Lipoprotein(a) as a risk predictor for cardiac mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes

European Heart Journal

Volumn 19, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 1355-1364

  Stubbs, Peter John ^a   Seed, M ^b   Lane, D ^b   Collinson, P ^c   Kendall, F ^a   Noble, M ^b  

^a ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c MAYDAY UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Lipoprotein(a); Myocardial infarction; Prognosis; Risk stratification; Unstable angina

Indexed keywords

LIPOPROTEIN A;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HEART DEATH; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANGINA, UNSTABLE; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; LIPOPROTEIN(A); MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL RATE; SYNDROME;

EID: 0032170491     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/euhj.1998.1043     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. [1] Berg K. A new serum type system in man: the Lp system. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1963; 59: 211-20.
2. [2] Walton KW, Hitchens J, Magnani HN, Khan M. A study of methods of identification and estimation of Lp(a) lipoprotein and of its significance in health, hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1974; 20: 323-46.
3. [3] Albers J, Hazzard W. Immunochemical quantification of human plasma Lp(a) lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 1977; 9: 33.
4. [4] Morrisett JD, Guyton JR, Gaubatz JW, Gotto Jr AM. Lipoprotein (a) : structure, metabolism and epidemiology. In: Gotto Jr AM, ed. Plasma lipoproteins. Amsterdam: Elsever Science, 1987: 129-52.
5. [5] Utermann G. The mysteries of Lipoprotein (a). Science 1989; 246: 904-10.
6. [6] McLean J, Tomlinson J, Kuang W et al. cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein(a) is homologous to plasminogen. Nature 1987; 330: 132-7.
7. [7] Karridi I, Kostner GM, Gries A, Nimpf J, Romics L, Malle E. Lipoprotein(a) and plasminogen are immunochemically related. Biochem Biophys Acta 1988; 960: 91-7.
8. [8] Lackner C, Boerwinkle C, Leffert T, Rahmig T, Hobbs HH. Molecular basis of apolipoprotein(a) isoform size heterogeneity as revealed by pulse field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 2153-61.
9. [9] Hoover-Plow J, Miles L, Fless G, Scanu AM, Plow E. Comparison of the lysine binding functions of lipoprotein(a) and plasminogen. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 13681-7.
10. [10] Hajjar K, Gavish D, