Marriage strategies in Catalonia from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century: A case study

Continuity and Change

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 475-496

  Torrents, Àngels ^a  

^a UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; MARRIAGE; SOCIAL HISTORY; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS;

SPAIN;

EID: 0032313545     PISSN: 02684160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0268416098003208     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. L. Ferrer-Alos, Pagesos, rabassaires i industrials a la Catalunya central (Barcelona, 1987), 569-646; X. Roigé-Ventura, 'Cicle familiar i transmissió de la propietat: els Fabregat', Arxiu Etnogràfic de Catalunya 6 (1988), 61-86; A. Barrera, Casa, herencia y familia en la Cataluña rural (Madrid, 1990).
2. L. Ferrer-Alos, Pagesos, rabassaires i industrials a la Catalunya central (Barcelona, 1987), 569-646; X. Roigé-Ventura, 'Cicle familiar i transmissió de la propietat: els Fabregat', Arxiu Etnogràfic de Catalunya 6 (1988), 61-86; A. Barrera, Casa, herencia y familia en la Cataluña rural (Madrid, 1990).
3. L. Ferrer-Alos, Pagesos, rabassaires i industrials a la Catalunya central (Barcelona, 1987), 569-646; X. Roigé-Ventura, 'Cicle familiar i transmissió de la propietat: els Fabregat', Arxiu Etnogràfic de Catalunya 6 (1988), 61-86; A. Barrera, Casa, herencia y familia en la Cataluña rural (Madrid, 1990).
4. L. Ferrer-Alòs, 'Familia, iglesia y matrimonio en el campesinado acomodado catalán (siglos XVIII-XIX). El mas Vila del Soler', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica IX, 1 (1991), 27-64.
5. Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux, 'Les estructures familiales au royaume des famillessouches; Esparros', Annales ESC 3 (1984), 513-28.
6. David S. Reher, Perspectives on the family in Spain, past and present (Oxford, 1997), 60, 64.
7. Peter Laslett, 'Introduction: the history of the family', in P. Laslett and R. Wall eds, Household and family in past time (Cambridge, 1972), 1-89; Peter Laslett, 'Family and household as work group and kin group: areas of traditional Europe compared', in R. Wall ed., Family forms in historic Europe (Cambridge, 1983), 513-63.
8. Peter Laslett, 'Introduction: the history of the family', in P. Laslett and R. Wall eds, Household and family in past time (Cambridge, 1972), 1-89; Peter Laslett, 'Family and household as work group and kin group: areas of traditional Europe compared', in R. Wall ed., Family forms in historic Europe (Cambridge, 1983), 513-63.
9. 'Household' (English), ménage (French), Ilar (Catalan), hogar (Spanish).
10. 'According to the definition which has been recommended as an international standard a household consists of a group of individuals who share living quarters and their principal meals', Multilingual demographic dictionary, International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (New York, 1958), English section, 110-3, p. 17.
11. L. Berkner, 'The stem family and the development cycle of the peasant household', American Historical Review 77, 7 (1972), 398-418; David S. Reher, 'La importancia del análisis dinámico ante el análisis estático del hogar y la familia. Algunos ejemplos de la ciudad de Cuenca en el siglo XIX', Revista de Investigations Sociológical (REIS) 27 (1984), 107-35; L. Ferrer-Alós, 'Família i industria tèxtil en un poble del Baix Llobregat. Navarcles, 1936', Miscellània d'Estudis Bagencs 6, Centre d'Estudis del Bages (Manresa, 1989), 133-63; Barrera, Casa, herencia y familia.
12. L. Berkner, 'The stem family and the development cycle of the peasant household', American Historical Review 77, 7 (1972), 398-418; David S. Reher, 'La importancia del análisis dinámico ante el análisis estático del hogar y la familia. Algunos ejemplos de la ciudad de Cuenca en el siglo XIX', Revista de Investigations Sociológical (REIS) 27 (1984), 107-35; L. Ferrer-Alós, 'Família i industria tèxtil en un poble del Baix Llobregat. Navarcles, 1936', Miscellània d'Estudis Bagencs 6, Centre d'Estudis del Bages (Manresa, 1989), 133-63; Barrera, Casa, herencia y familia.
13. L. Berkner, 'The stem family and the development cycle of the peasant household', American Historical Review 77, 7 (1972), 398-418; David S. Reher, 'La importancia del análisis dinámico ante el análisis estático del hogar y la familia. Algunos ejemplos de la ciudad de Cuenca en el siglo XIX', Revista de Investigations Sociológical (REIS) 27 (1984), 107-35; L. Ferrer-Alós, 'Família i industria tèxtil en un poble del Baix Llobregat. Navarcles, 1936', Miscellània d'Estudis Bagencs 6, Centre d'Estudis del Bages (Manresa, 1989), 133-63; Barrera, Casa, herencia y familia.
