Accepting external authority in peace-maintenance

Global Governance

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 107-122

  Adibe, Clement E ^a  

^a DEPAUL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032221415     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00401008     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Compare Jarat Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," Political Geography 15, no. 3/4 (March-April 1996): 335-357; William Pfaff, "A New Colonialism? Europe Must Go Back to Africa," Foreign Affairs 74, no. 1 (January-February 1995): 2-6; Ali A. Mazrui, "Decaying Parts of Africa Need Benign Colonization," International Herald Tribune, 4 August 1994, p. 6; Mazrui, "Pan-Africanism: From Poetry to Power," Issue 23, no. 1 (winter-spring 1995): 35-38.
2. Compare Jarat Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," Political Geography 15, no. 3/4 (March-April 1996): 335-357; William Pfaff, "A New Colonialism? Europe Must Go Back to Africa," Foreign Affairs 74, no. 1 (January-February 1995): 2-6; Ali A. Mazrui, "Decaying Parts of Africa Need Benign Colonization," International Herald Tribune, 4 August 1994, p. 6; Mazrui, "Pan-Africanism: From Poetry to Power," Issue 23, no. 1 (winter-spring 1995): 35-38.
3. Compare Jarat Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," Political Geography 15, no. 3/4 (March-April 1996): 335-357; William Pfaff, "A New Colonialism? Europe Must Go Back to Africa," Foreign Affairs 74, no. 1 (January-February 1995): 2-6; Ali A. Mazrui, "Decaying Parts of Africa Need Benign Colonization," International Herald Tribune, 4 August 1994, p. 6; Mazrui, "Pan-Africanism: From Poetry to Power," Issue 23, no. 1 (winter-spring 1995): 35-38.
4. Compare Jarat Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," Political Geography 15, no. 3/4 (March-April 1996): 335-357; William Pfaff, "A New Colonialism? Europe Must Go Back to Africa," Foreign Affairs 74, no. 1 (January-February 1995): 2-6; Ali A. Mazrui, "Decaying Parts of Africa Need Benign Colonization," International Herald Tribune, 4 August 1994, p. 6; Mazrui, "Pan-Africanism: From Poetry to Power," Issue 23, no. 1 (winter-spring 1995): 35-38.
5. See Kofi A. Annan, "Peace Operations and the United Nations: Preparing for the Next Century," New York, UN Department of Peace Keeping Operations, manuscript, 1996; Thomas G. Weiss, ed., "Beyond UN Subcontracting: Task-Sharing with Regional Security Arrangements and Service-Providing NGOs," Third World Quarterly 18, no. 3 (special issue, 1997).
6. See Kofi A. Annan, "Peace Operations and the United Nations: Preparing for the Next Century," New York, UN Department of Peace Keeping Operations, manuscript, 1996; Thomas G. Weiss, ed., "Beyond UN Subcontracting: Task-Sharing with Regional Security Arrangements and Service-Providing NGOs," Third World Quarterly 18, no. 3 (special issue, 1997).
7. See John Mackinlay and Jarat Chopra, "Second Generation Multinational Operations," The Washington Quarterly 15, no. 3 (summer 1992): 113-131; John Mackinlay, "Powerful Peacekeepers," Survival. 32, no. 3 (May-June 1990): 241-250; Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 337.
8. See John Mackinlay and Jarat Chopra, "Second Generation Multinational Operations," The Washington Quarterly 15, no. 3 (summer 1992): 113-131; John Mackinlay, "Powerful Peacekeepers," Survival. 32, no. 3 (May-June 1990): 241-250; Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 337.
9. See John Mackinlay and Jarat Chopra, "Second Generation Multinational Operations," The Washington Quarterly 15, no. 3 (summer 1992): 113-131; John Mackinlay, "Powerful Peacekeepers," Survival. 32, no. 3 (May-June 1990): 241-250; Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 337.
10. Compare Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1992); William J. Durch, ed., The Evolution of UN Peace-keeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995); and Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," pp. 335-337.
11. Compare Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1992); William J. Durch, ed., The Evolution of UN Peace-keeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995); and Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," pp. 335-337.
12. Compare Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1992); William J. Durch, ed., The Evolution of UN Peace-keeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995); and Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," pp. 335-337.
13. Compare Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1992); William J. Durch, ed., The Evolution of UN Peace-keeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995); and Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," pp. 335-337.
14. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 336.
15. I. William Zartman, "Introduction: Posing the Problem of State Collapse," in Zartman, Collapsed States, pp. 1-11.
16. Ibid., p. 1 (italics added).
17. Ibid., p. 5.
18. Indeed, the classic works of Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (circa 400 B.C.), and of Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (1650), which have influenced generations of thought in international politics, were studies of conflicts about the locus of authority in Greece and England, respectively. Similarly, the American civil war, the Russian revolutionary war, and the nationalist wars of Europe that produced the modern nation-state in the first place were essentially conflicts about authority. See Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of the National State in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), especially chap. 1-2, 4; Bernard Semmel, ed. Marxism and the Science of War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).
19. Indeed, the classic works of Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (circa 400 B.C.), and of Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (1650), which have influenced generations of thought in international politics, were studies of conflicts about the locus of authority in Greece and England, respectively. Similarly, the American civil war, the Russian revolutionary war, and the nationalist wars of Europe that produced the modern nation-state in the first place were essentially conflicts about authority. See Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of the National State in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), especially chap. 1-2, 4; Bernard Semmel, ed. Marxism and the Science of War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).
20. Indeed, the classic works of Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (circa 400 B.C.), and of Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (1650), which have influenced generations of thought in international politics, were studies of conflicts about the locus of authority in Greece and England, respectively. Similarly, the American civil war, the Russian revolutionary war, and the nationalist wars of Europe that produced the modern nation-state in the first place were essentially conflicts about authority. See Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of the National State in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), especially chap. 1-2, 4; Bernard Semmel, ed. Marxism and the Science of War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).
21. Indeed, the classic works of Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (circa 400 B.C.), and of Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (1650), which have influenced generations of thought in international politics, were studies of conflicts about the locus of authority in Greece and England, respectively. Similarly, the American civil war, the Russian revolutionary war, and the nationalist wars of Europe that produced the modern nation-state in the first place were essentially conflicts about authority. See Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of the National State in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), especially chap. 1-2, 4; Bernard Semmel, ed. Marxism and the Science of War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).
22. Ibn Khaldun, "Four Kinds of War," in Lawrence Freedman, ed., War (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 89-90.
23. David Easton, A Framework for Political Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), p. 50.
24. Ibid., p. 96 (italics added).
25. See Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, part VI.
26. For useful discussions and analyses, see: William J. Durch, "Introduction," in Durch, The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping, pp. 1-4; Michael Howard, "The Historical Development of the UN's Role in International Security," in Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, eds., United Nations, Divided World, 2d ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), pp. 63-80; Thomas G. Weiss and Jarat Chopra, United Nations Peacekeeping: An ACUNS Teaching Text (Hanover, N.H.: Academic Council on the United Nations System, 1992).
27. For useful discussions and analyses, see: William J. Durch, "Introduction," in Durch, The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping, pp. 1-4; Michael Howard, "The Historical Development of the UN's Role in International Security," in Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, eds., United Nations, Divided World, 2d ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), pp. 63-80; Thomas G. Weiss and Jarat Chopra, United Nations Peacekeeping: An ACUNS Teaching Text (Hanover, N.H.: Academic Council on the United Nations System, 1992).
28. For useful discussions and analyses, see: William J. Durch, "Introduction," in Durch, The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping, pp. 1-4; Michael Howard, "The Historical Development of the UN's Role in International Security," in Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, eds., United Nations, Divided World, 2d ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), pp. 63-80; Thomas G. Weiss and Jarat Chopra, United Nations Peacekeeping: An ACUNS Teaching Text (Hanover, N.H.: Academic Council on the United Nations System, 1992).
29. Walter Clarke and Robert Gosende, "The Political Component: The Missing Vital Element in US Intervention Planning," Parameters 26, no. 3 (autumn 1996): 42. See also Christopher Brady and Sam Daws, "UN Operations: The Political-Military Interface," International Peacekeeping 1, no. 1 (spring 1994): 64-65.
30. Walter Clarke and Robert Gosende, "The Political Component: The Missing Vital Element in US Intervention Planning," Parameters 26, no. 3 (autumn 1996): 42. See also Christopher Brady and Sam Daws, "UN Operations: The Political-Military Interface," International Peacekeeping 1, no. 1 (spring 1994): 64-65.
