aboriginal Welfare: Report of the Initial Conference of Commonwealth and State Aboriginal Authorities', Canberra, 21-23 March 1937, p. 36, Australian Archives, 571, 37/2750.
63. For example, 'Western Australian Aborigines Act Amendment Act, 1911, no. 42', Statutes of Western Australia (Government Printer) Perth, 1912.
64. British Commonwealth League Conference Report, 1927, BCLP FL.
65. 'The Aboriginals and Half-Castes of Central Australia and North Australia: Report by J.W. Bleakley, 1928', Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers, 1929, vol. 2 (hereafter Bleakley Report), p. 9.
66. Hope Wright, Country Evidence, MRTE, p. 221.
67. From 1911 the Western Australian Act excluded the rights of Aboriginal mothers of 'half-caste' children in favour of the Chief Protector.
68. Reported in The Dawn, 20 January 1932, p. 1.
69. Bennett to anthropologist Olive Pink, Pink Papers, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 2368/A3, 223, A3b; B1F(a)(2),4.
70. C.D. Rowley, The Destruction of Aboriginal Society, pp. 230-1.
71. For example, Bennett, The Australian Aboriginal, p. 98. Jackie Huggins and Tom Blake, 'Protection or Persecution? Gender Relations in the Era of Racial Segregation' in Kay Saunders and Raymond Evans (eds), Gender Relations in Australia: Domination or Negotiation (Harcourt Brace Jovanich) Marrickville, 1992, pp. 42-58.
72. For example, Bennett, The Australian Aboriginal, p. 98. Jackie Huggins and Tom Blake, 'Protection or Persecution? Gender Relations in the Era of Racial Segregation' in Kay Saunders and Raymond Evans (eds), Gender Relations in Australia: Domination or Negotiation (Harcourt Brace Jovanich) Marrickville, 1992, pp. 42-58.
73. Bleakley Report, p. 27.
74. J.H. Sexton, The Aborigines: A Commonwealth Problem and Responsibility (Aborigines' Friends' Association) Adelaide, 1934, p. 4.
75. West Australian, 11 December 1933, clipping, 'Allegations by Mrs. M.M. Bennett', State Archives of Western Australia, Department of Native Welfare AN 1/7, Acc. 993, 166/1932.
76. West Australian, 11 December 1933, clipping, 'Allegations by Mrs. M.M. Bennett', State Archives of Western Australia, Department of Native Welfare AN 1/7, Acc. 993, 166/1932.
77. 'Aborigines: Appointments of Female Protectors', State Archives of Western Australia, DAF AN 1/3, Acc. 652, 473/15.
78. Letter dated 10 March 1914 from Protector Mrs C. Franklin of Noonkanbah Station, West Kimberley, DAF AN 1/3, Acc. 652, 473/15.
79. Such recommendations persisted throughout the inter-war years. See BCLCR, 1937, p. 40, BCLP FL.
80. Mobility figures within such feminist activist organisations in a number of ways - as physical movement, as political involvement and as a register of civic involvement. Arguably moving out across the social, political and geographical landscape was integral to the liberal citizenship model of autonomy and action as moral duty and responsibility espoused by women activists like Bennett and Cooke. See for example Jill Julius Matthews, 'They Had Such a Lot of Fun: The Women's League of Health and Beauty Between the Wars', History Workshop Journal, no. 30, 1990, pp. 22-54; David Matless, '"The Art of Rights Living". Landscape and Citizenship, 1918-1939', in Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation (Routledge) London, 1995, pp. 93-122; and on the importance of witnessing to good citizenship, Judith Smart, '"For the Good We Can Do": Cecilia Downing and Feminist Christian Citizenship', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 39-60. Chris Rojek argues persuasively for the links between mobility, modernity and modernisation in Ways of Escape: Modem Transformations in Leisure and Travel (Macmillan) London, 1993, especially chapter 2, 'Thoroughly Modern Woman'.
