Treatment of breast cancer

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 339, Issue 14, 1998, Pages 974-984

  Hortobagyi, Gabriel N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANASTROZOLE; ANDROGEN; ANTIESTROGEN; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; GEMCITABINE; GESTAGEN; LETROZOLE; LOSOXANTRONE; METHOTREXATE; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; PAMIDRONIC ACID; TAMOXIFEN; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; VOROZOLE;

AXILLARY LYMPH NODE; BONE METASTASIS; BREAST BIOPSY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; MAMMOGRAPHY; MASTECTOMY; METASTASIS; ONCOGENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; PALLIATIVE CARE; TAMOXIFEN;

EID: 0032189117     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199810013391407     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Harris JR, Lippman ME, Veronesi U, Willett W. Breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;327:319-28, 390-8, 473-80.
2. Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics, 1997. CA Cancer J Clin 1997;47:5-27. [Erratum, CA Cancer J Clin 1997;47:68.]
3. Chu KC, Tarone RE, Kessler LG, et al. Recent trends in U.S. breast cancer incidence, survival, and mortality rates. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1571-9.
4. Garne JP, Aspegren K, Balldin G, Ranstam J. Increasing incidence of and declining mortality from breast carcinoma: trends in Malmo, Sweden, 1961-1992. Cancer 1997;79:69-74.
5. Beral V, Hermon C, Reeves G, Peto R. Sudden fall in breast cancer death rates in England and Wales. Lancet 1995;345:1642-3.
6. Madigan MP, Ziegler RG, Benichou J, Byrne C, Hoover RN. Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:1681-5.
7. Colditz GA. Epidemiology of breast cancer: findings from the Nurses' Health Study. Cancer 1993;71:Suppl:1480-9.
8. Page DL, Dupont WD. Premalignant conditions and markers of elevated risk in the breast and their management. Surg Clin North Am 1990;70: 831-51.
9. Dupont WD, Page DL. Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. N Engl J Med 1985;312:146-51.
10. Anderson DE. Familial versus sporadic breast cancer. Cancer 1992;70: Suppl:1740-6.
11. King MC, Rowell S, Love SM. Inherited breast and ovarian cancer: what are the risks? What are the choices? JAMA 1993;269:1975-80.
12. Eng C, Stratton M, Ponder B, et al. Familial cancer syndromes. Lancet 1994;343:709-13. [Erratum, Lancet 1994;343:926.]
13. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, et al. Family history, age, and risk of breast cancer: prospective data from the Nurses' Health Study. JAMA 1993;270:338-43. [Erratum, JAMA 1993;270:1548.]
14. Casey G. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancer genes. Curr Opin Oncol 1997;9:88-93.
15. Marcus JN, Watson P, Page DL, et al. Hereditary breast cancer: pathobiology, prognosis, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene linkage. Cancer 1996; 77:697-709.
16. Hoskins KF, Stopfer JE, Calzone KA, et al. Assessment and counseling for women with a family history of breast cancer: a guide for clinicians. JAMA 1995;273:577-85.
17. Brenner AJ, Aldaz CM. The genetics of sporadic breast cancer. Prog Clin Biol Res 1997;396:63-82.
18. McKenzie K, Sukumar S. Molecular genetics of human breast cancer. Prog Clin Biol Res 1996;394:183-209.
19. Dickson RB, Lippman ME. Growth factors in breast cancer. Endocr Rev 1995;16:559-89.
20. Theriault RL. Medical treatment of bone metastases. In: Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Hellman S, eds. Diseases of the breast. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996:819-26.
21. Roth JA, Cristiano RJ. Gene therapy for cancer: what have we done and where are we going? J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:21-39.
22. Walker RA, Jones JL, Chappell S, Walsh T, Shaw JA. Molecular pathology of breast cancer and its application to clinical management. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1997;16:5-27.
23. Engels K, Fox SB, Harris AL. Angiogenesis as a biologic and prognostic indicator in human breast carcinoma. EXS 1997;79:113-56.
24. Teicher BA. Angiogenesis and cancer metastases: therapeutic approaches. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1995;20:9-39.
25. Kerlikowske K, Grady D, Rubin SM, Sandrock C, Ernster VL. Efficacy of screening mammography: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1995;273:149-54.
26. Breast cancer screening for women ages 40-49. NIH consensus statement. Vol. 15. No. 1. Bethesda, Md.: Office of Medical Applications of Research, 1997:1-35.
