Role of gravity in the development of posture and locomotion in the neonatal rat

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 28, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 35-43

  Clarac, François ^a   Vinay, Laurent ^a   Cazalets, Jean René ^a   Fady, Jean Claude ^a   Jamon, Marc ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Descending pathway; Gravity; Locomotion; Posture; Spinal network

Indexed keywords

EXCITATORY AMINO ACID; LEVODOPA; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN;

BODY POSTURE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; GRAVITY; LOCOMOTION; MICROGRAVITY; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORY SYSTEM; SPINAL CORD; VESTIBULAR SYSTEM;

NON-PROGRAMMATIC;

AGING; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, NEWBORN; GRAVITATION; MOTOR ACTIVITY; POSTURE; RATS;

EID: 0032213721     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00024-1     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. [1] J. Altman, S.A. Bayer, Development of the brainstem in the rat: III. Thymidine-radiographic study of the rime or origin of neurons of the vestibular and auditory nuclei of the upper medulla, J. Comp. Neurol. 194 (1980) 877-904.
2. [2] J. Altman, K. Sudarshan, Postnatal development of locomotion in the laboratory rat, Anim. Behav. 23 (1975) 896-920.
3. [3] M. Anniko, Embryonic development of vestibular sense organs and their innervation, in: R. Romand (Ed.), Development of Auditory and Vestibular Systems, Academic Press, New York, 1983, pp. 375-423.
4. [4] Y. Atsuta, E. Garcia-Rill, R.D. Skinner, Electrically induced locomotion in the in vitro brainstem spinal cord preparation, Dev. Brain Res. 42 (1988) 309-312.
5. [5] Y. Atsuta, E. Garcia-Rill, R.D. Skinner, Characteristics of electrically induced locomotion in rat in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation, J. Neurophysiol. 64 (1990) 727-735.
6. [6] A. Bekoff, B. Lau, Interlimb coordination in 20-day-old rat fetuses, J. Exp. Zool. 214 (1980) 173-175.
7. [7] A. Bekoff, W. Trainer, The development of interlimb coordination during swimming in postnatal rats, J. Exp. Biol. 83 (1979) 1-11.
8. [8] A. Berthoz, W. Graf, P.P. Vidal, The head-neck sensory motor system, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1992, 748 pp.
9. [9] F. Brocard, F. Clarac, L. Vinay, What is the contribution of the development of ventral descending pathways to the ontogeny of motor activities in the neonatal rat?, Soc. Neurosci. 23 (1997) 1044.
10. [10] J.R. Cazalets, I. Menard, J. Cremieux, F. Clarac, Variability as a characteristic of immature motor systems: an electromyographic study of swimming in the newborn rat, Behav. Brain Res. 40 (1990) 215-225.
11. [11] J.R. Cazalets, Y. Sqalli-Houssaini, F. Clarac, Activation of the central pattern generators for locomotion by serotonin and excitatory amino-acids in neonatal rats, J. Physiol. (London) 455 (1992) 187-204.
12. [12] J.R. Cazalets, M. Borde, F. Clarac, Localization and organization of the central pattern generator for hindlimb locomotion in newborn rat, J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 4943-4951.
13. [13] J.R. Cazalets, M. Borde, F. Clarac, The synaptic drive from the spinal locomotor network to motoneurons in the newborn rat, J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 298-306.
14. [14] O. Deguine, C. Chappert, C. Fonta, M. Imbert, Prenatal lesioning of vestibular organ by aminoglycosides, NeuroReport 7 (15-17) (1996) 2435-2438.
15. [15] J.C. Fentress, Emergence of pattern in the development of mammalian movement sequences, J. Neurobiol. 23 (10) (1992) 1529-1556.
16. [16] M.K. Floeter, A. Lev-Tov, Excitation of lumbar motoneurons by the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the in vitro brainstem spinal cord preparation of the neonatal rat, J. Neurophysiol. 70 (1993) 2241-2250.
17. [17] B.P. Fulton, F. Miledi, T. Takahashi, Electrical synapses between motoneurons in the spinal cord of the newborn rat, Proc. R. Soc. London (Biol.) 208 (1980) 115-120.
18. [18] H.C. Geisler, A. Gramsbergen, The EMG development of the longissimus and multifidus muscles after plugging the horizontal semicircular canals, J. Vestibular Res., in press.
19. [19] H.C. Geisler, I.B.M. Van der Fits, A. Gramsbergen, The effects of early vestibular deprivation on the motor development in the rat, Behav. Brain Res. 86 (1997) 89-96.
20. [20] H.C. Geisler, J. Westerga, A. Gramsbergen, Development of posture in the rat, Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 53 (1993) 517-523.