14. L. Berkner, 'The stem family and the development cycle of the peasant household', American Historical Review 77, 7 (1972), 398-418; David S. Reher, 'La importancia del análisis dinámico ante el análisis estático del hogar y la familia. Algunos ejemplos de la ciudad de Cuenca en el siglo XIX', Revista de Investigations Sociológical (REIS) 27 (1984), 107-35; L. Ferrer-Alós, 'Família i industria tèxtil en un poble del Baix Llobregat. Navarcles, 1936', Miscellània d'Estudis Bagencs 6, Centre d'Estudis del Bages (Manresa, 1989), 133-63; Barrera, Casa, herencia y familia.
15. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
16. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
17. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
18. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
19. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
20. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
21. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
22. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
23. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
24. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
25. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
26. Stem family 5b; 5b + 5a; 5b + 5a + 4a: Laslett, 'Introduction', 31; A. Fine-Souriac, 'La famille souche Pyrénéenne au XIX siècle: quelques réflexions de mèthode', Annales ESC 32 (1977), 478-87; and A. Fauve-Chamoux, 'Le fonctionnement de la famillesouche dans les baronnies des Pyrénées avant 1914', Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 241-62, have all studied the stem family in the South of France. For Galicia see I. Dubert, Historia de la familia en Galicia durante la época moderna, 1550-1830 (A. Coruña, 1992). For Navarra see F. Mikelarena, 'Las estructuras familiares en la España tradicional: geografía y análisis a partir del Censo de 1860', Boletín de la Asociacíon de Demografía Historica X, 3 (1992), 63-82. For Valencia see E. Garrido-Arce, 'La imposible igualdad. Familia y estrategias hereditarias en la Huerta de Valencia a mediados del siglo XVIII', Boletin de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica X, 3 (1992), 83-104. For the Basque Country see W. Douglas, 'The Basque stem family household: myth or reality?', Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 75-89. For northern Portugal see C. Brettell, 'Nupcialidad en un pueblo de la provincia del Miño, 1700-1970', Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica II, 2 (1984), 2-19. For Austria see Berkner, 'The stem family', 398-418. For Hungary see R. Andorka, 'Preindustrial household structure in Hungary', in Wall ed., Family forms, 281-308. For southwestern Finland see B. Moring, 'Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700-1870', Continuity and Change 11, 1 (1996), 91-113. For Japan see A. Hayami and N. Uchida, 'Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era', in Laslett and Wall eds, Household and family, 473-515.
27. G. M. de Brocà, Historia del Derecho de Cataluña, especialmente del civil y exposicón de las instituciones del Derecho Civil del mismo territorio en relation con el Coacute;igo Civil de España y la jurisprudencia, Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Justícia (Barcelona, 1985).
28. Frédéric Le Play is considered the first scholar to have spoken of the stem family in his book L'Organisation de la famille selon le vrai modèle de toutes les races et tous les temps (Tours, 1871). It is possible that Le Play became acquainted with the Catalan system of inheritance when he was in Catalonia and the Basque Country in 1834.
29. According to Jack Goody ('Inheritance, property and women: some comparative considerations', in J. Goody, J. Thirsk and E. P. Thompson eds, Family and inheritance: rural society in Western Europe, 1300-1800 (Cambridge, 1979), 10), 20 per cent of all families have only daughters.
30. Called Capitols Matrimonials in Catalan.
31. In marriage contracts there was normally an additional clause nominating the first-born male of the newly wed couple heir in case his parents should die suddenly without settling their estate (ab intestato).
32. J. Vicens-Vives, Notícia de Catalunya (Barcelona, 1954); J. H. Elliott, The revolt of the Catalans: a study in the decline of Spain (1598-1640) (Cambridge, 1963); A. Cabré, 'La reproducció de les generacions catalanes 1856-1960' (unpublished D. Phil, thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1989).
33. J. Vicens-Vives, Notícia de Catalunya (Barcelona, 1954); J. H. Elliott, The revolt of the Catalans: a study in the decline of Spain (1598-1640) (Cambridge, 1963); A. Cabré, 'La reproducció de les generacions catalanes 1856-1960' (unpublished D. Phil, thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1989).
34. J. Vicens-Vives, Notícia de Catalunya (Barcelona, 1954); J. H. Elliott, The revolt of the Catalans: a study in the decline of Spain (1598-1640) (Cambridge, 1963); A. Cabré, 'La reproducció de les generacions catalanes 1856-1960' (unpublished D. Phil, thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1989).
35. À. Torrents, 'Transformations demogràfiques en un municipi industrial català' (unpublished D. Phil, thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1993), 230-41.
36. We have looked at 151 wills, from 1850 to 1899, kept in the Sant Pere de Riudebitlles parish archive, in which more than 95 per cent designated a universal heir; only in less than 5 per cent was the inheritance divided into equal shares (Torrents, 'Transformacions demogràfiques', 259).
37. 'In the days of Catalan independence, rights of marriage and succession were established by law codes continuously modified by legislation and practice. The reforms of 1716 froze the law code in form, while maintaining its authority. Thus the Catalan Civil Code, which covers all legal ramifications of alliance and succession, is one of the few institutions of an independent Catalonia to have retained its authority into modern times. As such, law is evoked as a cornerstone of Catalan identity' (G. W. McDonogh, Good families of Barcelona: a social history of power in the industrial era (Princeton, 1989), 40).
38. J. Prat, 'Estructura y conflicto en la familia pairal', Ethnica 6 (1973), 131-80; E. C. Hansen, Rural Catalonia under the Franco regime (Cambridge, 1977); A. Iszaevich, 'Corporate household and ecocentric kinship group in Catalonia', Ethnology 20, 4 (1981), 277-90; I. Terrades, El món historic de les masies (Barcelona, 1984); D. Comas-d'Argemir, 'Household, family and social stratification: inheritance and labor strategies in a Catalan village (nineteenth and twentieth centuries)', Journal of Family History 13, 1 (1988), 143-63.
39. Wall ed., Family forms, 28-34; I. Moll-Blanes, 'La estructura familiar del campesinado de Mallorca 1824-1827', in F. Chacón-Jiménez ed., La familia en la España Mediterránea, siglos XV-XIX (Barcelona, 1988), 212-57.
40. F. Maspons-Anglasell, La llei de la família catalana (Barcelona, 1935), and Derecho catalán familiar (Barcelona, 1956).
41. The comarca of Penedès produces the best wine in Catalonia including the well-known Spanish champagne, called cava.
42. The population rose to 890 inhabitants in the Floridabianca census of 1787.
43. Sant Pere de Riudebitlles had a population of 2,144 in the 1996 list of inhabitants (padró in Catalan).
44. A. Torrents, 'La preponderancia del hogar troncal en una poblacion industrial catalana. Sant Pere de Riudebitlles, 1849', in V. Montojo ed., Linaje familia y marginación en España (ss. XIII-XIX) (Murcia, 1992), 93-115.
45. À. Torrents and T. A. Cusidó, 'La complementariedad de datos padronales y fichas de familia: un ejemplo de linkage', in D. S. Reher ed., Reconstitução defamiĺias e outros métodos microanalíticos para a historia das populações: estado actual e perspectivas para o futuro, Actas do III Congresso da ADEH (Asociación de Demografía Histórica), vol. 1 (Braga, 1995), 269-91.
46. Phylloxera arrived in Sant Pere de Riudebitlles in the year 1889.
47. Torrents, 'Transformacions demogràfiques'.
48. He was born in Sant Pere de Riudebitlles in 1608, the son of Joan Rafecas and Marianna Oller from Sant Cugat Sesgarrigues, ten kilometres from Sant Pere.
49. Antoni was 19 and Mònica 16 years old. The mean age at marriage for men in Sant Pere de Riudebitlles at this time was 27.5 years, and for women 21.7 years (Torrents, 'Transformacions demogràfiques', 211). Figure 1 and all the following genealogical reconstructions are taken from Torrents, 'Transformacions demogràfiques'.
50. J. Faus-Condemines studied the first marriage contract in his 'Els Capitítols Matrimonials a la comarca de Guissona (Catalunya Segriana)', Revista Jurídica de Catalunya (1902). After him, many other scholars have also studied this juridical instrument in different Catalan comarques, including Ferrer-Alòs, Pagesos, rabassaires i industrials (for Bages); R. Congost, Notes de Societat (La Selva, 1768-1862) (Santa Coloma de Farners, 1992) (for La Selva); and Barrera, Casa, herencia y familia (for Osona and Solsonès).
51. Both were orphans.
52. In the Rafecas' house, three people were living with the young couple: Jaume, Antoni's grandfather and Antoni's two siblings (Joan Felip and Francesch, respectively 16 and 10 years old at the time of their eldest sibling's first wedding).
53. Mònica Olivella's funeral was attended by 17 priests. This was a sign of considerable social and economic prestige.
54. The two non-heir sons, Joan Felip and Francesch, married and departed the house just before the heir's second marriage.
