The Michigan Militia: Political engagement or political alienation?

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 122-148

  Mariani, Mack ^a  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032275047     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559808427485     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Maryann Struman, 'Militia Founder's Goal: Panthers for Detroit', Detroit News, 31 July 1995.
2. John Flesher, 'Investigators Shine Light on Michigan Militia', Associated Press, as reported in Bergen (MI) Record, 22 April 1995. In addition, Tom Wayne, the Executive Officer of the Michigan Militia, claims that the group now has 'between 12,000 and 15,000' members, Tom Wayne, interview 19 April 1997. The Anti-Defamation League called earlier claims of 10,000 members by the Michigan Militia probably exaggerated, Anti-Defamation League, Armed and Dangerous: Militias Take Aim at the Federal Government (New York: AntiDefamation League (ADL) 1994). Whatever the true figure, the ADL does share the opinion that the Michigan Militia's membership remains strong, noting 'Despite negative publicity since the Oklahoma City bombing, the militia movement (in Michigan) has enjoyed some continued success in its recruitment', Anti-Defamation League, Beyond the Bombing: The Militia Menace Grows (New York: ADL 1995).
3. John Flesher, 'Investigators Shine Light on Michigan Militia', Associated Press, as reported in Bergen (MI) Record, 22 April 1995. In addition, Tom Wayne, the Executive Officer of the Michigan Militia, claims that the group now has 'between 12,000 and 15,000' members, Tom Wayne, interview 19 April 1997. The Anti-Defamation League called earlier claims of 10,000 members by the Michigan Militia probably exaggerated, Anti-Defamation League, Armed and Dangerous: Militias Take Aim at the Federal Government (New York: AntiDefamation League (ADL) 1994). Whatever the true figure, the ADL does share the opinion that the Michigan Militia's membership remains strong, noting 'Despite negative publicity since the Oklahoma City bombing, the militia movement (in Michigan) has enjoyed some continued success in its recruitment', Anti-Defamation League, Beyond the Bombing: The Militia Menace Grows (New York: ADL 1995).
4. John Flesher, 'Investigators Shine Light on Michigan Militia', Associated Press, as reported in Bergen (MI) Record, 22 April 1995. In addition, Tom Wayne, the Executive Officer of the Michigan Militia, claims that the group now has 'between 12,000 and 15,000' members, Tom Wayne, interview 19 April 1997. The Anti-Defamation League called earlier claims of 10,000 members by the Michigan Militia probably exaggerated, Anti-Defamation League, Armed and Dangerous: Militias Take Aim at the Federal Government (New York: AntiDefamation League (ADL) 1994). Whatever the true figure, the ADL does share the opinion that the Michigan Militia's membership remains strong, noting 'Despite negative publicity since the Oklahoma City bombing, the militia movement (in Michigan) has enjoyed some continued success in its recruitment', Anti-Defamation League, Beyond the Bombing: The Militia Menace Grows (New York: ADL 1995).
5. John Flesher (note 2).
6. For pre-Oklahoma City bombing stories on the Michigan Militia see, for example: Ken Kolker, 'Michigan's Paramilitia is Growing', Grand Rapids Press, 9 Oct. 1994; Beth Hawkins, 'Patriot Games', Detroit Metro Times, 12-18 Oct. 1994; and Michelle Corum, 'Militia Group Aims to Protect Citizens' Rights', National Public Radio, All Things Considered, 5 Feb.1995.
7. For pre-Oklahoma City bombing stories on the Michigan Militia see, for example: Ken Kolker, 'Michigan's Paramilitia is Growing', Grand Rapids Press, 9 Oct. 1994; Beth Hawkins, 'Patriot Games', Detroit Metro Times, 12-18 Oct. 1994; and Michelle Corum, 'Militia Group Aims to Protect Citizens' Rights', National Public Radio, All Things Considered, 5 Feb.1995.
8. For pre-Oklahoma City bombing stories on the Michigan Militia see, for example: Ken Kolker, 'Michigan's Paramilitia is Growing', Grand Rapids Press, 9 Oct. 1994; Beth Hawkins, 'Patriot Games', Detroit Metro Times, 12-18 Oct. 1994; and Michelle Corum, 'Militia Group Aims to Protect Citizens' Rights', National Public Radio, All Things Considered, 5 Feb.1995.
9. For example, see 'Who Are They?' Time, 1 May 1995; Elizabeth Gleik, 'The Oklahoma Blast Reveals the Paranoid Life and Times of Accused Bomber Timothy McVeigh and his Right-Wing Associates', and 'Terror in the Heartland', U.S. News and World Report, 1 May 1995.
10. For example, see 'Who Are They?' Time, 1 May 1995; Elizabeth Gleik, 'The Oklahoma Blast Reveals the Paranoid Life and Times of Accused Bomber Timothy McVeigh and his Right-Wing Associates', and 'Terror in the Heartland', U.S. News and World Report, 1 May 1995.
