Between Seduction and Libido: Sigmund Freud's Masturbation Hypotheses and the Realignment of His Etiologic Thinking, 1897-1905

Bulletin of the History of Medicine

Volumn 72, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 638-662

  Makari, George J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EUROPE; HISTORY; HUMAN; HYSTERIA; LIBIDO; MASTURBATION; PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

EUROPE; FREUDIAN THEORY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; HYSTERIA; LIBIDO; MASTURBATION;

EID: 0032244621     PISSN: 00075140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.1998.0216     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. See, for instance, Jeffrey M. Masson, The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984); Jean G. Schimek, "Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: A Historical Review," J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc., 1987, 35: 937-66; Hans Israëls and Morton Schatzman, "The Seduction Theory," Hist. Psychiatry, 1993, 4: 23-59.
2. See, for instance, Jeffrey M. Masson, The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984); Jean G. Schimek, "Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: A Historical Review," J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc., 1987, 35: 937-66; Hans Israëls and Morton Schatzman, "The Seduction Theory," Hist. Psychiatry, 1993, 4: 23-59.
3. See, for instance, Jeffrey M. Masson, The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984); Jean G. Schimek, "Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: A Historical Review," J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc., 1987, 35: 937-66; Hans Israëls and Morton Schatzman, "The Seduction Theory," Hist. Psychiatry, 1993, 4: 23-59.
4. On this debate, see Rachel Blass and Bennet Simon, "Freud on His Own Mistake(s): The Role of Seduction in the Etiology of Neurosis," Psychiatry & Human., 1992, 12: 160-83;
5. idem, "The Value of the Historical Perspective to Contemporary Psychoanalysis: Freud's 'Seduction Hypothesis'," Internat. J. Psychoanal., 1994, 75: 677-94.
6. Sigmund Freud, "On the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement" (1914), in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey, 24 vols. (London: Hogarth Press, 1953-74), 14: 17 (henceforth Standard Edition).
7. Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1953), 1: 267. See also James Strachey, "Editor's Note," in Standard Edition, 7: 125-29, especially p. 128; Ernst Kris, "Introduction," in Sigmund Freud, The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters, Drafts and Notes to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1902 (New York: Basic Books, 1954), pp. 33-34; Max Schur, Freud: Living and Dying (New York: International University Press, 1972), p. 114; Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York: Norton, 1988), pp. 95-96.
8. Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1953), 1: 267. See also James Strachey, "Editor's Note," in Standard Edition, 7: 125-29, especially p. 128; Ernst Kris, "Introduction," in Sigmund Freud, The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters, Drafts and Notes to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1902 (New York: Basic Books, 1954), pp. 33-34; Max Schur, Freud: Living and Dying (New York: International University Press, 1972), p. 114; Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York: Norton, 1988), pp. 95-96.
9. Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1953), 1: 267. See also James Strachey, "Editor's Note," in Standard Edition, 7: 125-29, especially p. 128; Ernst Kris, "Introduction," in Sigmund Freud, The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters, Drafts and Notes to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1902 (New York: Basic Books, 1954), pp. 33-34; Max Schur, Freud: Living and Dying (New York: International University Press, 1972), p. 114; Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York: Norton, 1988), pp. 95-96.
10. Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1953), 1: 267. See also James Strachey, "Editor's Note," in Standard Edition, 7: 125-29, especially p. 128; Ernst Kris, "Introduction," in Sigmund Freud, The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters, Drafts and Notes to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1902 (New York: Basic Books, 1954), pp. 33-34; Max Schur, Freud: Living and Dying (New York: International University Press, 1972), p. 114; Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York: Norton, 1988), pp. 95-96.
11. Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1953), 1: 267. See also James Strachey, "Editor's Note," in Standard Edition, 7: 125-29, especially p. 128; Ernst Kris, "Introduction," in Sigmund Freud, The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters, Drafts and Notes to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1902 (New York: Basic Books, 1954), pp. 33-34; Max Schur, Freud: Living and Dying (New York: International University Press, 1972), p. 114; Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York: Norton, 1988), pp. 95-96.
12. Frank Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend (New York: Basic Books, 1979), p. 207.
13. While case records exist for Freud's earlier cases, both in published form - see Albrecht Hirschmüller, Freuds Begegnung mit der Psychiatrie von der Hirnmythologie zur Neurosenlehre (Tübingen: Editions Diskord, 1991) - and in the Freud Archives, to my knowledge there are no available detailed case notes in his hand that chronicle clinical treatment during the years 1897 to 1905. Freud's fragmentary notes to himself at times refer to clinical encounters; these notes are housed in the Sigmund Freud Collection at the Library of Congress.
14. See, for instance, Didier Anzieu, Freud's Self-Analysis, trans. P. Graham (Madison, Conn.; International Universities Press, 1986); and, for a less sympathetic account of this analysis, Sulloway, Freud (n. 5), pp. 18-19, 207-10.
15. See, for instance, Didier Anzieu, Freud's Self-Analysis, trans. P. Graham (Madison, Conn.; International Universities Press, 1986); and, for a less sympathetic account of this analysis, Sulloway, Freud (n. 5), pp. 18-19, 207-10.
16. Those writing on Freud's work have almost universally failed to take note of this period. A notable exception is Frank Sulloway, who, while not elaborating, stated: "What is also not appreciated about Freud is how integral his medical views on masturbation were to his overall theory of the neuroses. After his abandonment of the seduction theory in 1897, his theory of the neuroses became, in significant part, a theory about infantile sexual masturbation" (Freud [n. 5], p. 185).
17. Sigmund Freud, "My Views on the Part Played by Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses" (1906), in Standard Edition, 7: 271-79, quotation on p. 274.
18. Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, Studies in Hysteria (1895), Standard Edition, vol. 2.
19. Sigmund Freud, "On the Grounds for Detaching a Particular Syndrome from Neurasthenia under the Description 'Anxiety Neurosis'" (1895), Standard Edition, 3: 90-115.
20. Leopold Löwenfeld, Pathologie und Therapie der Neurasthenie und Hysterie (Wiesbaden: J. F. Bergmann, 1894).
21. Leopold Löwenfeld, "Über die Verknüpfung neurasthenischer und hysterischer Symptome in Anfallsform nebst Bemerkungen über die Freudsche Angstneurose," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift, 1895, 42: 282-85.