55. Rafael Parera was another well-to-do peasant, who lived in Sant Jaume d'Anoia, about five kilometres from Sant Pere.
56. The family had to pay only one legitime and two dowries.
57. The Torts del Patiet, Maria's grandparents and uncles, had died from bubonic plague in 1652.
58. Cabalera is Catalan for a non-heiress daughter.
59. Masia is Catalan for country house.
60. The mean age at marriage for women in Sant Pere de Riudebitlles was 22.2 years and for men 27.8 at the beginning of the 1700s.
61. A very scanty dowry, if we compare it with the 500 Barcelona pounds of her sister-in-law Maria's dowry.
62. In the Rius Rafecas household there were six heirs and only one heiress in three centuries.
63. Very rich families with social prestige did not lose their family name, even when there was an heiress.
64. In Spain people have two surnames, one belonging to the father and the other to the mother, in that order. However, the surname handed on to the next generation is always the father's.
65. Ferrer-Alòs, Pagesos, rabassaires i industrials, 600.
66. During the eighteenth century the population of Sant Pere de Riudebitlles tripled and ten paper mills were built; see J. M. Madurell-Marimon, El paper a les terres catalanes. Contribució a la seva història (Barcelona, 1972), vol. II, 820-76.
67. Mas is Catalan for a country estate, including land and a house.
68. The newlyweds had their first daughter, Maria, on 31 October 1798. The couple were married in the parish church of Pla del Penedès, where the parish archive was burned at the beginning of the Civil War (1936).
69. See P. Vilar, Catalunya dins l'Espanya moderna (Barcelona, 1964), and J. Nadal, La población española s. XVI a XX (Barcelona, 1984), 122-3.
70. Joseph Rius Rafecas died in 1812, Francisca Sellarès died in 1814, and the last male non-heir, Francisco, married and left the house in 1808.
71. The family patrimony had only 11 years to accumulate money to endow its children. The period from 1808 - when the last son of the former generation married - until 1819 - the year of Maria's wedding - the period of the Napoleonic wars, was one of difficult years.
72. Victòria had no children from her first marriage and, as she was a childless widow, her dowry had to go back to her parents' family. Surely avoiding losing the dowry was the main aim of her second marriage with her 19-year-old brother-in-law, when she was a widow aged 30. Victòria had children with her second husband and so her dowry could be bequeathed to her offspring. In 1858, after the death of her second husband, Victòria was able to exchange the plot of irrigated land for its value in money, 600 Barcelona pounds; thus she became the offspring with the best dowry, and the house could maintain the entire patrimony.
73. 'In an agrarian society, land had a great value as a basic economic resource, and also as a means of family identity. The main goal of all families was to pass on the family holdings entirely' (M. A. Gomila-Grau, 'Familia y derecho. La transmisión de la herencia en Mallorca durante los siglos XIX y XX', in X. Roigé ed., Perspectivas en el estudio del parentesco y la familia, Adas del VI Congreso de Antropologia (Tenerife, 1993), 191-208).
74. L. Ferrer-Alòs argues that the male legitime was generally lower than the female dowry. However, more research is needed to prove this point; see Ferrer-Alòs, Pagesos, rabassaires i industrials, 591.
75. Joseph Rius Rafecas, Pere's father, was nominated town councillor in the year 1782. The nominations are kept in the family archives.
76. Villanova i la Geltrú is a small port on the Mediterranean coast, 30 kilometres from Sant Pere.
77. At that time (1823) grooms and brides married at a mean age of 23 years.
78. The new heir's father, Joan Rius Respall, was a 56-year-old widower when he remarried (in 1861) Maria Cols i Mata, a rich widow who brought a dowry of 900 Barcelona pounds, a chest of drawers, two bride's boxes and a trousseau. However, Joan did not enjoy his new marriage for very long. He died two years later (in 1863) without seeing his son become heir of his parents' house.
79. The escreix was a voluntary donation that the husband made to his wife, which complemented the bride's dowry.
80. Pere Rius Almirall's parents had six children, of whom only four survived childhood.
81. Breastfeeding lasted for 18 to 24 months. 'Weaning could take place after a child's second birthday, though some time between 12 and 20 months was more likely' (D. S. Reher, Town and country in pre-industrial Spain: Cuenca, 1550-1870 (Cambridge, 1990), 113).
82. Torrents, 'Transformacions demogràfiques', 304-82.
83. In Catalonia the stem family was the most important household. Hence the first-born male lived with his wife and offspring in the grandparents' house.
84. Torrents, 'Transformacions demogràfiques', 172.