11. John Flesher, 'Michigan Militia Founder Quits', Associated Press, as reported in Detroit News, 21 July 1995. See also 'Militias Finding Themselves on Shaky Ground', Washington Post, 6 May 1995. It should be noted that that along with Olson's resignation came the resignation of Ray Southwell, an Olson confidant who also served as an officer in the Michigan Militia. Southwell had worked closely with Olson to found the organization and had participated in the release of the controversial press statement blaming Japan for the Oklahoma City bombing.
12. John Flesher, 'Michigan Militia Founder Quits', Associated Press, as reported in Detroit News, 21 July 1995. See also 'Militias Finding Themselves on Shaky Ground', Washington Post, 6 May 1995. It should be noted that that along with Olson's resignation came the resignation of Ray Southwell, an Olson confidant who also served as an officer in the Michigan Militia. Southwell had worked closely with Olson to found the organization and had participated in the release of the controversial press statement blaming Japan for the Oklahoma City bombing.
13. Anti-Defamation League, Beyond the Bombing (note 2).
14. The Militia Movement in the United States, Senate Hearing 104-804, 15 June 1995, 104th Congress, United States Senate, Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information, United States Government Printing Office, 1997.
15. The 'Northern Michigan Regional Militia' was originally created by Olson in 1994 and formed the basis for the larger Michigan Militia group which encompassed the Northern Michigan group as well as other groups throughout the state. Olson's decision to re-name his new group the 'Northern Michigan Regional Militia' might cause some confusion, since the Michigan Militia continues to have its own branch of the same name. For the sake of clarity, any further references to the Northern Michigan Regional Militia will refer to Olson's group.
16. John Flesher (note 6).
17. For detailed examinations of the origin and views of the militia movement, see Michael Barkun, 'Oklahoma City and the Rise of Militias', in Religion and the Racist Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1997) Ch.13; Martin Durham, 'Preparing for Armageddon: Citizen Militias, the Patriot Movement and the Oklahoma City Bombing', Terrorism and Political Violence (hereafter TPV) 8/1 (Spring 1996); and David H. Bennett, 'The Reshaping of the New Right and the Rise of the Militia Movement', in The Party of Fear (New York: Vintage Books 1995) Ch.16.
18. For detailed examinations of the origin and views of the militia movement, see Michael Barkun, 'Oklahoma City and the Rise of Militias', in Religion and the Racist Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1997) Ch.13; Martin Durham, 'Preparing for Armageddon: Citizen Militias, the Patriot Movement and the Oklahoma City Bombing', Terrorism and Political Violence (hereafter TPV) 8/1 (Spring 1996); and David H. Bennett, 'The Reshaping of the New Right and the Rise of the Militia Movement', in The Party of Fear (New York: Vintage Books 1995) Ch.16.
19. For detailed examinations of the origin and views of the militia movement, see Michael Barkun, 'Oklahoma City and the Rise of Militias', in Religion and the Racist Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1997) Ch.13; Martin Durham, 'Preparing for Armageddon: Citizen Militias, the Patriot Movement and the Oklahoma City Bombing', Terrorism and Political Violence (hereafter TPV) 8/1 (Spring 1996); and David H. Bennett, 'The Reshaping of the New Right and the Rise of the Militia Movement', in The Party of Fear (New York: Vintage Books 1995) Ch.16.
20. The importance of the paramilitary culture that comes out of military experience is described in James William Gibson, Warrior Dreams: Violence and Manhood in Post- Vietnam America (New York: Hill and Wang 1994).
21. Gunrights is clearly the issue that drives the militia movement and unifies most militia members. Its importance is outlined briefly in Anti-Defamation League, Armed and Dangerous (note 2) pp.1-3; and more extensively in David Bennett (note 11) pp.465-8. The potential for recruitment of militia members at gun shows is referenced in Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), False Patriots: The Threat of Antigovernment Extremists (Montgomery, AL: SPLC 1996) p.14. The prevalence of militia materials and literature at gun shows is described further in Mark S. Hamm, Apocalypse in Oklahoma (Boston: Northeastern University Press 1997) pp.161-2, 170.
22. Gunrights is clearly the issue that drives the militia movement and unifies most militia members. Its importance is outlined briefly in Anti-Defamation League, Armed and Dangerous (note 2) pp.1-3; and more extensively in David Bennett (note 11) pp.465-8. The potential for recruitment of militia members at gun shows is referenced in Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), False Patriots: The Threat of Antigovernment Extremists (Montgomery, AL: SPLC 1996) p.14. The prevalence of militia materials and literature at gun shows is described further in Mark S. Hamm, Apocalypse in Oklahoma (Boston: Northeastern University Press 1997) pp.161-2, 170.
23. Gunrights is clearly the issue that drives the militia movement and unifies most militia members. Its importance is outlined briefly in Anti-Defamation League, Armed and Dangerous (note 2) pp.1-3; and more extensively in David Bennett (note 11) pp.465-8. The potential for recruitment of militia members at gun shows is referenced in Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), False Patriots: The Threat of Antigovernment Extremists (Montgomery, AL: SPLC 1996) p.14. The prevalence of militia materials and literature at gun shows is described further in Mark S. Hamm, Apocalypse in Oklahoma (Boston: Northeastern University Press 1997) pp.161-2, 170.
24. Gunrights is clearly the issue that drives the militia movement and unifies most militia members. Its importance is outlined briefly in Anti-Defamation League, Armed and Dangerous (note 2) pp.1-3; and more extensively in David Bennett (note 11) pp.465-8. The potential for recruitment of militia members at gun shows is referenced in Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), False Patriots: The Threat of Antigovernment Extremists (Montgomery, AL: SPLC 1996) p.14. The prevalence of militia materials and literature at gun shows is described further in Mark S. Hamm, Apocalypse in Oklahoma (Boston: Northeastern University Press 1997) pp.161-2, 170.
25. There is evidence that concern about the threat the federal government poses to individual rights and freedoms is shared by large numbers of Americans and is certainly not limited to 'fringe' elements of society or militia groups. This can be seen in a number of post-Oklahoma City bombing polls, including a Los Angeles Times poll, 26 April 1995, which asked, 'These days, do you think the activities of the federal government pose a threat to the constitutional rights enjoyed by the average American, or not?' 45% of respondents answered 'Yes, pose a threat'. This and similar questions appearing in several other polls can be found in Karl Zinsmeister, 'Indicators', American Enterprise (July/Aug. 1995).
26. There is evidence that concern about the threat the federal government poses to individual rights and freedoms is shared by large numbers of Americans and is certainly not limited to 'fringe' elements of society or militia groups. This can be seen in a number of post-Oklahoma City bombing polls, including a Los Angeles Times poll, 26 April 1995, which asked, 'These days, do you think the activities of the federal government pose a threat to the constitutional rights enjoyed by the average American, or not?' 45% of respondents answered 'Yes, pose a threat'. This and similar questions appearing in several other polls can be found in Karl Zinsmeister, 'Indicators', American Enterprise (July/Aug. 1995).
27. Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful?' unpublished pamphlet via facsimile, 5 April 1997. Emphasis in original.
28. The goals and mission of the Northern Michigan Regional Militia was found in 'The Northern Michigan Regional Militia Handbook', unpublished pamphlet via facsimile, 5 April 1997. Emphasis in original. The identical language was also found in the Michigan Militia handbook, which has recently been revised (see below).
29. Schroder's theories are outlined in the SPLC Intelligence Report (Spring 1997) p.15.
30. Michigan Militia web site, http://mmc.cns.net/thanks.html.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful' (note 16). Olson points to the non-violent end of the Freemen standoff in Montana as evidence that the militia movement is already having a desirable effect on federal law-enforcement procedures. Olson himself was very active during the Freemen standoff in Montana, making well publicized but unsuccessful efforts to re-supply the Freemen with food and other necessities. The Michigan Militia, on the other hand, made several public statements distancing their group from the Freemen and Olson's efforts in Montana. See Judy DeHaven, 'Militia Chief Prepares to Aid Freemen', Detroit News, 1 April 1996; Jason Aders, 'Militia Chief Lands Today in Montana', Detroit News, 15 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'State Militia Leader in Montana to see Freemen', Detroit News, 16 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'FBI Won't Talk with Michigan militia Boss', Detroit News, 17 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Norman Olson Show Doesn't Play so Well in Montana', Detroit News, 19 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Montana Townspeople have had enough of the Freemen', Detroit News, 21 April 1996; Len Iwanski, 'Reinforcements in Montana as Waco, Oklahoma City Anniversaries Near', Associated Press, 1 June 1996.
34. Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful' (note 16). Olson points to the non-violent end of the Freemen standoff in Montana as evidence that the militia movement is already having a desirable effect on federal law-enforcement procedures. Olson himself was very active during the Freemen standoff in Montana, making well publicized but unsuccessful efforts to re-supply the Freemen with food and other necessities. The Michigan Militia, on the other hand, made several public statements distancing their group from the Freemen and Olson's efforts in Montana. See Judy DeHaven, 'Militia Chief Prepares to Aid Freemen', Detroit News, 1 April 1996; Jason Aders, 'Militia Chief Lands Today in Montana', Detroit News, 15 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'State Militia Leader in Montana to see Freemen', Detroit News, 16 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'FBI Won't Talk with Michigan militia Boss', Detroit News, 17 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Norman Olson Show Doesn't Play so Well in Montana', Detroit News, 19 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Montana Townspeople have had enough of the Freemen', Detroit News, 21 April 1996; Len Iwanski, 'Reinforcements in Montana as Waco, Oklahoma City Anniversaries Near', Associated Press, 1 June 1996.
35. Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful' (note 16). Olson points to the non-violent end of the Freemen standoff in Montana as evidence that the militia movement is already having a desirable effect on federal law-enforcement procedures. Olson himself was very active during the Freemen standoff in Montana, making well publicized but unsuccessful efforts to re-supply the Freemen with food and other necessities. The Michigan Militia, on the other hand, made several public statements distancing their group from the Freemen and Olson's efforts in Montana. See Judy DeHaven, 'Militia Chief Prepares to Aid Freemen', Detroit News, 1 April 1996; Jason Aders, 'Militia Chief Lands Today in Montana', Detroit News, 15 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'State Militia Leader in Montana to see Freemen', Detroit News, 16 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'FBI Won't Talk with Michigan militia Boss', Detroit News, 17 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Norman Olson Show Doesn't Play so Well in Montana', Detroit News, 19 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Montana Townspeople have had enough of the Freemen', Detroit News, 21 April 1996; Len Iwanski, 'Reinforcements in Montana as Waco, Oklahoma City Anniversaries Near', Associated Press, 1 June 1996.
36. Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful' (note 16). Olson points to the non-violent end of the Freemen standoff in Montana as evidence that the militia movement is already having a desirable effect on federal law-enforcement procedures. Olson himself was very active during the Freemen standoff in Montana, making well publicized but unsuccessful efforts to re-supply the Freemen with food and other necessities. The Michigan Militia, on the other hand, made several public statements distancing their group from the Freemen and Olson's efforts in Montana. See Judy DeHaven, 'Militia Chief Prepares to Aid Freemen', Detroit News, 1 April 1996; Jason Aders, 'Militia Chief Lands Today in Montana', Detroit News, 15 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'State Militia Leader in Montana to see Freemen', Detroit News, 16 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'FBI Won't Talk with Michigan militia Boss', Detroit News, 17 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Norman Olson Show Doesn't Play so Well in Montana', Detroit News, 19 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Montana Townspeople have had enough of the Freemen', Detroit News, 21 April 1996; Len Iwanski, 'Reinforcements in Montana as Waco, Oklahoma City Anniversaries Near', Associated Press, 1 June 1996.
37. Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful' (note 16). Olson points to the non-violent end of the Freemen standoff in Montana as evidence that the militia movement is already having a desirable effect on federal law-enforcement procedures. Olson himself was very active during the Freemen standoff in Montana, making well publicized but unsuccessful efforts to re-supply the Freemen with food and other necessities. The Michigan Militia, on the other hand, made several public statements distancing their group from the Freemen and Olson's efforts in Montana. See Judy DeHaven, 'Militia Chief Prepares to Aid Freemen', Detroit News, 1 April 1996; Jason Aders, 'Militia Chief Lands Today in Montana', Detroit News, 15 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'State Militia Leader in Montana to see Freemen', Detroit News, 16 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'FBI Won't Talk with Michigan militia Boss', Detroit News, 17 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Norman Olson Show Doesn't Play so Well in Montana', Detroit News, 19 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Montana Townspeople have had enough of the Freemen', Detroit News, 21 April 1996; Len Iwanski, 'Reinforcements in Montana as Waco, Oklahoma City Anniversaries Near', Associated Press, 1 June 1996.
38. Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful' (note 16). Olson points to the non-violent end of the Freemen standoff in Montana as evidence that the militia movement is already having a desirable effect on federal law-enforcement procedures. Olson himself was very active during the Freemen standoff in Montana, making well publicized but unsuccessful efforts to re-supply the Freemen with food and other necessities. The Michigan Militia, on the other hand, made several public statements distancing their group from the Freemen and Olson's efforts in Montana. See Judy DeHaven, 'Militia Chief Prepares to Aid Freemen', Detroit News, 1 April 1996; Jason Aders, 'Militia Chief Lands Today in Montana', Detroit News, 15 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'State Militia Leader in Montana to see Freemen', Detroit News, 16 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'FBI Won't Talk with Michigan militia Boss', Detroit News, 17 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Norman Olson Show Doesn't Play so Well in Montana', Detroit News, 19 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Montana Townspeople have had enough of the Freemen', Detroit News, 21 April 1996; Len Iwanski, 'Reinforcements in Montana as Waco, Oklahoma City Anniversaries Near', Associated Press, 1 June 1996.
39. Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful' (note 16). Olson points to the non-violent end of the Freemen standoff in Montana as evidence that the militia movement is already having a desirable effect on federal law-enforcement procedures. Olson himself was very active during the Freemen standoff in Montana, making well publicized but unsuccessful efforts to re-supply the Freemen with food and other necessities. The Michigan Militia, on the other hand, made several public statements distancing their group from the Freemen and Olson's efforts in Montana. See Judy DeHaven, 'Militia Chief Prepares to Aid Freemen', Detroit News, 1 April 1996; Jason Aders, 'Militia Chief Lands Today in Montana', Detroit News, 15 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'State Militia Leader in Montana to see Freemen', Detroit News, 16 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'FBI Won't Talk with Michigan militia Boss', Detroit News, 17 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Norman Olson Show Doesn't Play so Well in Montana', Detroit News, 19 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Montana Townspeople have had enough of the Freemen', Detroit News, 21 April 1996; Len Iwanski, 'Reinforcements in Montana as Waco, Oklahoma City Anniversaries Near', Associated Press, 1 June 1996.
40. Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful' (note 16). Olson points to the non-violent end of the Freemen standoff in Montana as evidence that the militia movement is already having a desirable effect on federal law-enforcement procedures. Olson himself was very active during the Freemen standoff in Montana, making well publicized but unsuccessful efforts to re-supply the Freemen with food and other necessities. The Michigan Militia, on the other hand, made several public statements distancing their group from the Freemen and Olson's efforts in Montana. See Judy DeHaven, 'Militia Chief Prepares to Aid Freemen', Detroit News, 1 April 1996; Jason Aders, 'Militia Chief Lands Today in Montana', Detroit News, 15 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'State Militia Leader in Montana to see Freemen', Detroit News, 16 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'FBI Won't Talk with Michigan militia Boss', Detroit News, 17 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Norman Olson Show Doesn't Play so Well in Montana', Detroit News, 19 April 1996; Phil Linsalata, 'Montana Townspeople have had enough of the Freemen', Detroit News, 21 April 1996; Len Iwanski, 'Reinforcements in Montana as Waco, Oklahoma City Anniversaries Near', Associated Press, 1 June 1996.
41. Norm Olson, 'The Northern Michigan Regional Militia Handbook' (note 17). The identical language was also found in the Michigan Militia handbook prior to the controversial revisions.
42. The public comments and literature of Michigan Militia members are strewn with references to the Revolutionary period. Their efforts to address political questions include numerous quotations from Revolutionary-era figures like Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Madison and Richard Henry Lee. See for example the Michigan Militia homepage at http://mmc.cns.net/text, or Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful?' (note 16) for a number of examples. In addition, militia members frequently compare current events with, in their view, parallel events from the Revolutionary period. For example, Olson contended that a militia rally planned for Washington, DC could be 'the beginning of a Concord-like confrontation', Anti-Defamation League, Armed and Dangerous (note 2) p.15.
43. The public comments and literature of Michigan Militia members are strewn with references to the Revolutionary period. Their efforts to address political questions include numerous quotations from Revolutionary-era figures like Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Madison and Richard Henry Lee. See for example the Michigan Militia homepage at http://mmc.cns.net/text, or Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful?' (note 16) for a number of examples. In addition, militia members frequently compare current events with, in their view, parallel events from the Revolutionary period. For example, Olson contended that a militia rally planned for Washington, DC could be 'the beginning of a Concord-like confrontation', Anti-Defamation League, Armed and Dangerous (note 2) p.15.
44. As Martin Durham notes, 'the adoption of the term militia is a conscious harkening back to the American Revolution and the original Constitution', Martin Durham, 'Preparing for Armageddon' (note 11) p.68. The use of the word 'patriot' to describe members of the movement also makes the connection with the American Revolution; it energizes members for the cause and helps attract new members through the incorporation of familiar rhetoric and myths. This modern incorporation of the militia idea is described in Alan W. Bock, 'Weekend Warriors', National Review, 29 May 1995, pp.39-42; and Andrew Branan, 'Patriots or Paranoids', Ripon Forum, Jan./Feb. 1996, pp.20-22.
45. As Martin Durham notes, 'the adoption of the term militia is a conscious harkening back to the American Revolution and the original Constitution', Martin Durham, 'Preparing for Armageddon' (note 11) p.68. The use of the word 'patriot' to describe members of the movement also makes the connection with the American Revolution; it energizes members for the cause and helps attract new members through the incorporation of familiar rhetoric and myths. This modern incorporation of the militia idea is described in Alan W. Bock, 'Weekend Warriors', National Review, 29 May 1995, pp.39-42; and Andrew Branan, 'Patriots or Paranoids', Ripon Forum, Jan./Feb. 1996, pp.20-22.
46. John Flesher (note 2).
47. Michigan Militia web site, http://mmc.cns.net/thanks.html.
48. Michigan Militia web site, http://mmc.cns.net/text/1-1.txt.
49. Their comparisons with the founders' might be seen as somewhat circular, allowing them to view any failure as a parallel to the founders' difficulties during the Revolutionary period and, at the same time, continuing to see their victory as inevitable.
50. Norm Olson, 'Is the Citizen Militia Lawful?' (note 16).
51. This concept was expressed succinctly on the Michigan Militia web site, 'Like it or not, the only reason for a civilian or "unorganized", militia exists (sic) is in order to keep government in check in order that the government may remain in the hands of the people'.
52. The Executive Officer of the Michigan Militia, Tom Wayne, minimizes the importance of his group's paramilitary activities, saying 'it is probably twenty percent' of what the group does. Tom Wayne, interview 19 April 1997. Wayne also acknowledges that the Michigan Militia's efforts are not accepted by the vast majority of politicians, saying, '(We are) very strongly involved in the political process and trying to do something, even though it is like going uphill on a skateboard on Pike's Peak'. Tom Wayne, interview 19 April 1997.
53. Ken Adams, former Michigan Militia spokesman 'claims Olson's group has only about 15 members', in Jason Anders, 'State Militia Prepares for Battle over Montana Freemen', Detroit News, 12 April 1996. Adams may be underestimating the size of Olson's group in order to discredit him, but it seems clear that the actual number in Olson's group (the Northern Michigan Regional Militia) is only a fraction of the membership of the Michigan Militia. In an interview, Olson himself was unwilling to discuss the size of his group.
54. Norm Olson, interview 13 April 1997.
55. 'Militiamen Tell All to Dubious Senators', Knight-Ridder News Service, as reported in Greensboro News and Record, 16 June 1995.
56. 'Militiamen Tell All to Dubious Senators', Knight-Ridder News Service, as reported in Greensboro News and Record, 16 June 1995.
57. Norm Olson, interview 13 April 1997.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. As Olson articulates very clearly, saying, '...we are not going to correct this system through the voting box. It hasn't happened.' Norm Olson, interview 13 April 1997.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid. Olson's first attempt at a 'Third Continental Congress' was held in a south Kansas City, Mo. Holiday Inn in October 1996 and was largely unsuccessful, drawing only 25 'patriots'. See Kim Kozlowski, 'Militia Members Prepare for Collapse', Kansas City Star, 30 Oct. 1996; 'Ex Leader of Militia Plans 3-day Congress', Associated Press, 14 Oct. 1996; and Judy L. Thomas, 'Patriot Leaders Urge Return of Government to the People', Kansas City Star, 9 June 1996.
71. Ibid. Olson's first attempt at a 'Third Continental Congress' was held in a south Kansas City, Mo. Holiday Inn in October 1996 and was largely unsuccessful, drawing only 25 'patriots'. See Kim Kozlowski, 'Militia Members Prepare for Collapse', Kansas City Star, 30 Oct. 1996; 'Ex Leader of Militia Plans 3-day Congress', Associated Press, 14 Oct. 1996; and Judy L. Thomas, 'Patriot Leaders Urge Return of Government to the People', Kansas City Star, 9 June 1996.
72. Ibid. Olson's first attempt at a 'Third Continental Congress' was held in a south Kansas City, Mo. Holiday Inn in October 1996 and was largely unsuccessful, drawing only 25 'patriots'. See Kim Kozlowski, 'Militia Members Prepare for Collapse', Kansas City Star, 30 Oct. 1996; 'Ex Leader of Militia Plans 3-day Congress', Associated Press, 14 Oct. 1996; and Judy L. Thomas, 'Patriot Leaders Urge Return of Government to the People', Kansas City Star, 9 June 1996.
73. Norm Olson, interview 13 April 1997.
74. In Olson's words, 'The whole Titanic is going down. The whole ship is going down. So, rather than trying to keep it afloat, it is better to prepare the lifeboats.' Norm Olson, interview 13 April 1997.
75. In Olson's words, 'We cannot initiate (the collapse) but we can certainly help it along. There is an old adage that says don't get into your enemy's way if he is marching into the sea.' Norm Olson, interview 13 April 1997.
76. The 'Official Michigan Militia Homepage' at http:/mmc.cns.net/ includes a biography of Commander Lynn VanHuizen.
77. Kenneth Cole, 'Michigan Militia Protests US Involvement with UN', Detroit News, 25 Oct. 1995.
78. Tom Wayne, interview 19 April 1997. See also, for example, the reaction of Michigan Militia members to Pat Buchanan's victory in the New Hampshire Republican primary in Maryann Struman, 'Candidate's Success Gets State's Militia Groups Fired Up', Detroit News, 22 Feb. 1996.
79. Tom Wayne, interview 19 April 1997.
80. As Wayne predicts, 'We thoroughly expect (the system to collapse) if there are not some drastic changes.' Tom Wayne, interview 19 April 1997.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. For information on the feud between the VanHuizen and Wayne leadership and the breakaway faction, see, for instance, 'Michigan Militia Groups Feuding', United Press International, 2 March 1998; 'Militia Extremists Challenge Leadership', Associated Press, 4 March 1998; Michael Walsh, 'Faction Claims Militia Takeover', Muskegon (MI) Chronicle, 17 March 1998.
85. For information on the feud between the VanHuizen and Wayne leadership and the breakaway faction, see, for instance, 'Michigan Militia Groups Feuding', United Press International, 2 March 1998; 'Militia Extremists Challenge Leadership', Associated Press, 4 March 1998; Michael Walsh, 'Faction Claims Militia Takeover', Muskegon (MI) Chronicle, 17 March 1998.