27. Leitch AM, Dodd GD, Costanza M, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of breast cancer: update 1997. CA Cancer J Clin 1997;47:150-3.
28. Khalkhali I, Mena I, Diggles L. Review of imaging techniques for the diagnosis of breast cancer: a new role of prone scintimammography using technetium-99m sestamibi. Eur J Nucl Med 1994;21:357-62.
29. Hall FM. Technologic advances in breast imaging: current and future strategies, controversies, and opportunities. Surg Oncol Clin North Am 1997;6:403-9.
30. Ciatto S, Cariaggi P, Bulgaresi P, Confortini M, Bonardi R. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the breast: review of 9533 consecutive cases. Breast 1993;2:87-90.
31. Ballo MS, Sneige N. Can core needle biopsy replace fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of palpable breast carcinoma: a comparative study of 124 women. Cancer 1996;78:773-7.
32. Meyer JE, Christian RL, Lester SC, et al. Evaluation of nonpalpable solid breast masses with stereotaxic large-needle core biopsy using a dedicated unit. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;167:179-82.
33. D'Angelo PC, Galliano DE, Rosemurgy AS. Stereotactic excisional breast biopsies utilizing the advanced breast biopsy instrumentation system. Am J Surg 1997;174:297-302.
34. Treatment of early-stage breast cancer. JAMA 1991;265:391-5.
35. Fisher B. Biological and clinical considerations regarding the use of surgery and chemotherapy in the treatment of primary breast cancer. Cancer 1977;40:Suppl:574-87
36. Tabar L, Fagerberg G, Day NE, Duffy SW, Kitchin RM. Breast cancer treatment and natural history: new insights from results of screening. Lancet 1992;339:412-4.
37. Wilson RE, Donegan WL, Mettlin C, Natarajan N, Smart CR, Murphy GP. The 1982 national survey of carcinoma of the breast in the United States by the American College of Surgeons. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984; 159:309-18.
38. Morris AD, Morris RD, Wilson JF, et al. Breast-conserving therapy vs mastectomy in early-stage breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 10-year survival. Cancer J Sci Am 1997;3:6-12.
39. Farrow DC, Hunt WC, Samet JM. Geographic variation in the treatment of localized breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1097-101.
40. Hand R, Sener S, Imperato J, Chmiel JS, Sylvester JA, Fremgen A. Hospital variables associated with quality of care for breast cancer patients. JAMA 1991;266:3429-32.
41. Solin LJ, Kurtz J, Fourquet A, et al. Fifteen-year results of breast-conserving surgery and definitive breast irradiation for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:754-63.
42. Fisher B, Dignam J, Wolmark N, et al. Lumpectomy and radiation therapy for the treatment of intraductal breast cancer: findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-17. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:441-52.
43. Cady B. Is axillary lymph node dissection necessary in routine management of breast cancer? No. Important Adv Oncol 1996;251-65.
44. Giuliano AE, Jones RC, Brennan M, Statman R. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2345-50.
45. Krag D, Weaver D, Ashikaga T, et al. The sentinel node in breast cancer: a multicenter validation study. N Engl J Med 1998;339:941-6.
46. Recht A, Come SE, Henderson IC, et al. The sequencing of chemotherapy and radiation therapy after conservative surgery for early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1356-61.
47. Cuzick J, Stewart H, Peto R, et al. Overview of randomized trials comparing radical mastectomy without radiotherapy against simple mastectomy with radiotherapy in breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 1987;71:7-14.
48. Cuzick J, Stewart H, Peto R, et al. Overview of randomized trials of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 1987;71:15-29.
49. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Effects of radiotherapy and surgery in early breast cancer: an overview of the randomized trials. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1444-55. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1003.]
50. Cuzick J, Stewart H, Rutqvist L, et al. Cause-specific mortality in long-term survivors of breast cancer who participated in trials of radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:447-53.
51. Ragaz J, Jackson SM, Le N, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in node-positive premenopausal women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1997;337:956-62.
52. Overgaard M, Hansen PS, Overgaard J, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk premenopausal women with breast cancer who receive adjuvant chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 1997;337:949-55.
53. Hortobagyi GN, Buzdar AU. Current status of adjuvant systemic therapy for primary breast cancer: progress and controversy. CA Cancer J Clin 1995;45:199-226.
54. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 1998;351:1451-67.
55. Idem. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy: 133 randomised trials involving 31 000 recurrences and 24 000 deaths among 75 000 women. Lancet 1992;339:71-85.
56. Idem. Ovarian ablation in early breast cancer: overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 1996;348:1189-96.
57. Fisher B, Dignam J, Bryant J, et al. Five versus more than five years of tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer patients with negative lymph nodes and estrogen receptor-positive tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1529-42.
58. Fisher B, Brown A, Mamounas E, et al. Effect of preoperative chemotherapy on local-regional disease in women with operable breast cancer: findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-18. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2483-93.
59. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy: 133 randomised trials involving 31 000 recurrences and 24 000 deaths among 75 000 women. Lancet 1992;339:1-15.
60. Henderson IC, Berry D, Demetri G, Cirrincione C, Goldstein L, Martino S, et al. Improved disease-free and overall survival from the addition of sequential paclitaxel but not from the escalation of doxorubicin dose level in the adjuvant chemotherapy of patients with node-positive primary breast cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1998;17:101a. abstract.
61. Hortobagyi GN. Paclitaxel-based combination chemotherapy for breast cancer. Oncology (Huntingt) 1997;11:29-37. [Erratum, Oncology (Huntingt) 1997;11:943.]
62. Hortobagyi GN, Ibrahim N. Combinations of new and old agents for breast cancer treatment: future directions. Oncology (Huntingt) 1996;10: Suppl:30-6.
63. Hortobagyi GN, Singletary SE, McNeese MD. Treatment of locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer. In: Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Hellman S, eds. Diseases of the breast. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996:585-99.
64. Hortobagyi GN. Multidisciplinary management of advanced primary and metastatic breast cancer. Cancer 1994;74:Suppl:416-23.
65. De Lena M, Zucali R, Viganotti G, Valagussa P, Bonadonna G. Combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy approach in locally advanced (T3b-T4) breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1978;1:53-9.
66. Jaiyesimi IA, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi G. Inflammatory breast cancer: a review. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:1014-24.
67. Hortobagyi GN, Piccart-Gebhart MJ. Current management of advanced breast cancer. Semin Oncol 1996;23:Suppl 11:1-5.
68. Greenberg PA, Hortobagyi GN, Smith TL, Ziegler LD, Frye DK, Buzdar AU. Long-term follow-up of patients with complete remission following combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2197-205.
69. Rosselli Del Turco M, Palli D, Cariddi A, Ciatto S, Pacini P, Distante V. Intensive diagnostic follow-up after treatment of primary breast cancer: a randomized trial: National Research Council Project on Breast Cancer follow-up. JAMA 1994;271:1593-7
70. The GIVIO Investigators. Impact of follow-up testing on survival and health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1994;271:1587-92.
71. Recommended breast cancer surveillance guidelines: American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2149-56.
72. Hortobagyi GN. Endocrine treatment of breast cancer. In: Becker KL, ed. Principles and practice of endocrinology and metabolism. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1995:1868-75.
73. Stuart NS, Warwick J, Blackledge GR, et al. A randomised phase III cross-over study of tamoxifen versus megestrol acetate in advanced and recurrent breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1996;32A:1888-92.
74. Buzdar AU, Jones SE, Vogel CL, Wolter J, Plourde P, Webster A. A phase III trial comparing anastrozole (1 and 10 milligrams), a potent and selective aromatase inhibitor, with megestrol acetate in postmenopausal women with advanced breast carcinoma: Arimidex Study Group. Cancer 1997;79:730-9.
75. Henderson IC. Chemotherapy for metastatic disease. In: Harris JR, Hellman S, Henderson IC, Kinne DW, eds. Breast diseases. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1991:604-65.
76. A'Hern RP, Smith IE, Ebbs SR. Chemotherapy and survival in advanced breast cancer: the inclusion of doxorubicin in Cooper type regimens. Br J Cancer 1993;67:801-5.
77. Johnson SA, Harper P, Hortobagyi GN, Pouillart P. Vinorelbine: an overview. Cancer Treat Rev 1996;22:127-42.
78. Verweij J, Clavel M, Chevalier B. Paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere): not simply two of a kind. Ann Oncol 1994;5:495-505.
