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The Drosophila clock gene double-time encodes a protein closely related to human casein kinase Iε
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of special interest Kloss B, Price JL, Saez L, Blau J, Rothenfluh A, Wesley CS, Young MW. The Drosophila clock gene double-time encodes a protein closely related to human casein kinase Iε Cell. 94:1998;97-107 This paper reports the cloning of the double-time (dbt) gene, which encodes the homolog of human casein kinase Iε. Spatially, dbt RNA is expressed in a similar pattern as per transcripts. However, dbt transcripts, unlike those of per and tim, do not cycle.
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of special interest. Surprisingly, this paper is the first to document the expression pattern of per in larval CNS. The study revealed novel properties of clock gene regulation, such as differences in the spatial expression patterns of the per and tim genes, as well as cycling of PER and TIM in one neuronal cluster that occurs in antiphase to such rpotein oscillations in other clusters. In subsets of the neurons (LNs) that express these two genes, cyclical PER expression persists from the first instar larvae onward. This sugests that they are involved in the 'larval time memory', which can be tapped into to control the phase of periodic adult-emergence or of rhythmic fly behavior, several days after a larva is given a clock-resetting light stimulus (cf. [48-50]).
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of special interest Kaneko M, Helfrich-Förster C, Hall JC. Spatial and temporal expression of the period and timeless genes in the developing nervous system of Drosophila: newly identified pacemaker candidates and novel features of clock-gene product cycling. J Neurosci. 17:1997;6745-6760 Surprisingly, this paper is the first to document the expression pattern of per in larval CNS. The study revealed novel properties of clock gene regulation, such as differences in the spatial expression patterns of the per and tim genes, as well as cycling of PER and TIM in one neuronal cluster that occurs in antiphase to such rpotein oscillations in other clusters. In subsets of the neurons (LNs) that express these two genes, cyclical PER expression persists from the first instar larvae onward. This sugests that they are involved in the 'larval time memory', which can be tapped into to control the phase of periodic adult-emergence or of rhythmic fly behavior, several days after a larva is given a clock-resetting light stimulus (cf. [48-50]).
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Kaneko, M.1
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43
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Double-time is a novel Drosophila clock gene that regulates PERIOD protein accumulation
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of special interest. Behavioral and molecular characterization of short-period, long-period, and a nearly-null mutations of a new clock gene called double-time (dbt). The mutation that eliminates most of the expression of double-time, a homolog of human casein kinase Iε. causes pupal lethality; therefore, larval CNS (cf. [42]) was used for molecular characterizations of this mutant. In such larvae, hypophosphorylated PER is supposed to be stable and accumulates in cells that do not express the protein at a high level in wild type. This observation suggests that dbt-mediatd phosphorylation of PER (cf. [40]) 'targets' it for degradation.
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of special interest Price JL, Blau J, Rothenfluh A, Abodeely M, Kloss B, Young MW. double-time is a novel Drosophila clock gene that regulates PERIOD protein accumulation. Cell. 94:1998;83-95 Behavioral and molecular characterization of short-period, long-period, and a nearly-null mutations of a new clock gene called double-time (dbt). The mutation that eliminates most of the expression of double-time, a homolog of human casein kinase Iε. causes pupal lethality; therefore, larval CNS (cf. [42]) was used for molecular characterizations of this mutant. In such larvae, hypophosphorylated PER is supposed to be stable and accumulates in cells that do not express the protein at a high level in wild type. This observation suggests that dbt-mediatd phosphorylation of PER (cf. [40]) 'targets' it for degradation.
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Price, J.L.1
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Kloss, B.5
Young, M.W.6
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44
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0031012161
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Temporal and spatial expression patterns of transgenes containing increasing amounts of the Drosophila clock gene period and a lacZ reporter: Mapping elements of the PER protein involved in circadian cycling
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of special interest. Three per - lacZ fusion gene constructs were compared with respect to the manner in which they can control temporal and spatial expression patterns within the CNS and peripheral nervous system, as well as behavioral circadian rhythms. Different elements within PER were found to be responsible for molecular oscillations and behavior function. This report also provides good documentation of these widely applied reporter - gene constructs, especially in terms of per - lacZ fusion genes that mediate β-galactosidase (β-gal) cycling and others that do not (owing to too little PER being present for instability, leading to very slow β - gal turnover).
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of special interest Stanewsky R, Frisch B, Brandes C, Hamblen-Coyle MJ, Rosbash M, Hall JC. Temporal and spatial expression patterns of transgenes containing increasing amounts of the Drosophila clock gene period and a lacZ reporter: mapping elements of the PER protein involved in circadian cycling. J Neurosci. 17:1997;676-696 Three per - lacZ fusion gene constructs were compared with respect to the manner in which they can control temporal and spatial expression patterns within the CNS and peripheral nervous system, as well as behavioral circadian rhythms. Different elements within PER were found to be responsible for molecular oscillations and behavior function. This report also provides good documentation of these widely applied reporter - gene constructs, especially in terms of per - lacZ fusion genes that mediate β-galactosidase (β-gal) cycling and others that do not (owing to too little PER being present for instability, leading to very slow β - gal turnover).
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45
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Dembinska ME, Stanewsky R, Hall JC, Rosbash M. Circadian cycling of a PERIOD-β-galactosidase fusion protein in Drosophila: evidence for cyclical degradation. J Biol Rhythms. 12:1997;157-172.
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