22. Sigmund Freud, "A Reply to Criticisms of My Paper on Anxiety Neurosis" (1895), Standard Edition, 3: 123-39. Freud argued that neurosis was essentially the result of (1) a precondition; (2) a specific cause; (3) concurrent causes; and (4) a precipitating cause. Concurrent causes and a precipitating cause were nonspecific and neither necessary nor formative. A precondition was generally necessary, but not sufficient. The specific cause was necessary, and only it determined the form of neurosis that developed.
23. Ibid., p. 139.
24. The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Miess, 1887-1904, ed. and trans. Jeffrey M. Masson (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 158-69 (hereafter Freud-Fliess Letters).
25. Sigmund Freud, "Heredity and the Aetiology of the Neuroses" (1896), Standard Edition, 3: 141-56; idem, "Further Remarks on the Neuropsychoses of Defence" (1896), ibid., pp. 157-85; idem, "The Aetiology of Hysteria" (1896), ibid., pp. 187-221.
26. Sigmund Freud, "Heredity and the Aetiology of the Neuroses" (1896), Standard Edition, 3: 141-56; idem, "Further Remarks on the Neuropsychoses of Defence" (1896), ibid., pp. 157-85; idem, "The Aetiology of Hysteria" (1896), ibid., pp. 187-221.
27. Sigmund Freud, "Heredity and the Aetiology of the Neuroses" (1896), Standard Edition, 3: 141-56; idem, "Further Remarks on the Neuropsychoses of Defence" (1896), ibid., pp. 157-85; idem, "The Aetiology of Hysteria" (1896), ibid., pp. 187-221.
28. "Further Remarks" (n. 17), pp. 162-85.
29. Freud, "Aetiology of Hysteria" (n. 17), pp. 208-9.
30. Freud-Fliess Letters, p. 212.
31. See George J. Makari, "Toward Defining the Freudian Unconscious: Seduction, Sexology, and the Negative of Perversion, 1896-1905," Hist. Psychiatry, 1997, 8: 459-85.
32. Freud, "Aetiology of Hysteria" (n. 17), p. 209. Also see Freud-Fliess Letters, pp. 210, 212.
33. Freud, "Aetiology of Hysteria" (n. 17), p. 209. Also see Freud-Fliess Letters, pp. 210, 212.
34. Freud-Fliess Letters, pp. 221-23.
35. Ibid., pp. 243-44.
36. On Gattel, see Michael Schröter and Ludger M. Hermanns, "Felix Gattel (1870-1904): Freud's First Pupil. Part I," Internat. Rev. Psychoanal., 1992, 19: 91-104; idem, "Nachträge zu 'Felix Gattell: Der erste Freud Schüler,'" Luzifer-Amor: Zeitschrift zur Geschichte der Psychoanalyse, 1994, 7: 17-29. Also see Sulloway, Freud (n. 5), pp. 513-15.
37. On Gattel, see Michael Schröter and Ludger M. Hermanns, "Felix Gattel (1870- 1904): Freud's First Pupil. Part I," Internat. Rev. Psychoanal., 1992, 19: 91-104; idem, "Nachträge zu 'Felix Gattell: Der erste Freud Schüler,'" Luzifer-Amor: Zeitschrift zur Geschichte der Psychoanalyse, 1994, 7: 17-29. Also see Sulloway, Freud (n. 5), pp. 513-15.
38. On Gattel, see Michael Schröter and Ludger M. Hermanns, "Felix Gattel (1870- 1904): Freud's First Pupil. Part I," Internat. Rev. Psychoanal., 1992, 19: 91-104; idem, "Nachträge zu 'Felix Gattell: Der erste Freud Schüler,'" Luzifer-Amor: Zeitschrift zur Geschichte der Psychoanalyse, 1994, 7: 17-29. Also see Sulloway, Freud (n. 5), pp. 513-15.
39. Felix Gattel, Ueber die sexuellen Ursachen der Neurasthenie und Angstneurose (Berlin: August Hirschwald, 1898), pp. 47-48. Of thirty patients with "pure" cases of neurasthenia, all were found to have histories of masturbation. Of the nine mixed cases of neurasthenia and either hysteria or "Angstneurose," all but one had a history of masturbation. Of forty-four patients with "Angstneurose," twelve gave histories of abstinence, while another twenty-four practiced some form of coitus interrupts.
40. Gattel also argued that he could not attempt to ferret out the specific etiology of hysteria because detecting that etiology from early childhood would not be possible in a short interview, but would require psychoanalysis: ibid., p. 11.
41. Ibid., p. 25.
42. Sulloway, Freud (n. 5), pp. 513-15. Sulloway's speculation is interesting, but it should be noted that Freud could have discounted the incidence of hysteria in Gattel's sample for the simple reason that this was a sample of psychiatric patients, not a random sample of the normal population. Furthermore, we have no information on how many hysterics Gattel turned away to get his cohort of one hundred "nonhysterics."
43. Freud-Fliess Letters, pp. 253-54.
44. Ibid., p. 264.
45. Ibid., pp. 264-65, quotation on p. 264.
46. Ibid., p. 265.
47. Freud, "Reply" (n. 14), p. 138.
48. See, for example, H. Fournier, De l'onanisme: Causes, dangers et inconvénients pour les individus, la famille et la société; Remèdes (Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1875), p. 8; J. Christian, "Onanisme," in Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales, ed. Amédée Dechambre, 100 vols. (Paris: Masson and Asselin, 1869-89), 15: 359-85, see especially p. 361.
49. See, for example, H. Fournier, De l'onanisme: Causes, dangers et inconvénients pour les individus, la famille et la société; Remèdes (Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1875), p. 8; J. Christian, "Onanisme," in Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales, ed. Amédée Dechambre, 100 vols. (Paris: Masson and Asselin, 1869-89), 15: 359-85, see especially p. 361.
