Incidence, etiology, location, prevention and treatment of positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer

Journal of Urology

Volumn 160, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 299-315

  Wieder, Jeff A ^a   Soloway, Mark S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Androgen antagonists; Magnetic resonance imaging; Prostatectomy; Prostatic neoplasms; Radiotherapy

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; HORMONE;

BEAM THERAPY; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATE TUMOR; PROSTATECTOMY; REVIEW; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR VOLUME;

EID: 0032323298     PISSN: 00225347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62881-7     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. van den Ouden, D., Bentvelsen, F. M., Boevé, E. R. and Schröder, F. H.: Positive margins after radical prostatectomy: correlation with local recurrence and distant progression. Brit. J. Urol., 72: 489, 1993.
2. Zietman, A. L., Coen, J. J., Shipley, W. U. and Althausen, A. F.: Adjuvant irradiation after radical prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma of prostate: analysis of freedom from PSA failure. Urology, 42: 292, 1993.
3. Ackerman, D. A., Barry, J. M., Wicklund, R. A., Olson, N. and Lowe, B. A.: Analysis of risk factors associated with prostate cancer extension to the surgical margin and pelvic node metastasis at radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., 150: 1845, 1993.
4. Ohori, M., Wheeler, T. M., Kattan, M. W., Goto, Y. and Scardino, P. T.: Prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. J. Urol., 154: 1818, 1995.
5. Rosen, M. A., Goldstone, L., Lapin, S., Wheeler, T. and Scardino, P. T.: Frequency and location of extracapsular extension and positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. J. Urol., 148: 331, 1992.
6. Frazier, H. A., Robertson, J. E. and Paulson, D. F.: Radical prostatectomy: the pros and cons of the perineal versus retropubic approach. J. Urol., 147: 888, 1992.
7. Geary, E. S. and Stamey, T. A.: Pathological characteristics and prognosis of nonpalpable and palpable prostate cancers with a Hybritech prostate specific antigen of 4 to 10 ng./ml. J. Urol., 156: 1056, 1996.
8. Gomez, C. A., Soloway, M. S., Civantos, F., and Hachiya, T.: Bladder neck preservation and its impact on positive surgical margins during radical prostatectomy. Urology, 42: 689, 1993.
9. Jones, E. C.: Resection margin status in radical retropubic prostatectomy specimens: relationship to type of operation, tumor size, tumor grade and local tumor extension. J. Urol., 144: 89, 1990.
10. Paulson, D. F.: Impact of radical prostatectomy in the management of clinically localized disease. J. Urol., 152: 1826, 1994.
11. Sakr, W. A., Grignon, D. J., Visscher, D. W., Montie, J., Pontes, J. E. and Crissman, J. D.: Evaluation of the radical prostatectomy specimens: a practical approach for establishing tumor pathological stage. Lab. Invest., 68: 68A, 1993.
12. Smith, R. C., Partin, A. W., Epstein, J. I. and Brendler, C. B.: Extended followup of the influence of wide excision of the neurovascular bundle(s) on prognosis in men with clinically localized prostate cancer and extensive capsular perforation. J. Urol., 156: 454, 1996.
13. Soloway, M. S., Sharifi, R., Wajsman, Z., Mcleod, D., Wood, D. P., Jr. and Puras-Baez, A. for the Lupron Depot Neoadjuvant Prostate Cancer Study Group: Randomized prospective study comparing radical prostatectomy alone versus radical prostatectomy preceded by androgen blockade in clinical stage B2 (T2bNxM0) prostate cancer. J. Urol., 154: 424, 1995.
14. Stephenson, R. A., Middleton, R. G. and Abbott, T. M.: Wide excision (nonnerve sparing) radical retropubic prostatectomy using an initial perirectal dissection. J. Urol., 157: 251, 1997.
15. Watson, R. and Soloway, M. S.: Is there a role for induction androgen deprivation prior to radical prostatectomy? Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Amer., 10: 627, 1996.
16. Watson, R. B., Civantos, F. and Soloway, M. S.: Positive surgical margins with radical prostatectomy: detailed pathological analysis and prognosis. Urology, 48: 80, 1996.
17. Wood, D. P., Jr., Peretsman, S. J. and Seay, T. M.: Incidence of benign and malignant prostate tissue in biopsies of the bladder neck after a radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., 154: 1443, 1995.
18. Epstein, J. I.: Evaluation of radical prostatectomy capsular margins of resection. The significance of margins designated as negative, closely approaching, and positive. Amer. J. Surg. Path., 14: 626, 1990.