86. For information on the feud between the VanHuizen and Wayne leadership and the breakaway faction, see, for instance, 'Michigan Militia Groups Feuding', United Press International, 2 March 1998; 'Militia Extremists Challenge Leadership', Associated Press, 4 March 1998; Michael Walsh, 'Faction Claims Militia Takeover', Muskegon (MI) Chronicle, 17 March 1998.
87. The revised Michigan Militia manual can be found at http://militia.gen.mi.us/1-1.html. It is important to note that while the revision altered the structure and rules of the organization, it did not articulate notable changes in the goals or general worldview of the group.
88. According to one reputable source on a militia watchdog discussion group, members from two dozen brigades criticized the revised manual at the 15 March meeting. The importance of the manual to the breakaway group is confirmed in my interview with Pilchak, 18 March 1998.
89. Michael Walsh (note 60).
90. Norm Olson, interview 13 March 1998.
91. Joe Pilchak, interview 18 March 1998; Michael Walsh (note 60).
92. Joe Pilchak, interview 18 March 1998.
93. Norm Olson, interview 13 March 1998.
94. Wayne reiterated the group's commitment to engagement of the political process in an interview, 13 March 1998.
95. Again, examinations of the origin and views of the militia movement are ably provided by a number of scholars. See for example, Michael Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right (note 11) Ch.13; also, Martin Durham (note 11); and David H. Bennett (note 11) Ch.16.
96. R. Lane, Political Ideology (New York: Free Press 1962) p.161, as noted in William M. Mason, James S. House and Steven S. Martin, 'On the Dimensions of Political Alienation in America', in Nancy Brandon Tuma (ed.), Sociological Methodology (San Francisco: JosseyBass Publishers 1985) p.113.
97. R. Lane, Political Ideology (New York: Free Press 1962) p.161, as noted in William M. Mason, James S. House and Steven S. Martin, 'On the Dimensions of Political Alienation in America', in Nancy Brandon Tuma (ed.), Sociological Methodology (San Francisco: JosseyBass Publishers 1985) p.113.
98. Bas Denters and Peter Geurts, 'Aspects of Political Alienation: An Exploration of their Different Origins and Effects', Acta Politica 28/4 (1993) p.445.
99. Ada Finifter, 'Dimensions of Political Alienation,' American Political Science Review 64 (1970).
100. Denters and Geurts (note 71); Priscilla Southwell, 'Throwing the Rascals Out versus Throwing in the Towel: Alienation, Support for Term Limits and Congressional Voting Behavior', Social Science Quarterly 76/4 (Dec. 1995).
101. Finifter (note 72) pp.390-91.
102. Finifter (note 72) p.390.
103. Norm Olson, interview 13 April 1997.
104. Ibid.
105. Ibid.
106. Tom Wayne, interview 19 April 1997.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid.
109. Finifter (note 72) p.405.
110. Finifter (note 72) p.408. Emphasis in original.
111. For attention to Congressional candidate Rick Hill's attendance at an April 1996 meeting of 'Freedom Rendezvous' see McLaughlin, Billings (MT) Gazelle, 24 Sept. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 25 Sept. 1996. Attention to Colorado State Representative Pat Sullivan's accusations against Colorado State Senator Bob Schaffer can be found in Denver Post, 28 July 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 30 July 1996.
112. For attention to Congressional candidate Rick Hill's attendance at an April 1996 meeting of 'Freedom Rendezvous' see McLaughlin, Billings (MT) Gazelle, 24 Sept. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 25 Sept. 1996. Attention to Colorado State Representative Pat Sullivan's accusations against Colorado State Senator Bob Schaffer can be found in Denver Post, 28 July 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 30 July 1996.
113. For attention to Congressional candidate Rick Hill's attendance at an April 1996 meeting of 'Freedom Rendezvous' see McLaughlin, Billings (MT) Gazelle, 24 Sept. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 25 Sept. 1996. Attention to Colorado State Representative Pat Sullivan's accusations against Colorado State Senator Bob Schaffer can be found in Denver Post, 28 July 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 30 July 1996.
114. McLaughlin (note 84). Michael Barkun, in concluding his essay on the world of militia movements, leaves it an open question whether 'bridging phenomena' that connects militia groups to the society-at-large will 'tame' the extremes or 'infect' the center. In his words, 'One possibility is that with larger, more diverse memberships, such groups will begin to slough off their more objectionable and violence-prone characteristics. The other is that the original, core ideas will remain...and will take its place as a socially sanctioned way of looking at the world', Michael Barkun, 'Religion, Militias and Oklahoma City: The Mind of Conspiratorialists', TPV 8/1 (Spring 1996) pp.50-64.
115. McLaughlin (note 84).
116. Rep. Steve Stockman, for example, received some of the harshest criticism of any member of Congress for his ties to the militia movement, and was defeated in a December runoff election. Although I am unaware of any public opinion poll showing that the militia issue was key to Stockman's defeat, coverage of the Stockman race frequently referenced his 'ties to militia groups'. See for instance Dallas Morning News, 11 Dec. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 11 Dec. 1996; Dallas Morning News, 8 Nov. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 8 Nov. 1996; Atlanta Journal/Constitution 4 Oct. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 9 Oct. 1996.
117. Rep. Steve Stockman, for example, received some of the harshest criticism of any member of Congress for his ties to the militia movement, and was defeated in a December runoff election. Although I am unaware of any public opinion poll showing that the militia issue was key to Stockman's defeat, coverage of the Stockman race frequently referenced his 'ties to militia groups'. See for instance Dallas Morning News, 11 Dec. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 11 Dec. 1996; Dallas Morning News, 8 Nov. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 8 Nov. 1996; Atlanta Journal/Constitution 4 Oct. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 9 Oct. 1996.
118. Rep. Steve Stockman, for example, received some of the harshest criticism of any member of Congress for his ties to the militia movement, and was defeated in a December runoff election. Although I am unaware of any public opinion poll showing that the militia issue was key to Stockman's defeat, coverage of the Stockman race frequently referenced his 'ties to militia groups'. See for instance Dallas Morning News, 11 Dec. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 11 Dec. 1996; Dallas Morning News, 8 Nov. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 8 Nov. 1996; Atlanta Journal/Constitution 4 Oct. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 9 Oct. 1996.
119. Rep. Steve Stockman, for example, received some of the harshest criticism of any member of Congress for his ties to the militia movement, and was defeated in a December runoff election. Although I am unaware of any public opinion poll showing that the militia issue was key to Stockman's defeat, coverage of the Stockman race frequently referenced his 'ties to militia groups'. See for instance Dallas Morning News, 11 Dec. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 11 Dec. 1996; Dallas Morning News, 8 Nov. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 8 Nov. 1996; Atlanta Journal/Constitution 4 Oct. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 9 Oct. 1996.
120. Rep. Steve Stockman, for example, received some of the harshest criticism of any member of Congress for his ties to the militia movement, and was defeated in a December runoff election. Although I am unaware of any public opinion poll showing that the militia issue was key to Stockman's defeat, coverage of the Stockman race frequently referenced his 'ties to militia groups'. See for instance Dallas Morning News, 11 Dec. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 11 Dec. 1996; Dallas Morning News, 8 Nov. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 8 Nov. 1996; Atlanta Journal/Constitution 4 Oct. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 9 Oct. 1996.
121. Rep. Steve Stockman, for example, received some of the harshest criticism of any member of Congress for his ties to the militia movement, and was defeated in a December runoff election. Although I am unaware of any public opinion poll showing that the militia issue was key to Stockman's defeat, coverage of the Stockman race frequently referenced his 'ties to militia groups'. See for instance Dallas Morning News, 11 Dec. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 11 Dec. 1996; Dallas Morning News, 8 Nov. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 8 Nov. 1996; Atlanta Journal/Constitution 4 Oct. 1996, as reported in Hotline News Service, 9 Oct. 1996.
122. David Kopel, Research Director for the Independence Institute, articulates the idea that we have something to lose by alienating militia groups, saying 'If dissident groups are outlawed and driven underground, then some of their members may become convinced that working within the system is impossible'. David Kopel, 'Clinton's Terrifying Response to Terror', American Enterprise (July/Aug. 1995).
123. Jeffrey Kaplan, 'Right Wing Violence in North America', in Tore Bjorgo (ed.), Terror from the Extreme Right (London: Frank Cass 1995) pp.74-5.
124. Ibid.
125. Barbara Dority, 'Is the Extremist Right Entirely Wrong?' Humanist (Nov./Dec. 1995) pp.12-15.
126. Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1979) pp.39-40.
127. Ibid.
128. James A. Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: University of Washington Press 1990) p.155.
129. Gannett News Service, 'Several Groups Lash Watchdog for their Tag as Extremist', Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, 13 April 1997.
130. Anti-Defamation League, Beyond the Bombing (note 2).
131. Barbara Dority (note 91) pp.12-15.
132. Dennis Camire and John Hanchette, 'Terrorist Threat Lingers in U.S.', Gannett News Service, as appeared in Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, 13 April 1997.
133. Dennis Camire and John Hanchette, 'Terrorist Threat Lingers in U.S.', Gannett News Service, as appeared in Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, 13 April 1997.
134. It may be the case that the worldview of the patriot movement makes confrontation extremely likely and somewhat unavoidable. Consider Martin Durham's argument in 'Preparing for Armageddon' (note 11). However, we should also consider that even a short delay of confrontation could be to the advantage of law enforcement agencies, which can use that time to better understand the movement and determine appropriate strategies. Michael Barkun describes what can happen when law enforcement agencies do not understand their adversaries in 'Millenarian Groups and Law Enforcement Agencies: The Lessons of Waco', TPV 6/I (Spring 1994).