50. Fournier, De l'onanisme (n. 35), pp. 59-105; Th. Pouillet, Essai médico-philosophique sur les formes, les causes, les signes, les conséquences et le traitement de l'onanisme chez la femme (Paris: Adrien Delahaye, 1876); Charles Mauriac, "Onanisme et excès vénériens," in Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, ed. Dr. Jaccoud (Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1879), pp. 494-539; Th. Pouillet, Psychopathie sexuelle. I. De l'onanisme chez la femme, 7th ed. (Paris: Vigot Frères, 1897); Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of the Mind (New York: Appleton, 1880); William A. Hammond, A Treatise on Insanity in Its Medical Relations (New York: Appleton, 1883), p. 667; W. R. Cowers, Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: William Wood, 1885), p. 25.
51. Fournier, De l'onanisme (n. 35), pp. 59-105; Th. Pouillet, Essai médico-philosophique sur les formes, les causes, les signes, les conséquences et le traitement de l'onanisme chez la femme (Paris: Adrien Delahaye, 1876); Charles Mauriac, "Onanisme et excès vénériens," in Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, ed. Dr. Jaccoud (Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1879), pp. 494-539; Th. Pouillet, Psychopathie sexuelle. I. De l'onanisme chez la femme, 7th ed. (Paris: Vigot Frères, 1897); Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of the Mind (New York: Appleton, 1880); William A. Hammond, A Treatise on Insanity in Its Medical Relations (New York: Appleton, 1883), p. 667; W. R. Cowers, Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: William Wood, 1885), p. 25.
52. Fournier, De l'onanisme (n. 35), pp. 59-105; Th. Pouillet, Essai médico-philosophique sur les formes, les causes, les signes, les conséquences et le traitement de l'onanisme chez la femme (Paris: Adrien Delahaye, 1876); Charles Mauriac, "Onanisme et excès vénériens," in Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, ed. Dr. Jaccoud (Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1879), pp. 494-539; Th. Pouillet, Psychopathie sexuelle. I. De l'onanisme chez la femme, 7th ed. (Paris: Vigot Frères, 1897); Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of the Mind (New York: Appleton, 1880); William A. Hammond, A Treatise on Insanity in Its Medical Relations (New York: Appleton, 1883), p. 667; W. R. Cowers, Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: William Wood, 1885), p. 25.
53. Fournier, De l'onanisme (n. 35), pp. 59-105; Th. Pouillet, Essai médico-philosophique sur les formes, les causes, les signes, les conséquences et le traitement de l'onanisme chez la femme (Paris: Adrien Delahaye, 1876); Charles Mauriac, "Onanisme et excès vénériens," in Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, ed. Dr. Jaccoud (Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1879), pp. 494-539; Th. Pouillet, Psychopathie sexuelle. I. De l'onanisme chez la femme, 7th ed. (Paris: Vigot Frères, 1897); Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of the Mind (New York: Appleton, 1880); William A. Hammond, A Treatise on Insanity in Its Medical Relations (New York: Appleton, 1883), p. 667; W. R. Cowers, Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: William Wood, 1885), p. 25.
54. Fournier, De l'onanisme (n. 35), pp. 59-105; Th. Pouillet, Essai médico-philosophique sur les formes, les causes, les signes, les conséquences et le traitement de l'onanisme chez la femme (Paris: Adrien Delahaye, 1876); Charles Mauriac, "Onanisme et excès vénériens," in Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, ed. Dr. Jaccoud (Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1879), pp. 494-539; Th. Pouillet, Psychopathie sexuelle. I. De l'onanisme chez la femme, 7th ed. (Paris: Vigot Frères, 1897); Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of the Mind (New York: Appleton, 1880); William A. Hammond, A Treatise on Insanity in Its Medical Relations (New York: Appleton, 1883), p. 667; W. R. Cowers, Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: William Wood, 1885), p. 25.
55. Fournier, De l'onanisme (n. 35), pp. 59-105; Th. Pouillet, Essai médico-philosophique sur les formes, les causes, les signes, les conséquences et le traitement de l'onanisme chez la femme (Paris: Adrien Delahaye, 1876); Charles Mauriac, "Onanisme et excès vénériens," in Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, ed. Dr. Jaccoud (Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1879), pp. 494-539; Th. Pouillet, Psychopathie sexuelle. I. De l'onanisme chez la femme, 7th ed. (Paris: Vigot Frères, 1897); Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of the Mind (New York: Appleton, 1880); William A. Hammond, A Treatise on Insanity in Its Medical Relations (New York: Appleton, 1883), p. 667; W. R. Cowers, Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: William Wood, 1885), p. 25.
56. Fournier, De l'onanisme (n. 35), pp. 59-105; Th. Pouillet, Essai médico-philosophique sur les formes, les causes, les signes, les conséquences et le traitement de l'onanisme chez la femme (Paris: Adrien Delahaye, 1876); Charles Mauriac, "Onanisme et excès vénériens," in Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, ed. Dr. Jaccoud (Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1879), pp. 494-539; Th. Pouillet, Psychopathie sexuelle. I. De l'onanisme chez la femme, 7th ed. (Paris: Vigot Frères, 1897); Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of the Mind (New York: Appleton, 1880); William A. Hammond, A Treatise on Insanity in Its Medical Relations (New York: Appleton, 1883), p. 667; W. R. Cowers, Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: William Wood, 1885), p. 25.
57. For example, in a medical compendium, E. Hitzig rejected masturbation as a cause for cerebellar atrophy; Hermann Nothnagel discounted masturbation's import with regard to epilepsy; and Albert Eulenburg argued against the etiologic relevance of masturbation in progressive muscular atrophy: E. Hitzig, "Hypertrophy and Atrophy of the Brain," trans. H. Swanzy et al., in Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine, 21 vols., ed. Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen, American ed. Albert H. Buck (New York: William Wood and Co., 1874-81), 12: 846-48: Hermann Nothnagel, "Epilepsy and Eclampsia," trans. J. Haven Emerson, in ibid., 14: 203; Albert Eulenburg, "Vaso-motor and Trophic Neuroses," trans. David F. Lincoln, in ibid., 14: 113-14.