21. [21] H.C. Geisler, J. Westerga, A. Gramsbergen, The function of the long back muscles during postural development in the rat, Behav. Brain Res. 80 (1996) 211-215.
22. [22] S. Grillner, Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods and fish, in: V.B. Brooks (Ed.), Handbook of Physiology, Section 1, Vol. II, Amer. Physiol. Soc. Publisher, 1981, pp. 1179-1236.
23. [23] S. Grillner, Neurobiological bases of rhythmic motor acts in vertebrates, Science 228 (1985) 143-149.
24. [24] C.M. Henley, L.P. Rybak, Developmental ototoxicity, Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 26 (1993) 857-871.
25. [25] M. Jacobson, Developmental neurobiology, Plenum, New York, 1991, 776 pp.
26. [26] C.E. Jahr, K. Yoshioka, Ia afferent excitation of motoneurones in the in vitro newborn rat spinal cord is selectively antagonized by kynurenate, J. Physiol. (London) 370 (1986) 515-530.
27. [27] O. Kjaerulff, O. Kiehn, Distribution of networks generating and coordinating locomotor activity in the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro: a lesion study, J. Neurosci. 16 (18) (1996) 5777-5794.
28. [28] N. Kudo, T. Yamada, Development of the monosynaptic stretch reflex in the rat: an in vitro study, J. Physiol. (London) 369 (1985) 126-144.
29. [29] N. Kudo, T. Yamada, N-methyl-D,L-aspartate-induced locomotor activity in a spinal cord-hindlimb muscles preparation of the newborn rat studied in vitro, Neurosci. Lett. 75 (1987) 43-48.
30. [30] N. Kudo, T. Yamada, Morphological and physiological studies of development of the monosynaptic reflex pathway in the rat lumbar spinal cord, J. Physiol. 389 (1987) 441-459.
31. [31] N. Kudo, F. Furukawa, N. Okado, Development of descending fibers to the rat embryonic spinal cord, Neurosci. Res. 16 (1993) 131-141.
32. [32] N. Kudo, S. Ozaki, T. Yamada, Ontogeny of rhythmic activity in the spinal cord of the rat, in: M. Shimamura, S. Grillner, V. Edgerton (Eds.), Neurobiological Basis of Human Locomotion, Japanese Science Society, Tokyo, 1991, pp. 126-137.
33. [33] M. Leon, Plasticity of olfactory output circuits related to early olfactory learning, TINS 10 (10) (1987) 434-438.
34. [34] M. Leon, Neuroethology of olfactory preference development, J. Neurobiol. 23 (10) (1992) 1557-1573.
35. [35] L. Marlier, J.R. Teilhac, C. Cerruti, A. Privat, Autoradiographic mapping of 5-HT1, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2 receptors in the rat spinal cord, Brain Res. 550 (1991) 15-23.
36. [36] J. Massion, Movement, posture and equilibrium: interaction and coordination, Prog. Neurobiol. 38 (1992) 35-56.
37. [37] J. Massion, Postural control system, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 4 (1994) 877-887.
38. [38] M.L. McEwen, C.V. Hartesveldt, D.J. Stehouver, A kinematic comparison of L-Dopa-induced air-stepping and swimming in developing rats, Dev. Psychobiol. 30 (1997) 313-327.
39. [39] A.E. McRea, D.J. Stehouwer, C. Van Hartesveldt, L-DOPA-induced air-stepping in preweanling rats: I. Effects of dose and age, Dev. Brain Res. 82 (1994) 136-142.
40. [40] H. Myoga, S. Nonaka, K. Matsuyama, S. Mori, Postnatal development of locomotor movements in normal and para-chlorophenylalanine-treated newborn rats, Neurosci. Res. 21 (1995) 211-221.
41. [41] N. Rajaofetra, P. Poulat, L. Marlier, M. Geffard, A. Privat, Pre-and postnatal development of noradrenergic projections to the rat spinal cord, Dev. Brain Res. 67 (1992) 236-246.
42. [42] S. Schapiro, M. Salas, K. Vukovich, Hormonal effects on ontogeny of swimming ability in rat: assessment of central nervous system development, Science 168 (1970) 147-151.
43. [43] B.S. Seebach, L. Ziskind-Conhaim, Formation of transient inappropriate sensorimotor synapses in developing rat spinal cords, J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 4520-4528.
44. [44] Y. Sqalli-Houssaini, J.R. Cazalets, F. Clarac, Oscillatory properties of the central pattern generator for locomotion in neonatal rats, J. Neurophysiol. 70 (1993) 803-813.
45. [45] D.J. Stehouwer, A.E. McCrea, C. Van Hartesveldt, L-Dopa-induced air stepping in preweanling rats: II. Kinematic analyses, Dev. Brain Res. 82 (1994) 143-151.
46. [46] H. Tanaka, S. Mori, H. Kimura, Developmental changes in the serotoninergic innervation of hindlimb extensor motoneurons in neonatal rat, Dev. Brain Res. 65 (1992) 1-12.
47. [47] J. Westerga, A. Gramsbergen, The development of locomotion in the rat, Dev. Brain Res. 57 (1990) 163-174.
48. [48] L. Vinay, F. Clarac, Inhibition of the lumbar monosynaptic reflex and antidromic discharges of dorsal root afferents in the neonatal rat, Nueroscience, in press.
49. [49] M. Jamon, F. Clarac, Early walking in the neonatal rat, A kinematic study, Behav. Neurosci., in press.