79. Hortobagyi GN, Holmes FA. Optimal dosing of paclitaxel and doxorubicin in metastatic breast cancer. Semin Oncol 1997;24:Suppl 3:S4-S7.
80. Hortobagyi GN. Salvage chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Semin Hematol 1987;24:Suppl 1:56-61.
81. Nabholtz J, Thuerlimann B, Bezwoda WR, et al. Taxotere (T) versus mitomycin C+ vinblastine (MV) in patients (pts) with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) who have failed an anthracycline containing regimen: preliminary results of a randomized phase III study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997;16:A519. abstract.
82. Dieras V, Marty M, Tubiana N, et al. Phase II randomized study of paclitaxel versus mitomycin in advanced breast cancer. Semin Oncol 1995; 22:Suppl 8:33-9.
83. Valero V, Holmes FA, Walters RS, et al. Phase II trial of docetaxel: a new, highly effective antineoplastic agent in the management of patients with anthracycline-rcsistant metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1995;13: 2886-94.
84. Nabholtz JM, Gelmon K, Bontenbal M, et al. Multicenter, randomized comparative study of two doses of paclitaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:1858-67
85. Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL, Porter L, et al. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1785-91.
86. Henderson IC, Hayes DF, Gelman R. Dose-response in the treatment of breast cancer: a critical review. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:1501-15.
87. Vahdat L, Antman KH. Dose-intensive therapy in breast cancer. In: Armitage JO, Antman KH, eds. High-dose cancer therapy: pharmacology, hematopoietins, stem cells. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1995: 802-23.
88. Eddy DM. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:657-70. [Erratum, J Clin Oncol 1992;10:1655-8.]
89. Antman KH, Rowlings PA, Vaughan WP, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem-cell support for breast cancer in North America. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1870-9.
90. Rahman ZU, Frye DK, Buzdar AU, et al. Impact of selection process on response rate and long-term survival of potential high-dose chemotherapy candidates treated with standard-dose doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:3171-7
91. Bezwoda WR, Seymour L, Dansey RD. High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:2483-9.
92. Wickerham DL, Constantino J, Fisher B, et al. The initial results from NSABP protocol P-1: a clinical trial to determine the worth of tamoxifen for preventing breast cancer in women at increased risk. Presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Plenary Session, Los Angeles, May 16-19, 1998. abstract.
93. Judson IR. The anthrapyrazoles: a new class of compounds with clinical activity in breast cancer. Semin Oncol 1992;19:687-94.
94. Booser DJ, Hortobagyi GN. Anthracycline antibiotics in cancer therapy: focus on drug resistance. Drugs 1994;47:223-58.
95. Ranson MR, Carmichael J, O'Byrne K, Stewart S, Smith D, Howell A. Treatment of advanced breast cancer with sterically stabilized liposomal doxorubicin: results of a multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 1997;15: 3185-91.
96. Carmichael J, Possinger K, Phillip P, et al. Advanced breast cancer: a phase II trial with gemcitabine. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:2731-6.
97. Schornagel JH, van der Vegt S, Verweij J, et al. Phase II study of edatrexate in chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol 1992;3:549-52.
98. Smith I, Jones A, Spielmann M, et al. A phase II study in advanced breast cancer: ZD1694 ('Tomudex') a novel direct and specific thymidylate synthase inhibitor. Br J Cancer 1996;74:479-81.
99. Gradishar WJ, Jordan VC. Clinical potential of new antiestrogens. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:840-52.
100. Ibrahim NK, Buzdar AU. Aromatase inhibitors: current status. Am J Clin Oncol 1995;18:407-17.
101. Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH, et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1641-7.
102. Howell A, Downey S, Anderson E. New endocrine therapies for breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1996;32A:576-88.
103. Cummings SR, Norton L, Eckert S, et al. Raloxifene reduces the risk of breast cancer and may decrease the risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women: two-year findings from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1998;17:2a. abstract.
104. Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, Levin WJ, Ullrich A, McGuire WL. Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 1987;235:177-82.
105. Baselga J, Tripathy D, Mendelsohn J, et al. Phase II study of weekly intravenous recombinant humanized anti-p185HER2 monoclonal antibody in patients with HER2/neu-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:737-44.
106. Slamon D, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, et al. Addition of Herceptin (humanized anti-HER2 antibody) to first line chemotherapy for HER2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer markedly increases anticancer activity: a randomized, multinational controlled phase III trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1998;17:98a. abstract.