58. For example, in a medical compendium, E. Hitzig rejected masturbation as a cause for cerebellar atrophy; Hermann Nothnagel discounted masturbation's import with regard to epilepsy; and Albert Eulenburg argued against the etiologic relevance of masturbation in progressive muscular atrophy: E. Hitzig, "Hypertrophy and Atrophy of the Brain," trans. H. Swanzy et al., in Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine, 21 vols., ed. Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen, American ed. Albert H. Buck (New York: William Wood and Co., 1874-81), 12: 846-48: Hermann Nothnagel, "Epilepsy and Eclampsia," trans. J. Haven Emerson, in ibid., 14: 203; Albert Eulenburg, "Vaso-motor and Trophic Neuroses," trans. David F. Lincoln, in ibid., 14: 113-14.
59. For example, in a medical compendium, E. Hitzig rejected masturbation as a cause for cerebellar atrophy; Hermann Nothnagel discounted masturbation's import with regard to epilepsy; and Albert Eulenburg argued against the etiologic relevance of masturbation in progressive muscular atrophy: E. Hitzig, "Hypertrophy and Atrophy of the Brain," trans. H. Swanzy et al., in Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine, 21 vols., ed. Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen, American ed. Albert H. Buck (New York: William Wood and Co., 1874-81), 12: 846-48: Hermann Nothnagel, "Epilepsy and Eclampsia," trans. J. Haven Emerson, in ibid., 14: 203; Albert Eulenburg, "Vaso-motor and Trophic Neuroses," trans. David F. Lincoln, in ibid., 14: 113-14.
60. Emil Kraepelin, Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Aerzte, 5th ed. (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1896), p. 51.
61. Felix von Niemeyer, A Textbook of Practical Medicine: With Particular Reference to Physiology and Pathological Anatomy, trans. G. H. Humphreys and Charles Hachley (New York: Appleton, 1874), 2: 98-100.
62. Moritz Rosenthal, A Clinical Treatise on the Diseases of the Nervous System, trans. L. Putzel, 2 vols. (New York: William Wood, 1879), 2: 70.
63. Eulenburg, "Vaso-motor and Trophic Neuroses" (n. 37), 14: 386; Rosenthal, Clinical Treatise (n. 40), 2: 108.
64. Eulenburg, "Vaso-motor and Trophic Neuroses" (n. 37), 14: 386; Rosenthal, Clinical Treatise (n. 40), 2: 108.
65. Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen, "Chorea," trans. David F. Lincoln, in Cyclopaedia (n. 37), 14: 423.
66. Rosenthal, Clinical Treatise (n. 40), 2: 157.
67. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung Der Conträren Sexualempfindung: Eine Klinisch-Forensische Studie, 7th ed. (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1892), pp. 191-93.
68. Wilhelm Erb, "Diseases of the Spinal Cord and Medulla Oblongata," in Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine, ed. H. von Ziemssen, trans. H. Swanzy et al., 21 vols. (New York: William Wood, 1874-81), 13: 371; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis: Eine klinisch-forensische Studie (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1886); Ernst Adolph Gustav Gottfried Strümpell, A Textbook of Medicine for Students and Practitioners, trans. H. Vickery and P. Knapp (New York: Appleton, 1887), pp. 570-71, 767; Löwenfeld, Pathologie und Therapie (n. 12), pp. 68-69; Hermann Rohleder, Die Masturbation: Eine Monographie für Ärzte und Pädagogen (Berlin: H. Kornfeld, 1899), p. 163.
69. Wilhelm Erb, "Diseases of the Spinal Cord and Medulla Oblongata," in Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine, ed. H. von Ziemssen, trans. H. Swanzy et al., 21 vols. (New York: William Wood, 1874-81), 13: 371; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis: Eine klinisch-forensische Studie (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1886); Ernst Adolph Gustav Gottfried Strümpell, A Textbook of Medicine for Students and Practitioners, trans. H. Vickery and P. Knapp (New York: Appleton, 1887), pp. 570-71, 767; Löwenfeld, Pathologie und Therapie (n. 12), pp. 68-69; Hermann Rohleder, Die Masturbation: Eine Monographie für Ärzte und Pädagogen (Berlin: H. Kornfeld, 1899), p. 163.
70. Wilhelm Erb, "Diseases of the Spinal Cord and Medulla Oblongata," in Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine, ed. H. von Ziemssen, trans. H. Swanzy et al., 21 vols. (New York: William Wood, 1874-81), 13: 371; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis: Eine klinisch-forensische Studie (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1886); Ernst Adolph Gustav Gottfried Strümpell, A Textbook of Medicine for Students and Practitioners, trans. H. Vickery and P. Knapp (New York: Appleton, 1887), pp. 570-71, 767; Löwenfeld, Pathologie und Therapie (n. 12), pp. 68-69; Hermann Rohleder, Die Masturbation: Eine Monographie für Ärzte und Pädagogen (Berlin: H. Kornfeld, 1899), p. 163.
71. Wilhelm Erb, "Diseases of the Spinal Cord and Medulla Oblongata," in Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine, ed. H. von Ziemssen, trans. H. Swanzy et al., 21 vols. (New York: William Wood, 1874-81), 13: 371; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis: Eine klinisch-forensische Studie (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1886); Ernst Adolph Gustav Gottfried Strümpell, A Textbook of Medicine for Students and Practitioners, trans. H. Vickery and P. Knapp (New York: Appleton, 1887), pp. 570-71, 767; Löwenfeld, Pathologie und Therapie (n. 12), pp. 68-69; Hermann Rohleder, Die Masturbation: Eine Monographie für Ärzte und Pädagogen (Berlin: H. Kornfeld, 1899), p. 163.
72. Wilhelm Erb, "Diseases of the Spinal Cord and Medulla Oblongata," in Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine, ed. H. von Ziemssen, trans. H. Swanzy et al., 21 vols. (New York: William Wood, 1874-81), 13: 371; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis: Eine klinisch-forensische Studie (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1886); Ernst Adolph Gustav Gottfried Strümpell, A Textbook of Medicine for Students and Practitioners, trans. H. Vickery and P. Knapp (New York: Appleton, 1887), pp. 570-71, 767; Löwenfeld, Pathologie und Therapie (n. 12), pp. 68-69; Hermann Rohleder, Die Masturbation: Eine Monographie für Ärzte und Pädagogen (Berlin: H. Kornfeld, 1899), p. 163.