19. D'Amico, A. V., Whittington, R., Malkowicz, S. B., Loughlin, K., Schultz, D., Schnall, M., Tempany, C. M., Tomaszewski, J. E., Renshaw, A. and Wein, A.: An analysis of the time course of postoperative prostate-specific antigen failure in patients with positive surgical margins: implications on the use of adjuvant therapy. Urology, 47: 538, 1996.
20. Eggleston, J. C. and Walsh, P. C.: Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: pathological findings in the first 100 cases. J. Urol., 134: 1146, 1985.
21. Epstein, J. I. and Sauvageot, J.: Do close but negative margins in radical prostatectomy specimens increase the risk of post-operative progression? J. Urol., 157: 241, 1997.
22. Epstein, J. I., Pizov, G. and Walsh, P. C.: Correlation of pathologic findings with progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Cancer, 71: 3582, 1993.
23. Richie, J. P.: Management of patients with positive surgical margins following radical prostatectomy. Urol. Clin. N. Amer., 21: 717, 1994.
24. Stamey, T. A., Villers, A. A., McNeal, J. E., Link, P. C. and Freiha, F. S.: Positive surgical margins at radical prostatectomy: importance of the apical dissection. J. Urol., 143: 1166, 1990.
25. Hall, G. S., Kramer, C. E. and Epstein, J. I.: Evaluation of radical prostatectomy specimens. A comparative analysis of sampling methods. Amer. J. Surg. Path., 16: 315, 1992.
26. True, L. D.: Surgical pathology examination of the prostate gland. Practice Survey by American Society of Clinical Pathologists. Amer. J. Clin. Path., 102: 572, 1994.
27. Villers, A., McNeal, J. E., Redwine, E. A., Freiha, F. S. and Stamey, T. A.: The role of perineural space invasion in the local spread of prostatic adenocarcinoma. J. Urol., 142: 763, 1989.
28. Voges, G. E., McNeal, J. E., Redwine, E. A., Freiha, F. S. and Stamey, T. A.: Morphologic analysis of surgical margins with positive findings in prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cancer, 69: 520, 1992.
29. Weldon, V. E., Tavel, F. R., Neuwirth, H. and Cohen, R.: Patterns of positive specimen margins and detectable prostate specific antigen after radical perineal prostatectomy. J. Urol., 153: 1565, 1995.
30. Cornud, F., Belin, X., Flam, T., Chretien, Y., Deslignieres, S., Paraf, F., Casanova, J. M., Thiounn, N., Helenon, O., Debre, B., Dufour, B. and Moreau, J. F.: Local staging of prostate cancer by endorectal MRI using fast spin-echo sequences: prospective correlation with pathological findings after radical prostatectomy. Brit. J. Urol., 77: 843, 1996.
31. Peretsman, S. J., Seay, T. M. and Wood, D. P.: Bladder neck biopsies during radical prostatectomy: incidence and implication of benign and malignant prostate tissue. J. Urol., part 2, 151: 255A, abstract 111, 1994.
32. Lepor, H., Gregerman, M., Crosby, R., Mostofi, F. K. and Walsh, P. C.: Precise localization of the autonomic nerves from the pelvic plexus to the corpora cavernosa: a detailed anatomical study of the adult male pelvis. J. Urol., 133: 207, 1985.
33. Paulson, D. F.: Perineal prostatectomy. In: Campbell's Urology, 6th ed. Edited by P. C. Walsh, A. B. Retik, T. A. Stamey and E. D. Vaughan, Jr. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, chapt. 79, pp. 2887-2899, 1992.
34. Epstein, J. I.: Incidence and significance of positive margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. Urol. Clin. N. Amer., 23: 651, 1996.
35. Catalona, W. J. and Dresner, S. M.: Nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy: extraprostatic tumor extension and preservation of erectile function. J. Urol., 134: 1149, 1985.
36. Scardino, P. T., Shinohara, K., Wheeler, T. M. and Carter, S. C.: Staging of prostate cancer. Value of ultrasonography. Urol. Clin. N. Amer., 16: 713, 1989.
37. Cooner, W. H., Mosley, B. R., Rutherford, C. L., Jr., Beard, J. H., Pond, H. S., Terry, W. J., Igel, T. C. and Kidd, D. D.: Prostate cancer detection in clinical urological practice by ultrasonography, digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen. J. Urol., 143: 1146, 1990.
38. Oesterling, J. E., Suman, V. J., Zincke, H. and Bostwick, D. G.: PSA-detected (clinical stage T1c or B0) prostate cancer. Pathologically significant tumors. Urol. Clin. N. Amer., 20: 687, 1993.
39. Stamey, T. A., Sözen, S. and Yemoto, C. M.: Correlation of prostate cancer location, volume and Gleason grade 4/5 with clinical stage T1c-T2c. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 230, abstract 900, 1997.