31. Howard, "The Historical Development of the UN's Role in International Security," p. 68.
32. For further discussions of systemic challenges, see Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
33. Howard, "The Historical Development of the UN's Role in International Security," pp. 68-69.
34. Ibid., p. 69 (italics added).
35. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 337.
36. For a detailed survey of the operations during this period, see Alan James, Peacekeeping in International Politics (London: Macmillan Press, 1990); compare 2d ed. and 3d ed. of UN, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1990, 1996).
37. For a detailed survey of the operations during this period, see Alan James, Peacekeeping in International Politics (London: Macmillan Press, 1990); compare 2d ed. and 3d ed. of UN, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1990, 1996).
38. William J. Durch, "The UN Operation in the Congo: 1960-1964," in Durch, The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping, p. 316.
39. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 337.
40. Ibid., p. 338.
41. Ibid.
42. See Thomas G. Weiss, David P. Forsythe, and Roger A. Coate, The United Nations and Changing World Politics (Boulder: Westview, 1997), especially chap. 4; Antonio Donini, "The Bureaucracy and Free Spirits: Stagnation and Innovation in the Relationship Between the UN and NGOs," in Thomas G. Weiss and Leon Gordenker, eds., NGOs, the UN and Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996), pp. 83-101;
43. See Thomas G. Weiss, David P. Forsythe, and Roger A. Coate, The United Nations and Changing World Politics (Boulder: Westview, 1997), especially chap. 4; Antonio Donini, "The Bureaucracy and Free Spirits: Stagnation and Innovation in the Relationship Between the UN and NGOs," in Thomas G. Weiss and Leon Gordenker, eds., NGOs, the UN and Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996), pp. 83-101;
44. Brian Urquhart and Erskine Childers, "Towards a More Effective United Nations," Development Dialogue 1-2 (1991): 1-96. See most recently Secretary-General Kofi Annan's proposals in "Renewing the United Nations: Programme for Reform," UN Doc. A/51/1950 of 16 July 1997.
45. Brian Urquhart and Erskine Childers, "Towards a More Effective United Nations," Development Dialogue 1-2 (1991): 1-96. See most recently Secretary-General Kofi Annan's proposals in "Renewing the United Nations: Programme for Reform," UN Doc. A/51/1950 of 16 July 1997.
46. Jeane Kirkpatrick, "The United Nations as a Political System: A Practicing Political Scientist's Insights into U.N. Politics," World Affairs 146, no. 4 (spring 1984): 358-364.
47. As I see it, this was the lost message of Boutros-Ghali's manifesto in An Agenda for Peace. He tried, perhaps belatedly, to restate it in his Agenda for Development. For details, see his Building Peace and Development (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1994); Clarke and Gosende, "The Political Component," especially pp. 40-49; critically compare the three parts on international peace and security, human rights and humanitarian affairs, and building peace through sustainable development in Weiss et al., The United Nations and Changing World Politics.
48. As I see it, this was the lost message of Boutros-Ghali's manifesto in An Agenda for Peace. He tried, perhaps belatedly, to restate it in his Agenda for Development. For details, see his Building Peace and Development (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1994); Clarke and Gosende, "The Political Component," especially pp. 40-49; critically compare the three parts on international peace and security, human rights and humanitarian affairs, and building peace through sustainable development in Weiss et al., The United Nations and Changing World Politics.
49. As I see it, this was the lost message of Boutros-Ghali's manifesto in An Agenda for Peace. He tried, perhaps belatedly, to restate it in his Agenda for Development. For details, see his Building Peace and Development (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1994); Clarke and Gosende, "The Political Component," especially pp. 40-49; critically compare the three parts on international peace and security, human rights and humanitarian affairs, and building peace through sustainable development in Weiss et al., The United Nations and Changing World Politics.
50. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 339.
51. Chopra argues elsewhere that peace-maintenance is indeed "the last stage of development." See Jarat Chopra, "Peace-Maintenance: The Last Stage of Development," Global Society 11, no. 2 (May 1997): 185-204.
52. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 339.
53. Annan, "Peace Operations and the United Nations," p. 1 (italics added).
54. See Thomas G. Weiss, "The End of Appeasement in Bosnia?" Providence Journal Bulletin, 12 March 1994, p. A12; Peter Hammond, Holocaust in Rwanda (Capetown, South Africa: Frontline Fellowship, 1996); Issue: A Journal of Opinion 23, no. 2 (special volume, summer 1995).