73. Niemeyer, Textbook of Practical Medicine (n. 39), pp. 100-101; Rosenthal, Clinical Treatise (n. 40), 2: 44; Strümpell, Textbook of Medicine (n. 45), p. 757; Löwenfeld, Pathologie und Therapie (n. 12), pp. 68-69.
74. Niemeyer, Textbook of Practical Medicine (n. 39), pp. 100-101; Rosenthal, Clinical Treatise (n. 40), 2: 44; Strümpell, Textbook of Medicine (n. 45), p. 757; Löwenfeld, Pathologie und Therapie (n. 12), pp. 68-69.
75. Niemeyer, Textbook of Practical Medicine (n. 39), pp. 100-101; Rosenthal, Clinical Treatise (n. 40), 2: 44; Strümpell, Textbook of Medicine (n. 45), p. 757; Löwenfeld, Pathologie und Therapie (n. 12), pp. 68-69.
76. Niemeyer, Textbook of Practical Medicine (n. 39), pp. 100-101; Rosenthal, Clinical Treatise (n. 40), 2: 44; Strümpell, Textbook of Medicine (n. 45), p. 757; Löwenfeld, Pathologie und Therapie (n. 12), pp. 68-69.
77. "Onanie," in Handwörterbuch der gesamten Medizin, ed. Albert Villaret (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1891), 2: 431.
78. See K. Codell Carter, "Infantile Hysteria and Infantile Sexuality in Late Nineteenth-Century German-Language Medical Literature," Med. Hist., 1983, 27: 186-96.
79. See Adolph Baginsky, Handbuch der Schulhygiene zum Gebrauche für Ärtze, Sanitätsbeamte, Lehrer, Schulvorstände und Techniker (Berlin: Denicke, 1877). On Baginsky and Freud, see Carlo Bonomi, "Why Have We Ignored Freud the Pediatrician? The Relevance of Freud's Pediatric Training for the Origins of Psychoanalysis," in One Hundred Years of Psychoanalysis: Contributions to the History of Psychoanalysis, ed. André Haynal and Ernst Falzeder (Geneva: Cahiers Psychiatriques Genevois et Institutions Universitaires de Psychiatrie de Genève, 1994), pp. 55-99.
80. See Adolph Baginsky, Handbuch der Schulhygiene zum Gebrauche für Ärtze, Sanitätsbeamte, Lehrer, Schulvorstände und Techniker (Berlin: Denicke, 1877). On Baginsky and Freud, see Carlo Bonomi, "Why Have We Ignored Freud the Pediatrician? The Relevance of Freud's Pediatric Training for the Origins of Psychoanalysis," in One Hundred Years of Psychoanalysis: Contributions to the History of Psychoanalysis, ed. André Haynal and Ernst Falzeder (Geneva: Cahiers Psychiatriques Genevois et Institutions Universitaires de Psychiatrie de Genève, 1994), pp. 55-99.
81. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis (n. 44), p. 187.
82. Mauriac, "Onanisme" (n. 36), p. 518; George Beard, Sexual Neurasthenia (Nervous Exhaustion): Its Hygiene, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: E. B. Treat, 1884), p. 120; Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis: (Pathological Manifestations of the Sexual Sense), with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct [1892], trans. C. G. Chaddock (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1895), pp. 150-53.
83. Mauriac, "Onanisme" (n. 36), p. 518; George Beard, Sexual Neurasthenia (Nervous Exhaustion): Its Hygiene, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: E. B. Treat, 1884), p. 120; Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis: (Pathological Manifestations of the Sexual Sense), with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct [1892], trans. C. G. Chaddock (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1895), pp. 150-53.
84. Mauriac, "Onanisme" (n. 36), p. 518; George Beard, Sexual Neurasthenia (Nervous Exhaustion): Its Hygiene, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: E. B. Treat, 1884), p. 120; Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis: (Pathological Manifestations of the Sexual Sense), with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct [1892], trans. C. G. Chaddock (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1895), pp. 150-53.
85. Iwan Bloch, The Sexual Life of Our Time, In Its Relations to Modern Civilization, trans. M. Eden Paul (London: Rebman, 1908), pp. 427, 634.
86. Freud-Fliess Letters, p. 274.
87. Ibid. For the German, see Sigmund Freud, Briefe An Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904 (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1986), p. 296. In this letter Freud seems to hold on to his notion of a "pseudo-heredity," by claiming that these early sexual experiences and later longing form a degenerative character (degenerative Charakter).
88. Ibid. For the German, see Sigmund Freud, Briefe An Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904 (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1986), p. 296. In this letter Freud seems to hold on to his notion of a "pseudo-heredity," by claiming that these early sexual experiences and later longing form a degenerative character (degenerative Charakter).
89. Freud-Fliese Letters, pp. 274-75; Freud, Briefe (n. 54), p. 296.
90. Freud-Fliese Letters, pp. 274-75; Freud, Briefe (n. 54), p. 296.
91. The Sigmund Freud Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Series B-28; © 1997 A. W. Freud et al., by permission of Mark Paterson and Associates.
92. Freud, "Further Remarks" (n. 17), p. 165.
93. Rohleder, Die Masturbation (n. 45), pp. 35, 170-71. The competing argument as to what distinguished masturbation from coitus was that masturbation, unlike coitus, could be easily engaged in excessively: see, for instance, Kraepelin, Psychiatrie (n. 38), pp. 50-51; Erb, "Diseases of the Spinal Cord" (n. 45), 13: 149.
94. Rohleder, Die Masturbation (n. 45), pp. 35, 170-71. The competing argument as to what distinguished masturbation from coitus was that masturbation, unlike coitus, could be easily engaged in excessively: see, for instance, Kraepelin, Psychiatrie (n. 38), pp. 50-51; Erb, "Diseases of the Spinal Cord" (n. 45), 13: 149.
95. Rohleder, Die Masturbation (n. 45), pp. 35, 170-71. The competing argument as to what distinguished masturbation from coitus was that masturbation, unlike coitus, could be easily engaged in excessively: see, for instance, Kraepelin, Psychiatrie (n. 38), pp. 50-51; Erb, "Diseases of the Spinal Cord" (n. 45), 13: 149.