40. Epstein, J. I., Walsh, P. C. and Brendler, C. B.: Radical prostatectomy for impalpable prostate cancer: the Johns Hopkins experience with tumors found on transurethral resection (stages T1A and T1B) and on needle biopsy (stage T1C). J. Urol., 152: 1721, 1994.
41. Epstein, J. I., Walsh, P. C., Carmichael, M. and Brendler, C. B.: Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage T1c) prostate cancer. J.A.M.A., 271: 368, 1994.
42. D'Amico, A. V., Whittington, R., Malkowicz, S. B., Schultz, D., Schnall, M., Tomaszewski, J. E. and Wein, A.: Critical analysis of the ability of the endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging scan to predict pathologic stage, margin status, and postoperative prostate-specific antigen failure in patients with clinically organ-confined prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 14: 1770, 1996.
43. Zincke, H., Oesterling, J. E., Blute, M. L., Bergstralh, E. J., Myers, R. P. and Barrett, D. M.: Long term (15 years) results after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized (stage T2c or lower) prostate cancer. J. Urol., 152: 1850, 1994.
44. Stovsky, M. D. and Resnick, M. I.: The diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of margin positive disease after radical prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. AUA Update Series, 16: 58, 1997.
45. Wahle, S., Reznicek, M., Fallon, B., Platz, C. and Williams, R.: Incidence of surgical margin involvement in various forms of radical prostatectomy. Urology, 36: 23, 1990.
46. Scaletscky, R., Kock, M. O., Eckstein, C. W., Bicknell, S. L., Gray, G. F., Jr. and Smith, J. A., Jr.: Tumor volume and stage in carcinoma of the prostate detected by elevations in prostate specific antigen. J. Urol., 152: 129, 1994.
47. Epstein, J. I., Partin, A. W., Sauvageot, J. and Walsh, P. C.: Prediction of progression following radical prostatectomy. A multivariate analysis of 721 men with long-term follow-up. Amer. J. Surg. Path., 20: 286, 1996.
48. Schröder, F. H., Hermanek, P., Denis, L., Fair, W. R., Gospodarowicz, M. K. and Pavone-Macaluso, M.: The TNM classification of prostate cancer. Prostate, suppl., 4: 129, 1992.
49. Grayhack, J. T. and Bockrath, J. M.: Diagnosis of carcinoma of prostate. Urology, suppl., 17: 54, 1981.
50. Scardino, P. T.: Early detection of prostate cancer. Urol. Clin. N. Amer., 16: 635, 1989.
51. Hammerer, P., Henke, P., Meyer-Moldenhauer, W. H. and Huland, H.: Preoperative evaluation of tumor aggressiveness in patients with localized prostate carcinoma. J. Urol., part 2, 153: 428A, abstract 798, 1995.
52. D'Amico, A. V., Whittington, R., Malkowicz, S. B., Schultz, D., Schnall, M., Tomaszewski, J. E. and Wein, A.: Combined modality staging of prostate carcinoma and its utility in predicting pathologic stage and postoperative prostate specific antigen failure. Urology, 49: 23, 1997.
53. Partin, A. W., Kattan, M. W., Subong, E. N., Walsh, P. C., Wojno, K. J., Oesterling, J. E., Scardino, P. T. and Pearson, J. D.: Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multi-institutional update. J.A.M.A., 277: 1445, 1997.
54. Partin, A. W., Yoo, J., Carter, H. B., Pearson, J. D., Chan, D. W., Epstein, J. I. and Walsh, P. C.: The use of prostate specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage in men with localized prostate cancer. J. Urol., 150: 110, 1993.
55. Voges, G. E., McNeal, J. E., Redwine, E. A., Freiha, F. S. and Stamey, T. A.: The predictive significance of substaging stage A prostate cancer (A1 versus A2) for volume and grade of total cancer in the prostate. J. Urol., 147: 858, 1992.
56. Christensen, W. N., Partin, A. W., Walsh, P. C. and Epstein, J. I.: Pathologic findings in clinical stage A2 prostate cancer. Relation of tumor volume, grade, and location to pathologic stage. Cancer, 65: 1021, 1990.
57. Carter, B., Epstein, J., Sauvageot, J. and Walsh, P.: Evaluation of men with stage Tic prostate cancer. J. Urol., part 2, 155: 419A, abstract 434, 1996.
58. Paulson, D. F., Robertson, J. E., Daubert, L. M. and Walther, P. J.: Radical prostatectomy in stage A prostatic adenocarcinoma. J. Urol., 140: 535, 1988.