81. Mobility figures within such feminist activist organisations in a number of ways - as physical movement, as political involvement and as a register of civic involvement. Arguably moving out across the social, political and geographical landscape was integral to the liberal citizenship model of autonomy and action as moral duty and responsibility espoused by women activists like Bennett and Cooke. See for example Jill Julius Matthews, 'They Had Such a Lot of Fun: The Women's League of Health and Beauty Between the Wars', History Workshop Journal, no. 30, 1990, pp. 22-54; David Matless, '"The Art of Rights Living". Landscape and Citizenship, 1918-1939', in Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation (Routledge) London, 1995, pp. 93-122; and on the importance of witnessing to good citizenship, Judith Smart, '"For the Good We Can Do": Cecilia Downing and Feminist Christian Citizenship', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 39-60. Chris Rojek argues persuasively for the links between mobility, modernity and modernisation in Ways of Escape: Modem Transformations in Leisure and Travel (Macmillan) London, 1993, especially chapter 2, 'Thoroughly Modern Woman'.
82. Mobility figures within such feminist activist organisations in a number of ways - as physical movement, as political involvement and as a register of civic involvement. Arguably moving out across the social, political and geographical landscape was integral to the liberal citizenship model of autonomy and action as moral duty and responsibility espoused by women activists like Bennett and Cooke. See for example Jill Julius Matthews, 'They Had Such a Lot of Fun: The Women's League of Health and Beauty Between the Wars', History Workshop Journal, no. 30, 1990, pp. 22-54; David Matless, '"The Art of Rights Living". Landscape and Citizenship, 1918-1939', in Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation (Routledge) London, 1995, pp. 93-122; and on the importance of witnessing to good citizenship, Judith Smart, '"For the Good We Can Do": Cecilia Downing and Feminist Christian Citizenship', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 39-60. Chris Rojek argues persuasively for the links between mobility, modernity and modernisation in Ways of Escape: Modem Transformations in Leisure and Travel (Macmillan) London, 1993, especially chapter 2, 'Thoroughly Modern Woman'.
83. Mobility figures within such feminist activist organisations in a number of ways - as physical movement, as political involvement and as a register of civic involvement. Arguably moving out across the social, political and geographical landscape was integral to the liberal citizenship model of autonomy and action as moral duty and responsibility espoused by women activists like Bennett and Cooke. See for example Jill Julius Matthews, 'They Had Such a Lot of Fun: The Women's League of Health and Beauty Between the Wars', History Workshop Journal, no. 30, 1990, pp. 22-54; David Matless, '"The Art of Rights Living". Landscape and Citizenship, 1918-1939', in Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation (Routledge) London, 1995, pp. 93-122; and on the importance of witnessing to good citizenship, Judith Smart, '"For the Good We Can Do": Cecilia Downing and Feminist Christian Citizenship', Australian Feminist Studies, no. 19, Autumn 1994, pp. 39-60. Chris Rojek argues persuasively for the links between mobility, modernity and modernisation in Ways of Escape: Modem Transformations in Leisure and Travel (Macmillan) London, 1993, especially chapter 2, 'Thoroughly Modern Woman'.
84. BCLCR, BCLP FL.
85. BCLCR, 1926, p. 9, BCLP FL.
86. BCLCR, 1927, p. 3, BCLP FL.
87. John Urry, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies (1990) (Sage) London, 1994, pp. 1-3.
88. BCLCR, 1927, p. 29, BCLP FL.
89. MRTE, 1934, p. 539.
90. Daily News (Sydney) 13 December 1933, clipping, 'Allegations of Mrs. M.M. Bennett', State Archives of Western Australia, DNW AN 1/7, Ace. 993, 116/1932.
91. Russell McGregor, 'Civilisation or Extinction', p. 234.
92. Patricia Jacobs, Mister Neville: A Biography (Freemantle Arts Centre Press) Freemantle, 1990, pp. 43-45.
93. February 1931, State Executive Minutes, Women's Service Guilds Papers, State Archives of Western Australia, 1949A/5.
94. Ibid., and at a following 'Special Meeting of the Executive to discuss National, Empire and International Affairs'.
95. 'Motor Car Mob Stuff!', Stead's Review, 1 September 1930, p. 26.
96. Tim Rowse, 'Aborigines as Historical Actors: Evidence and Inference', Historical Studies, vol. 22, no. 87, October 1986, pp. 185-7.
97. Daisy Bates, The Passing of the Aborigines: A Lifetime Spent Among the Natives of Australia (1938) (Murray) London, 1966, p. 243.
98. The nineteenth-century fascination with civilisation's dark side is the subject of Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress, J. Edward Chamberlain and Sander L. Gilman (eds), (Columbia University Press) New York, 1985, in particular Nancy Stepan, 'Biological Degeneration: Races and Proper Places', pp. 97-120.
99. The nineteenth-century fascination with civilisation's dark side is the subject of Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress, J. Edward Chamberlain and Sander L. Gilman (eds), (Columbia University Press) New York, 1985, in particular Nancy Stepan, 'Biological Degeneration: Races and Proper Places', pp. 97-120.
100. Sexton, The Aborigines, n/p.
101. 'Dr W.D. Walker: Report on Aborigines: NT', Australian Archives, A1, 28/10743. His co-traveller and wife, member of the Women's Guild of Empire, described their experiences of central and northern Australia at the 1933 BCL Conference, BCLR, 1933, p. 82, BCLP FL.
102. 'Dr W.D. Walker: Report on Aborigines: NT', Australian Archives, A1, 28/10743. His co-traveller and wife, member of the Women's Guild of Empire, described their experiences of central and northern Australia at the 1933 BCL Conference, BCLR, 1933, p. 82, BCLP FL.
103. WAPD, vol. 90, pp. 753-4.
104. For example, Alice Springs protector Sargeant Stott argued against the education of a mixed-descent woman for this reason. See the case of 'Sarah Breadon', Australian Archives, A1 27/1106.
105. MRTE, p. 3.
106. Daily News (Sydney) 13 December 1933, clipping, 'Allegations of Mrs. M.M. Bennett', State Archives of Western Australia DNW AN 1/7, Ace. 993, 166/1932.
107. MRTE, p. 3.
108. Petition, Bessie Rischbieth Papers, National Library of Australia, MS 2004/12/234.
109. Daily News (Sydney) 24 July 1933, p. 8.
110. Jones, 'Conference of Representatives of Missions, Societies, and Associations Interested in the Welfare of Aboriginals to Consider the Report and Recommendations Submitted to the Commonwealth Government byJ.W. Bleakley Esq., Melbourne, 1929', Bessie Rischbieth Papers, NLA, MS 2004/12/506, p. 40.
111. Jones, 'Conference', p. 40.
112. Historians Meredith Foley and Kerreen Reiger have remarked upon the well-established interest in professional 'protecting' by white women within Australian women's organisations of these decades. During the 1920s and 1930s white middle-class women's campaigns for women's welfare included their professional involvement in the protection of other women: monitoring conditions of women's employment as inspectors in factories; providing the personnel for mother and infant welfare centres and for kindergartens, playgrounds and creches. Meredith Foley, 'The Women's Movement in New South Wales and Victoria, 1918-1938', PhD, University of Sydney, 1985, pp. 3-24; Kerreen Reiger, The Disenchantment of the Home (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1985. Policewomen were strongly promoted by the Women's Non-Party Association of South Australia which succeeded in securing their appointment in 1915, with other states following. Document 1.7, 'Police Rescue: The Appointment of Lady Policemen' in Lake and Holmes (eds), Freedom Bound II: Documents on Women in Modern Australia, pp. 20-1.
113. Historians Meredith Foley and Kerreen Reiger have remarked upon the well-established interest in professional 'protecting' by white women within Australian women's organisations of these decades. During the 1920s and 1930s white middle-class women's campaigns for women's welfare included their professional involvement in the protection of other women: monitoring conditions of women's employment as inspectors in factories; providing the personnel for mother and infant welfare centres and for kindergartens, playgrounds and creches. Meredith Foley, 'The Women's Movement in New South Wales and Victoria, 1918-1938', PhD, University of Sydney, 1985, pp. 3-24; Kerreen Reiger, The Disenchantment of the Home (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1985. Policewomen were strongly promoted by the Women's Non-Party Association of South Australia which succeeded in securing their appointment in 1915, with other states following. Document 1.7, 'Police Rescue: The Appointment of Lady Policemen' in Lake and Holmes (eds), Freedom Bound II: Documents on Women in Modern Australia, pp. 20-1.
114. Historians Meredith Foley and Kerreen Reiger have remarked upon the well-established interest in professional 'protecting' by white women within Australian women's organisations of these decades. During the 1920s and 1930s white middle-class women's campaigns for women's welfare included their professional involvement in the protection of other women: monitoring conditions of women's employment as inspectors in factories; providing the personnel for mother and infant welfare centres and for kindergartens, playgrounds and creches. Meredith Foley, 'The Women's Movement in New South Wales and Victoria, 1918-1938', PhD, University of Sydney, 1985, pp. 3-24; Kerreen Reiger, The
115. BCLCR, 1929, p. 8, BCLP FL.
116. Perth Guild Minutes, October and November 1920, Women's Service Guilds Papers, State Archives of Western Australia, 1949A/12.
117. The Dawn, 14 July 1926, p. 1.
118. The Dawn, 14 July 1926, p. 6.
119. Sexton, The Aborigines, p. 3.
120. 'Report for the Administration of Central Australia for the Year Ended 30 June, 1929', Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers, vol. 3, 1929, p. 5.
121. As reported by Neville, 'Aboriginal Welfare: Report of the Initial Conference', p. 28.
122. Sexual threat did not fully emerge into public discourse until after 1938 when a case of assault by an Aboriginal man of a white woman was tried in the Northern Territory. See 'Assaults by Aboriginals on White Women, NT', Australian Archives, A1, 38/4793.
123. Northern Standard, 23 June 1933, clipping, 'Allegations of Slavery in NT', Australian Archives, Al, 35/1388.
124. Ann Stoler, 'Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race, and Morality in Colonial Asia' in Micaela di Leonardo (ed.), Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era (University of California Press) Berkley, 1991, pp. 51-101; Jan Pettman, 'Gendered Knowledges: Aboriginal Women and the Politics of Feminism' in Bain Attwood and John Arnold (eds), Power Knowledge and Aborigines (La Trobe University Press) Melbourne, 1992, pp. 120-31; Catriona Elder, '"It Was Hard for Us to Marry Aboriginal": Some Meanings of Being Single in Australia in the 1920s and 1930s', Lilith, no. 8, 1993, pp. 114-38.
125. Ann Stoler, 'Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race, and Morality in Colonial Asia' in Micaela di Leonardo (ed.), Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era (University of California Press) Berkley, 1991, pp. 51-101; Jan Pettman, 'Gendered Knowledges: Aboriginal Women and the Politics of Feminism' in Bain Attwood and John Arnold (eds), Power Knowledge and Aborigines (La Trobe University Press) Melbourne, 1992, pp. 120-31; Catriona Elder, '"It Was Hard for Us to Marry Aboriginal": Some Meanings of Being Single in Australia in the 1920s and 1930s', Lilith, no. 8, 1993, pp. 114-38.
126. Ann Stoler, 'Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race, and Morality in Colonial Asia' in Micaela di Leonardo (ed.), Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era (University of California Press) Berkley, 1991, pp. 51-101; Jan Pettman, 'Gendered Knowledges: Aboriginal Women and the Politics of Feminism' in Bain Attwood and John Arnold (eds), Power Knowledge and Aborigines (La Trobe University Press) Melbourne, 1992, pp. 120-31; Catriona Elder, '"It Was Hard for Us to Marry Aboriginal": Some Meanings of Being Single in Australia in the 1920s and 1930s', Lilith, no. 8, 1993, pp. 114-38.
127. Bleakley Report, p. 27.
128. Moseley Report, p. 5.
129. Northern Standard, 23 July 1933, clipping, 'Allegations of Slavery'.
130. 1937 Initial Conference, p. 28.
131. BCLCR, 1926, p. 3, BCLP FL.
132. Bessie Rischbieth to the editor, West Australian, 2 October 1933, NLA, MSS 2004/12/56.
133. See Lake, 'The Politics of Respectability'; and Judith Allen 'Rose Scott's Vision'.
134. See Lake, 'The Politics of Respectability'; and Judith Allen 'Rose Scott's Vision'.
135. Antoinette Burton, 'The White Woman's Burden: British Feminists and the Indian Woman, 1865-1915', Women's Studies International Forum, vol. 13, no. 4, 1990, p. 265.
136. Lake, 'Between Old World "Barbarism"', p. 82.
137. Lake, 'Between Old World "Barbarism"', p. 82.
138. BCLCR, 1934, p. 63, BCLP FL.