96. Schrenck-Notzing, Therapeutic Suggestion (n. 51), pp. 15-16.
97. Ibid., pp. 152-53.
98. Albert Moll, Perversions of the Sex Instinct: A Study of Sexual Inversion Based on Clinical Data and Official Documents [1891], trans. Maurice Popkin (Newark: Julian Press, 1931), pp. 156-57.
99. Freud-Fliess Letters, p. 239; also see pp. 242, 247, 248, 250, 251.
100. Ibid., p. 279.
101. Ibid., p. 280. Masson's translation of this sentence is misleading. Freud wrote: "Daher etwa die Anästhesie der Frauen, die Rolle der Masturbation bei den zur Hysterie bestimmten Kindern und das Aufhören der Masturbation, wenn eine Hysterie daraus wird" (Freud, Briefe [n. 54], p. 304); hence he wrote not of children "predisposed" to hysteria, as Masson has it (which would imply a hereditarian disposition), but rather of children "destined" or "fated" to become hysterics. Furthermore, the last phrase indicates that the hysteria resulted from the cessation of masturbation, something that is hard to garner from Masson's text.
102. Ibid., p. 280. Masson's translation of this sentence is misleading. Freud wrote: "Daher etwa die Anästhesie der Frauen, die Rolle der Masturbation bei den zur Hysterie bestimmten Kindern und das Aufhören der Masturbation, wenn eine Hysterie daraus wird" (Freud, Briefe [n. 54], p. 304); hence he wrote not of children "predisposed" to hysteria, as Masson has it (which would imply a hereditarian disposition), but rather of children "destined" or "fated" to become hysterics. Furthermore, the last phrase indicates that the hysteria resulted from the cessation of masturbation, something that is hard to garner from Masson's text.
103. Freud-Fliess Letters, p. 286.
104. Ibid., p. 287.
105. As cited in Ilse Grubrirh-Simitis, Back to Freud's Texts: Making Silent Documents Speak, trans. Phillip Slotkin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 99; © 1997 A. W. Freud et al., reproduced by permission of Mark Paterson and Associates.
106. Freud-Fliess Letters, p. 297. See Gattel, Ueber die sexuellen Ursachen (n. 26), pp. 7, 57-58.
107. Freud-Fliess Letters, p. 297. See Gattel, Ueber die sexuellen Ursachen (n. 26), pp. 7, 57-58.
108. Sigmund Freud, "Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses" (1898), Standard Edition, 3: 259-85, see especially pp. 280-81.
109. Ibid., pp. 280-81.
110. Ibid., p. 270.
111. Freud-Fliess Letters, p. 314. Also see p. 324.
112. Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds, Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Vol. 1: Sexual Inversion (London: Wilson & MacMillan, 1897).
113. Freud-Fliess Letters, pp. 338-39. Lewis and Landis list a copy of this 1898 reprint in the holdings that were purchased by Columbia University: Nolan D. C. Lewis and Carney Landis, "Freud's Library," Psychoanal. Rev., 1957, 44: 327-54, #256 - but this reprint (along with 163 other items listed by Lewis and Landis) is apparently lost.
114. Freud-Fliess Letters, pp. 338-39. Lewis and Landis list a copy of this 1898 reprint in the holdings that were purchased by Columbia University: Nolan D. C. Lewis and Carney Landis, "Freud's Library," Psychoanal. Rev., 1957, 44: 327-54, #256 - but this reprint (along with 163 other items listed by Lewis and Landis) is apparently lost.
115. Havelock Ellis, "Hysteria in Relation to the Sexual Emotions," Alien. & Neurol., 1898, 19: 614. In the same paper, Ellis seemed ready to discount Freud's theory of a specific sexual etiology of hysteria, but in a footnote he admitted that "the recent investigation of Gattel ... has furnished striking evidence of the importance of the sexual factor in severe functional neurosis" (p. 614).
116. Havelock Ellis, "Auto-erotism: A Psychological Study," Alien. & Neurol., 1898, 19: 260.
117. Ibid., pp. 273-74.
118. Ibid., pp. 279-80.
119. Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex: The Evolution of Modesty, the Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity, Auto-eroticism (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1900), pp. 110-204.
120. Freud-Fliess Letters, p. 428. Freud reported reading Ellis's new volume at the same time that he was treating Ida Bauer ("Dora"), whose hysteria, as we shall see, he linked to autoerotism.
121. The article in question is annotated in one of Freud's characteristic manners: see Sander L. Gilman et al., Reading Freud's Reading (New York: New York University Press, 1994). More importantly, the actual annotations point to Freud, for, in contrast to numerous small annotations, one bold, prominent, blue "X" was flourished in the margin next to Ellis's one explicit reference to Sigmund Freud. If these are Freud's annotations, it is not unreasonable to think that they were made before he read Ellis's book in November 1900 - for if he had already read the first volume of Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex, why would he then read the older autoerotism article and annotate it? After all, this same article was reproduced and expanded upon in the book. Rather, it seems likely that Freud read this reprint sometime between January 1899 and 9 December 1899, when he first put forth a theory explicitly named "autoerotism." On questions of attribution in the Columbia Freud Archive, see David Bakan, "The Authenticity of the Freud Memorial Collection," J. Hist. Behav. Sci., 1975, 11: 365-67; Hans Lobner, "Some Additional Remarks on Freud's Library," Sigmund Freud House Bull., 1975, 1: 18-29; "Dr. Anna Freud on Visit to P and S, Recalls Past of Her Father's Books," P & S News, 1978, 23: 4.
122. The article in question is annotated in one of Freud's characteristic manners: see Sander L. Gilman et al., Reading Freud's Reading (New York: New York University Press, 1994). More importantly, the actual annotations point to Freud, for, in contrast to numerous small annotations, one bold, prominent, blue "X" was flourished in the margin next to Ellis's one explicit reference to Sigmund Freud. If these are Freud's annotations, it is not unreasonable to think that they were made before he read Ellis's book in November 1900 -for if he had already read the first volume of Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex, why would he then read the older autoerotism article and annotate it? After all, this same article was reproduced and expanded upon in the book. Rather, it seems likely that Freud read this reprint sometime between January 1899 and 9 December 1899, when he first put forth a theory explicitly named "autoerotism." On questions of attribution in the Columbia Freud Archive, see David Bakan, "The Authenticity of the Freud Memorial Collection," J. Hist. Behav. Sci., 1975, 11: 365-67; Hans Lobner, "Some Additional Remarks on Freud's Library," Sigmund Freud House Bull., 1975, 1: 18-29; "Dr. Anna Freud on Visit to P and S, Recalls Past of Her Father's Books," P & S News, 1978, 23: 4.
123. The article in question is annotated in one of Freud's characteristic manners: see Sander L. Gilman et al., Reading Freud's Reading (New York: New York University Press, 1994). More importantly, the actual annotations point to Freud, for, in contrast to numerous small annotations, one bold, prominent, blue "X" was flourished in the margin next to Ellis's one explicit reference to Sigmund Freud. If these are Freud's annotations, it is not unreasonable to think that they were made before he read Ellis's book in November 1900 - for if he had already read the first volume of Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex, why would he then read the older autoerotism article and annotate it? After all, this same article was reproduced and expanded upon in the book. Rather, it seems likely that Freud read this reprint sometime between January 1899 and 9 December 1899, when he first put forth a theory explicitly named "autoerotism." On questions of attribution in the Columbia Freud Archive, see David Bakan, "The Authenticity of the Freud Memorial Collection," J. Hist. Behav. Sci., 1975, 11: 365-67; Hans Lobner, "Some Additional Remarks on Freud's Library," Sigmund Freud House Bull., 1975, 1: 18-29; "Dr. Anna Freud on Visit to P and S, Recalls Past of Her Father's Books," P & S News, 1978, 23: 4.
124. The article in question is annotated in one of Freud's characteristic manners: see Sander L. Gilman et al., Reading Freud's Reading (New York: New York University Press, 1994). More importantly, the actual annotations point to Freud, for, in contrast to numerous small annotations, one bold, prominent, blue "X" was flourished in the margin next to Ellis's one explicit reference to Sigmund Freud. If these are Freud's annotations, it is not unreasonable to think that they were made before he read Ellis's book in November 1900 - for if he had already read the first volume of Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex, why would he then read the older autoerotism article and annotate it? After all, this same article was reproduced and expanded upon in the book. Rather, it seems likely that Freud read this reprint sometime between January 1899 and 9 December 1899, when he first put forth a theory explicitly named "autoerotism." On questions of attribution in the Columbia Freud Archive, see David Bakan, "The Authenticity of the Freud Memorial Collection," J. Hist. Behav. Sci., 1975, 11: 365-67; Hans Lobner, "Some Additional Remarks on Freud's Library," Sigmund Freud House Bull., 1975, 1: 18-29; "Dr. Anna Freud on Visit to P and S, Recalls Past of Her Father's Books," P & S News, 1978, 23: 4.
125. The article in question is annotated in one of Freud's characteristic manners: see Sander L. Gilman et al., Reading Freud's Reading (New York: New York University Press, 1994). More importantly, the actual annotations point to Freud, for, in contrast to numerous small annotations, one bold, prominent, blue "X" was flourished in the margin next to Ellis's one explicit reference to Sigmund Freud. If these are Freud's annotations, it is not unreasonable to think that they were made before he read Ellis's book in November 1900 - for if he had already read the first volume of Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex, why would he then read the older autoerotism article and annotate it? After all, this same article was reproduced and expanded upon in the book. Rather, it seems likely that Freud read this reprint sometime between January 1899 and 9 December 1899, when he first put forth a theory explicitly named "autoerotism." On questions of attribution in the Columbia Freud Archive, see David Bakan, "The Authenticity of the Freud Memorial Collection," J. Hist. Behav. Sci., 1975, 11: 365-67; Hans Lobner, "Some Additional Remarks on Freud's Library," Sigmund Freud House Bull., 1975, 1: 18-29; "Dr. Anna Freud on Visit to P and S, Recalls Past of Her Father's Books," P & S News, 1978, 23: 4.
126. Freud-Fliess Letters, p. 338. It should be noted here that Freud attributed these breakthroughs to his self-analysis; and without denying that as a possible other source of his understanding, I would here side with Malcolm MacMillan, who argues that it is dubious that Freud could have won such knowledge only from the analysis of his own dreams.
127. Instead, MacMillan argues that "theoretical requirements" led to Freud's "sudden realisation" of autoerotic impulses (Malcolm Macmillan, Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc [Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1991], pp. 286-87). I have attempted to delineate those theoretical considerations, and thereby to show that Freud's movement to the autoerotic was not so "sudden" when seen in the context of his almost-two-year engagement with masturbation as an etiologic agent.
128. Freud-Fliess Letters, p. 338.
129. Ibid., p. 390.
130. For example, see ibid., pp. 342, 345, 380.
131. Ibid., p. 390.
132. Ibid.
133. Ibid.
134. Ibid.
135. Fournier, De l'onanisme (n. 35), p. 11.
136. Rohleder, Die Masturbation (n. 45), p. 20.
137. See, for instance, Mauriac, "Onanisme" (n. 36), pp. 496-98. On this issue, see Vern Bullough and Martha Voght, "Homosexuality and Its Confusion with the 'Secret Sin' in Pre-Freudian America," J. Hist. Med., 1973, 28: 143-55.
138. See, for instance, Mauriac, "Onanisme" (n. 36), pp. 496-98. On this issue, see Vern Bullough and Martha Voght, "Homosexuality and Its Confusion with the 'Secret Sin' in Pre-Freudian America," J. Hist. Med., 1973, 28: 143-55.
139. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), in Standard Edition, 7: 123-254, see especially p. 181.
140. Sigmund Freud, Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (1905), in Standard Edition, 7: 1-122. The literature on the Dora case is vast, but relatively little of it is devoted to historical contextualization. The obvious exception is Hannah S. Decker, Freud, Dora, and Vienna, 1900 (New York: Free Press, 1991). For a review of recent publications on this case, see Jerry Jennings, "The Revival of 'Dora': Advances in Psychoanalytic Theory Technique," J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc., 1986, 34: 607-35. For an internal examination of the case, see Rachel Blass, "Did Dora Have an Oedipus Complex?" Psychoanal. Stud. Child, 1992, 47: 159- 87.