59. Catalona, W. J. and Bigg, S. W.: Nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy: evaluation of results after 250 patients. J. Urol., 143: 538, 1990.
60. Goldenberg, S. L., Klotz, L. H., Srigley, J., Jewett, M. A. S., Mador, D., Fradet, Y., Barkin, J., Chin, J., Paquin, J. M., Bullock, M. J., Laplante, S. and Canadian Urologic Oncology Group: Randomized, prospective, controlled study comparing radical prostatectomy alone and neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. J. Urol., 156: 873, 1996.
61. Lowe, B. A.: Comparison of bladder neck preservation to bladder neck resection in maintaining postprostatectomy urinary incontinence. Urology, 48: 889, 1996.
62. Noldus, J. and Stamey, T. A.: Histological characteristics of radical prostatectomy specimens in men with a serum prostate specific antigen of 4 ng./ml. or less. J. Urol., 155: 441, 1996.
63. Paulson, D. F.: Radical perineal prostatectomy: a 20 year experience. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 92, abstract 358, 1997.
64. Epstein, J. I., Carmichael, M. J., Pizov, G. and Walsh, P. C.: Influence of capsular penetration on progression following radical prostatectomy: a study of 196 cases with long-term followup. J. Urol., 150: 135, 1993.
65. Witjes, W. P., Schulman, C. C. and Debruyne, F. M.: Preliminary results of a prospective randomized study comparing radical prostatectomy versus radical prostatectomy associated with neoadjuvant hormonal combination therapy in T2-3 N0 M0 prostatic carcinoma. Urology, suppl., 49: 65, 1997.
66. Abbas, F., Kaplan, M. and Soloway, M. S.: Induction androgen deprivation therapy before radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer - initial results. Brit. J. Urol., 77: 423, 1996.
67. Shelfo, S. W., Obek, C. and Soloway, M. S.: Update on bladder neck preservation during radical retropubic prostatectomy: impact on pathologic outcome, anastomotic strictures and continence. Urology, 51: 73, 1998.
68. McNeal, J. E., Villers, A. A., Redwine, E. A., Freiha, F. S. and Stamey, T. A.: Capsular penetration in prostate cancer. Significance for natural history and treatment. Amer. J. Surg. Path., 14: 240, 1990.
69. Daniels, G. F., Jr., McNeal, J. E. and Stamey, T. A.: Predictive value of contralateral biopsies in unilaterally palpable prostate cancer. J. Urol., 147: 870, 1992.
70. Schnall, M. D., Imai, Y., Tomaszewski, J., Pollack, H. M., Lenkinski, R. E. and Kressel, H. Y.: Prostate cancer: local staging with endorectal surface coil MR imaging. Radiology, 178: 797, 1991.
71. Hricak, H., White, S., Vigneron, D., Kurhanewicz, J., Kosco, A., Levin, D., Weiss, J., Narayan, P. and Carroll, P. R.: Carcinoma of the prostate gland: MR imaging with pelvic phased-array coils versus integrated endorectal-pelvic phased-array coils. Radiology, 193: 703, 1994.
72. Quinn, S. F., Franzini, D. A., Demlow, T. A., Rosencrantz, D. R., Kim, J., Hanna, R. M. and Szumowski, J.: MR imaging of I prostate cancer with an endorectal surface coil technique: correlation with whole-mount specimens. Radiology, 190: 323, 1994.
73. D'Amico, A. V., Whittington, R., Schnall, M., Malkowicz, S. B., Tomaszewski, J. E., Schultz, D. and Wein, A.: The impact of the inclusion of endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging in a multivariate analysis to predict clinically unsuspected extraprostatic cancer. Cancer, 75: 2368, 1995.
74. Golimbu, M., Morales, P., Al-Askari, S. and Shulman, Y.: CAT scanning in staging of prostatic cancer. Urology, 18: 305, 1981.
75. Langlotz, C., Schnall, M. and Pollack, H.: Staging of prostate cancer: accuracy of MR imaging. Radiology, 194: 645, 1995.
76. Palken, M., Cobb, O. E., Warren, B. H. and Hoak, D. C.: Prostate cancer: correlation of digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound and prostate specific antigen levels with tumor volumes in radical prostatectomy specimens. J. Urol., 143: 1155, 1990.
77. Pontes, J. E., Eisenkraft, S., Watanabe, H., Ohe, H., Saitoh, M. and Murphy, G. P.: Preoperative evaluation of localized prostatic carcinoma by transrectal ultrasonography. J. Urol., 134: 289, 1985.
78. Rifkin, M. D., Zerhouni, E. A., Gatsonis, C. A., Quint, L. E., Paushter, D. M., Epstein, J. I., Hamper, U., Walsh, P. C. and McNeil, B. J.: Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in staging early prostate cancer. Results of a multi-institutional cooperative trial. New Engl. J. Med., 323: 621, 1990.
79. Salo, J. O., Kivisaari, L., Rannikko, S. and Lehtonen, T.: Computerized tomography and transrectal ultrasound in the assessment of local extension of prostatic cancer before radical retropubic prostatectomy. J. Urol., 137: 435, 1987.
80. Harris, R. D., Schned, A. R. and Heaney, J. A.: Staging of prostate cancer with endorectal MR imaging: lessons from a learning curve. Radiographics, 15: 813, 1995.
81. Ayala, A. G., Ro, J. Y., Babaian, R., Troncoso, P. and Grignon, D. J.: The prostate capsule: does it exist? Its importance in the staging and treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Amer. J. Surg. Path., 13: 21, 1989.
82. Tempany, C. M. C. and Langlotz, C. P.: Re: Endo-rectal coil magnetic resonance imaging in clinically localized prostate cancer: is it accurate? J. Urol., 157: 1371, 1997.
83. Rees, M. A., Resnick, M. I. and Oesterling, J. E.: Use of prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score, and digital rectal examination in staging patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Urol. Clin. N. Amer., 24: 379, 1997.
84. Andriole, G. L., Coplen, D. E., Mikkelsen, D. J. and Catalona, W. J.: Sonographic and pathological staging of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J. Urol., 142: 1259, 1989.
85. Andriole, G. L., Kavoussi, L. R., Torrence, R. J., Lepor, H. and Catalona, W. J.: Transrectal ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of carcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol., 140: 758, 1988.
86. Tempany, C. M., Zhou, X., Zerhouni, E. A., Rifkin, M. D. and McNeil, B. J.: Staging of prostate cancer: results of Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group project comparison of three MR imaging techniques. Radiology, 192: 47, 1994.
87. Seltzer, S. E., Getty, D. J., Tempany, C. M., Pickett, R. M., Schnall, M. D., McNeil, B. J. and Swets, J. A.: Staging prostate cancer with MR imaging: a combined radiologist-computer system. Radiology, 202: 219, 1997.
88. Chelsky, M. J., Schnall, M. D., Seidmon, E. J. and Pollack, H. M.: Use of endorectal surface coil magnetic resonance imaging for local staging of prostate cancer. J. Urol., 150: 391, 1993.
89. Outwater, E. K., Petersen, R. O., Siegelman, E. S., Gomella, L. G., Chernesky, C. E. and Mitchell, D. G.: Prostate carcinoma: assessment of diagnostic criteria for capsular penetration on endorectal coil MR images. Radiology, 193: 333, 1994.
90. Perrotti, M., Kaufman, R. P., Jr., Jennings, T. A., Thaler, H. T., Soloway, S. M., Rifkin, M. D. and Fisher, H. A.: Endo-rectal coil magnetic resonance imaging in clinically localized prostate cancer: is it accurate? J. Urol., 156: 106, 1996.
91. Yu, K. K., Hricak, H., Alagappan, R., Chernoff, D. M., Bacchetti, P. and Zaloudek, C. J.: Detection of extracapsular extension of prostate carcinoma with endorectal and phased-array coil MR imaging: multivariate feature analysis. Radiology, 202: 697, 1997.
92. Bernstein, M., Malkowicz, S. B. and Wein, A. J.: Correlation of clinical and pathologic staging of capsular involvement in prostate cancer using endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 299, abstract 1164, 1997.
93. D'Amico, A. V.: Re: Endo-rectal coil magnetic resonance imaging in clinically localized prostate cancer: is it accurate? (letter). J. Urol., 157: 1371, 1997.
94. Cohen, D. W., Aprikian, A., Russo, P., Melamed, J., Reuter, V., Sogani, P. C., Herr, H., Sheinfeld, J., Zhang, Z. F. and Fair, W. R.: Neoadjuvant androgen ablation combined with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol., part 2, 151: 435A, abstract 829, 1994.
95. Cookson, M. S. and Fair, W. R.: Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. AUA Update Series, 16: 98, 1997.
96. Labrie, F., Cusan, L., Gomez, J. L., Diamond, P., Suburu, R., Lemay, M., Tetu, B., Fradet, Y., Belanger, A. and Candas, B.: Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy: the Canadian experience. Urology, suppl., 49: 56, 1997.
97. Wood, D., Sakr, W. A., Grignon, D. J., Swiriduk, M., Novalo, M., Cher, M., Powell, I. J. and Pontes, J. E.: "Down staging" with neoadjuvant hormone treatment: the more organ confined prostate cancer (PCa) does not translate into lower PSA failure. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 388, abstract 1519, 1997.
98. Bonney, W. W.: Neoadjuvant androgen ablation in localized prostatic cancer, a meta analysis of randomized trials. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 392, abstract 1535, 1997.
99. Civantos, F., Soloway, M. S. and Pinto, J. E.: Histopathological effects of androgen deprivation in prostate cancer. Sem. Urol. Oncol., suppl., 14: 22, 1996.
100. Goldenberg, S. L., Klotz, L., Jewett, M., Barkin, J., Chetner, M., Fradet, Y., Chin, J. and the Canadian Uro-oncology Group: A randomized trial of neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal therapy prior to radical prostatectomy: 24 month post-treatment PSA results. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 92, abstract 357, 1997.
101. Van Poppel, H., De Ridder, D., Elgamal, A. A., Van de Voorde, W., Werbrouck, P., Ackaert, K., Oyen, R., Pittomvils, G., Baert, L. and Members of the Belgian Uro-Oncological Study Group: Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before radical prostatectomy decreases the number of positive surgical margins in stage T2 prostate cancer: interim results of a prospective randomized trial. J. Urol., 154: 429, 1995.
102. Gleave, M., Goldenberg, S. L., Jones, E., Bruchovsky, N. and Sullivan, L.: Biochemical and pathological effects of eight months of neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal therapy - an update on 125 consecutive patients. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 390, abstract 1530, 1997.
103. Mcleod, D. G., Johnson, C. F., Klein, E., Peabody, J. O., Coffield, S., Soloway, M. and the Lupron Depot Neoadjuvant Study Group: PSA levels and the rate of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens preceded by androgen blockade in clinical B2 (T2bNxM0) prostate cancer. Urology, suppl., 49: 70, 1997.
104. Soloway, M., Sharifi, R., Wajsman, Z., McLeod, D., Wood, D., Jr., Puras-Baez, A. and the Lupron Depot Neoadjuvant Study Group: Radical prostatectomy alone vs. radical prostatectomy preceded by androgen blockade in cT2b prostate cancer - 24 month results. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 160, abstract 619, 1997.
105. McNeal, J. E., Redwine, E. A., Freiha, F. S. and Stamey, T. A.: Zonal distribution of prostatic carcinoma, correlation with histologic pattern and direction of spread. Amer. J. Surg. Path., 12: 897, 1988.
106. Freiha, F. S.: Radical retropubic prostatectomy. In: Cancer of the Prostate. Edited by S. Das and E. D. Crawford. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., chapt. 10, pp. 189-223, 1993.
107. Walsh, P. C.: Radical retropubic prostatectomy. In: Campbell's Urology, 6th ed. Edited by P. C. Walsh, A. B. Retik, T. A. Stamey and E. D. Vaughan, Jr. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., pp. 2865-2886, 1992.
108. Myers, R. P., Goellner, J. R. and Cahill, D. R.: Prostate shape, external striated urethral sphincter and radical prostatectomy: the apical dissection. J. Urol., 138: 543, 1987.
109. Walsh, P. C., Lepor, H. and Eggleston, J. C.: Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: anatomical and pathological considerations. Prostate, 4: 473, 1983.
110. Harris, M. J.: Urethral sparing anatomic radical perineal prostatectomy: the end of post-prostatectomy incontinence. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 389, abstract 1523, 1997.
111. Catalona, W. J.: Patient selection for, results of, and impact on tumor resection of potency-sparing radical prostatectomy. Urol. Clin. N. Amer., 17: 819, 1990.
112. Walsh, P. C., Partin, A. W. and Epstein, J. I.: Cancer control and quality of life following anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy: results at 10 years. J. Urol., 152: 1831, 1994.
113. Licht, M. R., Klein, E. A., Tuason, L. and Levin, H.: Impact of bladder neck preservation during radical prostatectomy on continence and cancer control. Urology, 44: 883, 1994.
114. Poon, M., Bamshad, R., Tsai, C., Lui, P. and Ruckle, H.: Urinary complications following radical retropubic prostatectomy: bladder neck preservation versus two different methods of bladder neck reconstruction. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 390, abstract 1528, 1997.
115. Basler, J., Figenshau, R., Bullock, A., McCarthy, J. and Arcangeli, C.: Does bladder neck sparing radical prostatectomy improve continence or compromise margins of resection? J. Urol., part 2, 151: 255A, abstract 110, 1994.
116. Donat, S. M. and Fair, W. R.: Radical retropubic prostatectomy: bladder neck preservation. AUA Update Series, 15: 50, 1996.