55. See Thomas G. Weiss, "The End of Appeasement in Bosnia?" Providence Journal Bulletin, 12 March 1994, p. A12; Peter Hammond, Holocaust in Rwanda (Capetown, South Africa: Frontline Fellowship, 1996); Issue: A Journal of Opinion 23, no. 2 (special volume, summer 1995).
56. See Thomas G. Weiss, "The End of Appeasement in Bosnia?" Providence Journal Bulletin, 12 March 1994, p. A12; Peter Hammond, Holocaust in Rwanda (Capetown, South Africa: Frontline Fellowship, 1996); Issue: A Journal of Opinion 23, no. 2 (special volume, summer 1995).
57. See Annan, "Peace Operations and the United Nations," especially pp. 14-27; Thomas Weiss, "Triage: Humanitarian Interventions in a New Era," World Policy Journal 11, no. 1 (spring 1994): 59-68; Edward Marks and William Lewis, eds., Triage for Failing States, McNair Paper, no. 26, (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University, January 1994).
58. See Annan, "Peace Operations and the United Nations," especially pp. 14-27; Thomas Weiss, "Triage: Humanitarian Interventions in a New Era," World Policy Journal 11, no. 1 (spring 1994): 59-68; Edward Marks and William Lewis, eds., Triage for Failing States, McNair Paper, no. 26, (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University, January 1994).
59. See Annan, "Peace Operations and the United Nations," especially pp. 14-27; Thomas Weiss, "Triage: Humanitarian Interventions in a New Era," World Policy Journal 11, no. 1 (spring 1994): 59-68; Edward Marks and William Lewis, eds., Triage for Failing States, McNair Paper, no. 26, (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University, January 1994).
60. Annan, "Peace Operations and the United Nations," p. 2.
61. For a penetratingly critical analysis of African and Central European case studies, see Julius O. Ihonvbere, "Beyond Warlords and Clans: The African Crisis and the Somali Situation," International Third World Studies Journal and Review 6 (1994): 7-19; David Binder, "Anatomy of a Massacre," Foreign Policy, no. 97 (winter 1994/95): 70-78.
62. For a penetratingly critical analysis of African and Central European case studies, see Julius O. Ihonvbere, "Beyond Warlords and Clans: The African Crisis and the Somali Situation," International Third World Studies Journal and Review 6 (1994): 7-19; David Binder, "Anatomy of a Massacre," Foreign Policy, no. 97 (winter 1994/95): 70-78.
63. This is the thrust of the arguments in Pfaff, "A New Colonialism," and Mazrui, "Decaying Parts of Africa Need Benign Colonization." For a critique of this position, see Timothy M. Shaw and Clement E. Adibe, "Africa and Global Developments in the Twenty-First Century," International Journal 51, no. 1 (winter 1995/96): 1-26.
64. This is the thrust of the arguments in Pfaff, "A New Colonialism," and Mazrui, "Decaying Parts of Africa Need Benign Colonization." For a critique of this position, see Timothy M. Shaw and Clement E. Adibe, "Africa and Global Developments in the Twenty-First Century," International Journal 51, no. 1 (winter 1995/96): 1-26.
65. This is the thrust of the arguments in Pfaff, "A New Colonialism," and Mazrui, "Decaying Parts of Africa Need Benign Colonization." For a critique of this position, see Timothy M. Shaw and Clement E. Adibe, "Africa and Global Developments in the Twenty-First Century," International Journal 51, no. 1 (winter 1995/96): 1-26.
66. Easton, A Framework for Political Analysis, p. 50 (italics added).
67. Ibid., p. 50.
68. For further details, see Clement E. Adibe, Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Somalia (Geneva: UNIDIR, 1995), chap. 4; F.M. Lorenz, "Law and Anarchy in Somalia," Parameters 23, no. 4 (winter 1993/94), especially p. 40, note 3.
69. For further details, see Clement E. Adibe, Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Somalia (Geneva: UNIDIR, 1995), chap. 4; F.M. Lorenz, "Law and Anarchy in Somalia," Parameters 23, no. 4 (winter 1993/94), especially p. 40, note 3.
70. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 339.
71. Annan, "Peace Operations and the United Nations," p. 12 (italics added).
72. Easton, A Framework for Political Analysis, p. 50.
73. Compare Mackinlay and Chopra, "Second Generation Multinational Operations," pp. 113-131; Brian Urquhart, "Beyond the 'Sheriff's Posse'," Survival 32, no. 3 (May-June 1990): 196-205; Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," especially pp. 337-357.
74. Compare Mackinlay and Chopra, "Second Generation Multinational Operations," pp. 113-131; Brian Urquhart, "Beyond the 'Sheriff's Posse'," Survival 32, no. 3 (May-June 1990): 196-205; Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," especially pp. 337-357.
75. Compare Mackinlay and Chopra, "Second Generation Multinational Operations," pp. 113-131; Brian Urquhart, "Beyond the 'Sheriff's Posse'," Survival 32, no. 3 (May-June 1990): 196-205; Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," especially pp. 337-357.
76. Gen. Bruno Loi, interview by author. Geneva, Switzerland, 29 March 1995.
77. Lorenz, "Law and Anarchy in Somalia," pp. 27-41.
78. Significantly enough, the Canadian government dissolved the Airborne Regiment that produced the "rogue" soldiers, and conducted a large-scale public judicial inquiry into the training and military doctrine of the armed forces, and into a high-level cover-up: see the five-volume report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia, Dishonoured Legacy: The Lessons of the Somalia Affair (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1997).
79. For in-depth historical and comparative analysis, see Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966).
80. See especially Donald Rothchild, "Rawlings and the Engineering of Legitimacy in Ghana," in Zartman, Collapsed States, chap. 4; I. William Zartman, "Putting Things Back Together," in Zartman, Collapsed States, chap. 17. John Stremlau would argue quite strongly that "opening political space" is an "antidote to anarchy." See John Stremlau, "Antidote to Anarchy," The Washington Quarterly 18, no. 1 (winter 1995): 29-44.
81. See especially Donald Rothchild, "Rawlings and the Engineering of Legitimacy in Ghana," in Zartman, Collapsed States, chap. 4; I. William Zartman, "Putting Things Back Together," in Zartman, Collapsed States, chap. 17. John Stremlau would argue quite strongly that "opening political space" is an "antidote to anarchy." See John Stremlau, "Antidote to Anarchy," The Washington Quarterly 18, no. 1 (winter 1995): 29-44.
82. See especially Donald Rothchild, "Rawlings and the Engineering of Legitimacy in Ghana," in Zartman, Collapsed States, chap. 4; I. William Zartman, "Putting Things Back Together," in Zartman, Collapsed States, chap. 17. John Stremlau would argue quite strongly that "opening political space" is an "antidote to anarchy." See John Stremlau, "Antidote to Anarchy," The Washington Quarterly 18, no. 1 (winter 1995): 29-44.
83. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," pp. 340-341.
84. Ibid., p. 341 (italics added).
85. Clarke and Gosende, "The Political Component," pp. 43-44 (italics added).
86. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 342. For further details, see Jarat Chopra and Thomas G. Weiss, "Sovereignty is no Longer Sacrosanct: Codifying Humanitarian Intervention," Ethics and International Affairs 6 (1992): 95-117.
87. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 342. For further details, see Jarat Chopra and Thomas G. Weiss, "Sovereignty is no Longer Sacrosanct: Codifying Humanitarian Intervention," Ethics and International Affairs 6 (1992): 95-117.
88. Compare Robert Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., eds., Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972); Raymond Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises (New York: Basic Books, 1971); and Keohane and Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977); Keohane, After Hegemony (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984).
89. Compare Robert Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., eds., Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972); Raymond Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises (New York: Basic Books, 1971); and Keohane and Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977); Keohane, After Hegemony (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984).
90. Compare Robert Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., eds., Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972); Raymond Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises (New York: Basic Books, 1971); and Keohane and Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977); Keohane, After Hegemony (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984).
91. Compare Robert Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., eds., Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972); Raymond Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises (New York: Basic Books, 1971); and Keohane and Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977); Keohane, After Hegemony (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984).
92. See Thomas G. Weiss, "Intervention: Whither the United Nations?" The Washington Quarterly 17, no. 1 (winter 1994): especially 119-124.