141. Sigmund Freud, Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (1905), in Standard Edition, 7: 1-122. The literature on the Dora case is vast, but relatively little of it is devoted to historical contextualization. The obvious exception is Hannah S. Decker, Freud, Dora, and Vienna, 1900 (New York: Free Press, 1991). For a review of recent publications on this case, see Jerry Jennings, "The Revival of 'Dora': Advances in Psychoanalytic Theory Technique," J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc., 1986, 34: 607-35. For an internal examination of the case, see Rachel Blass, "Did Dora Have an Oedipus Complex?" Psychoanal. Stud. Child, 1992, 47: 159- 87.
142. Sigmund Freud, Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (1905), in Standard Edition, 7: 1-122. The literature on the Dora case is vast, but relatively little of it is devoted to historical contextualization. The obvious exception is Hannah S. Decker, Freud, Dora, and Vienna, 1900 (New York: Free Press, 1991). For a review of recent publications on this case, see Jerry Jennings, "The Revival of 'Dora': Advances in Psychoanalytic Theory Technique," J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc., 1986, 34: 607-35. For an internal examination of the case, see Rachel Blass, "Did Dora Have an Oedipus Complex?" Psychoanal. Stud. Child, 1992, 47: 159- 87.
143. Sigmund Freud, Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (1905), in Standard Edition, 7: 1-122. The literature on the Dora case is vast, but relatively little of it is devoted to historical contextualization. The obvious exception is Hannah S. Decker, Freud, Dora, and Vienna, 1900 (New York: Free Press, 1991). For a review of recent publications on this case, see Jerry Jennings, "The Revival of 'Dora': Advances in Psychoanalytic Theory Technique," J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc., 1986, 34: 607-35. For an internal examination of the case, see Rachel Blass, "Did Dora Have an Oedipus Complex?" Psychoanal. Stud. Child, 1992, 47: 159-87.
144. On the issues surrounding the delayed publication of this case, see Decker, Freud, Dora, and Vienna (n. 94), pp. 146-49. I have assumed that the reported dialogue between Freud and Dora and the basic etiologic formulations stemming from that dialogue were written in 1901. I have attempted to make no such assumptions about the assertions and interpretations that are not specifically tied to interchanges reported in the text. Furthermore, I cannot account for the possibility that deletions may have substantially altered the context of events. As Swales has pointed out, a mystery in this regard is the relative unimportance of bisexuality as an etiologic element in the published case: Peter J. Swales, "Freud, Fliess, and Fratricide: The Role of Fliess in Freud's Conception of Paranoia," in Sigmund Freud: Critical Assessments, ed. Laurence Spurling (London: Routledge, 1989), p. 320.
145. On the issues surrounding the delayed publication of this case, see Decker, Freud, Dora, and Vienna (n. 94), pp. 146-49. I have assumed that the reported dialogue between Freud and Dora and the basic etiologic formulations stemming from that dialogue were written in 1901. I have attempted to make no such assumptions about the assertions and interpretations that are not specifically tied to interchanges reported in the text. Furthermore, I cannot account for the possibility that deletions may have substantially altered the context of events. As Swales has pointed out, a mystery in this regard is the relative unimportance of bisexuality as an etiologic element in the published case: Peter J. Swales, "Freud, Fliess, and Fratricide: The Role of Fliess in Freud's Conception of Paranoia," in Sigmund Freud: Critical Assessments, ed. Laurence Spurling (London: Routledge, 1989), p. 320.
146. For a more detailed reading of this case, see George J. Makari, "Dora's Hysteria and the Maturation of Sigmund Freud's Theory of Transference," J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc., 1997, 45: 1061-96.
147. Freud, Fragment (n. 94), pp. 26-27.
148. Ibid., p. 28.
149. Ibid., p. 27
150. In this reasoning, Freud was preceded by Henry Maudsley (1835-1918), who argued that insanity caused by self-abuse was frequently heralded by delusions of sexual seduction and that "patients of this class are apt to make unfounded charges of attempts upon their virtue" (Maudsley, Pathology of the Mind [n. 36], pp. 459-61, quotation on p. 461).
151. Freud, Fragment (n. 94), p. 51. Thumb sucking had been associated in medical discourse with both masturbation and infantile hysteria: see Carter, "Infantile Hysteria" (n. 48), pp. 186-96; Jonathan Gillis, "Bad Habits and Pernicious Results: Thumb Sucking and the Discipline of Late-Nineteenth-Century Paediatrics," Med. Hist., 1996, 40: 55-73.
152. Freud, Fragment (n. 94), p. 51. Thumb sucking had been associated in medical discourse with both masturbation and infantile hysteria: see Carter, "Infantile Hysteria" (n. 48), pp. 186-96; Jonathan Gillis, "Bad Habits and Pernicious Results: Thumb Sucking and the Discipline of Late-Nineteenth-Century Paediatrics," Med. Hist., 1996, 40: 55-73.
153. Freud, Fragment (n. 94), p. 51. Thumb sucking had been associated in medical discourse with both masturbation and infantile hysteria: see Carter, "Infantile Hysteria" (n. 48), pp. 186-96; Jonathan Gillis, "Bad Habits and Pernicious Results: Thumb Sucking and the Discipline of Late-Nineteenth-Century Paediatrics," Med. Hist., 1996, 40: 55-73.
154. Freud, Fragment (n. 94), pp. 78-80.
155. Ibid., p. 57.
156. This point has been made by Blass, "Did Dora Have an Oedipus Complex?" (n. 94).
157. In a footnote Freud added that such pathogenic reinforcement of Oedipal love could hypothetically come in three ways: from the spontaneous early appearance of genital sensations, "or as a result of seduction or masturbation" (Freud, Fragment [n. 94], p. 57).
158. Ibid., p. 76.
159. Ibid., pp. 77-78.
160. Ibid., p. 81.
161. Ibid., p. 82.
162. David Lynn, "Freud's Psychoanalysis of Albert Hirst," Bull. Hist. Med., 1997, 71: 74.
163. Freud, Three Essays (n. 93), pp. 173-94.
164. Ibid.
165. Sigmund Freud, "Contributions to a Discussion on Masturbation" (1912), Standard Edition, 12: 239-54.