117. Gaker, D. L., Gaker, L. B., Stewart, J. F. and Gillenwater, J. Y.: Radical prostatectomy with preservation of urinary inconti nence. J. Urol., 156: 445, 1996.
118. Latiff, A.: Preservation of bladder neck fibers in radical prostatectomy. Urology, 41: 566, 1993.
119. Arcangeli, C. G., Smith, D. S., Catalona, W. J. and Basler, J. W.: Comparison of surgical margin status for bladder-neck sparing versus traditional radical retropubic prostatectomy. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 389, abstract 1526, 1997.
120. Catalona, W. J. and Smith, D. S.: 5-year tumor recurrence rates after anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J. Urol., 152: 1837, 1994.
121. Yu, H., Diamandis, E. P., Wong, P., Nam, R. and Trachtenberg, J.: Detection of prostate cancer relapse with prostate specific antigen monitoring at levels of 0.001 to 0.1 mg./l. J. Urol., 157: 913, 1997.
122. Paulson, D. F., Stone, A. R., Walther, P. J., Tucker, J. A. and Cox, E. B.: Radical prostatectomy: anatomical predictors of success or failure. J. Urol., 136: 1041, 1986.
123. Paulson, D. F., Moul, J. W. and Walther, P. J.: Radical prostatectomy for clinical stage T1-2N0M0 prostatic adenocarcinoma: long-term results. J. Urol., 144: 1180, 1990.
124. Stapleton, A. M. F., Kattan, M. W., Eastham, J. A., Wheeler, T. M. and Scardino, P. T.: Which factors best predict treatment failure after radical prostatectomy (RP) for clinically localized prostate cancer? J. Urol., part 2, 157: 391, abstract 1533, 1997.
125. Takayama, T. K. and Lange, P. H.: Radiation therapy for local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Urol. Clin. N. Amer., 21: 687, 1994.
126. Fesseha, T., Sakr, W., Grignon, D., Banerjee, M., Wood, D. P., Jr. and Pontes, J. E.: Prognostic implications of a positive apical margin in radical prostatectomy specimens. J. Urol., 158: 2176, 1997.
127. Stamey, T. A., Yemoto, C. M., McNeal, J. E., Sigal, B. M. and Johnstone, I. M.: Identification of positive surgical margins (+SM) after radical prostatectomy that may be of no clinical significance. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 94, abstract 364, 1997.
128. Nasseri, K. K. and Austenfeld, M. S.: PSA recurrence after definitive treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. AUA Update Series, 16: 82, 1997.
129. Coetzee, L. J., Hars, V. and Paulson, D. F.: Postoperative prostate-specific antigen as a prognostic indicator in patients with margin-positive prostate cancer, undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Urology, 47: 232, 1996.
130. Hudson, M. A. and Catalona, W. J.: Effect of adjuvant radiation therapy on prostate specific antigen following radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., 143: 1174, 1990.
131. Lange, P. H., Lightner, D. J., Medini, E., Reddy, P. K. and Vessella, R. L.: The effect of radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy in patients with elevated prostate specific antigen levels. J. Urol., 144: 927, 1990.
132. Walsh, P. C., Cadeddu, J. A., Partin, A. W. and DeWeese, T. L.: Long-term results of radiation therapy for isolated PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 94, abstract 363, 1997.
133. Jacobson, G. M., Smith, J. A., Jr. and Stewart, J. R.: Postoperative radiation therapy for pathologic stage C prostate cancer. Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 13: 1021, 1987.
134. Paulson, D. F., Moul, J. W., Robertson, J. E. and Walther, P. J.: Postoperative radiotherapy of the prostate for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy with positive margins, seminal vesicle involvement and/or penetration through the capsule. J. Urol., 143: 1178, 1990.
135. Forman, J. D., Wharam, M. D., Lee, D. J., Zinreich, E. S. and Order, S. E.: Definitive radiotherapy following prostatectomy: results and complications. Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 12: 185, 1986.
136. Rosen, E. M., Cassady, J. R., Connolly, J. and Chaffey, J. T.: Radiotherapy for localized prostate carcinoma. Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 10: 2201, 1984.
137. Link, P., Freiha, F. S. and Stamey, T. A.: Adjuvant radiation therapy in patients with detectable prostate specific antigen following radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., 145: 532, 1991.
138. Morgan, W. R., Zincke, H., Rainwater, L. M., Myers, R. P. and Klee, G. G.: Prostate specific antigen values after radical retropubic prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate: impact of adjuvant treatment (hormonal and radiation). J. Urol., 145: 319, 1991.
139. McCarthy, J. F., Catalona, W. J. and Hudson, M. A.: Effect of radiation therapy on detectable serum, prostate specific antigen levels following radical prostatectomy: early versus delayed treatment. J. Urol., 151: 1575, 1994.
140. Gibbons, R. P., Cole, B. S., Richardson, R. G., Correa, R. J., Jr., Brannen, G. E., Mason, J. T., Taylor, W. J. and Hafermann, M. D.: Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy: results and complications. J. Urol., 135: 65, 1986.
141. Eisbruch, A., Perez, C. A., Roessler, E. H. and Lockett, M. A.: Adjuvant irradiation after prostatectomy for carcinoma of the prostate with positive surgical margins. Cancer, 73: 384, 1994.
142. Carter, G. E., Lieskovsky, G., Skinner, D. G. and Petrovich, Z.: Results of local and/or systemic adjuvant therapy in the management of pathological stage C or D1 prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., 142: 1266, 1989.
143. Cheng, W. S., Frydenberg, M., Bergstralh, E. J., Larson-Keller, J. J. and Zincke, H.: Radical prostatectomy for pathologic stage C prostate cancer: influence of pathologic variables and adjuvant treatment on disease outcome. Urology, 42: 283, 1993.
144. Anscher, M. S. and Prosnitz, L. R.: Postoperative radiotherapy for patients with carcinoma of the prostate undergoing radical prostatectomy with positive surgical margins, seminal vesicle involvement and/or penetration through the capsule. J. Urol., 138: 1407, 1987.
145. Meier, R., Mark, R., St. Royal, L., Tran, L., Colburn, G. and Parker, R.: Postoperative radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate carcinoma. Cancer, 70: 1960, 1992.
146. Ray, G. R., Bagshaw, M. A. and Freiha, F.: External beam radiation salvage for residual or recurrent local tumor following radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., 132: 926, 1984.
147. Shevlin, B. E., Mittal, B. B., Brand, W. N. and Shetty, R. M.: The role of adjuvant irradiation following primary prostatectomy, based on histopathologic extent of tumor. Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 16: 1425, 1989.
148. Schild, S. E., Buskirk, S. J., Wong, W. W., Halyard, M. Y., Swanson, S. K., Novicki, D. E. and Ferrigni, R. G.: The use of radiotherapy for patients with isolated elevation of serum prostate specific antigen following radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., 156: 1725, 1996.
149. Lamotte, F., Ravery, V., Hennequin, C., Boccon-Gibod, L., Toublanc, M., Delmas, V. and Boccon-Gibod, L.: Disappointing results of adjuvant radiation therapy for recurrent PSA after radical prostatectomy for pT3 prostate cancer. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 287, abstract 1118, 1997.
150. Hanks, G. E. and Dawson, A. K.: The role of external beam radiation therapy after prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Cancer, 58: 2406, 1986.
151. Montie, J. E.: Significance and treatment of positive margins or seminal vesicle invasion after radical prostatectomy. Urol. Clin. N. Amer., 17: 803, 1990.
152. Morris, M. M., Dallow, K. C., Zietman, A. L., Althausen, A., Heney, N. M. and Shipley, W. U.: Adjuvant and salvage irradiation following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 38: 144, 1997.
153. Syndikus, I., Pickles, T., Kostashuk, E. and Sullivan, L. D.: Postoperative radiotherapy for stage pT3 carcinoma of the prostate: improved local control. J. Urol., 155: 1983, 1996.
154. Rogers, R., Roach, M., Presti, J., Jr. and Carroll, P. R.: Radiation therapy for the management of biopsy proven, local recurrence following radical prostatectomy. J. Urol., part 2, 157: 291, abstract 1131, 1997.
155. Mayer, F. J. and Crawford, E. D.: The role of endocrine therapy in the management of local and distant recurrence of prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Urol. Clin. N. Amer., 21: 707, 1994.
156. Schmidt, J. D., Gibbons, R. P., Murphy, G. P. and Bartolucci, A.: Adjuvant therapy for clinical localized prostate cancer treated with surgery or irradiation. Eur. Urol., 29: 425, 1996.
157. Zincke, H., Utz, D. C. and Taylor, W. F.: Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy for clinical stage C prostatic cancer: role of adjuvant treatment for residual cancer and in disease progression. J. Urol., 135: 1199, 1986.
158. Andriole, G., Lieber, M., Smith, J., Soloway, M., Schroeder, F., Kadmon, D., deKernion, J., Rajfer, J., Boake, R., Crawford, D., Ramsey, Perreault, J., Trachtenberg, J., Fradet, Y., Block, N., Middleton, R., Ng, J., Ferguson, D. and Gormley, G.: Treatment with finasteride following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Urology, 45: 491, 1995.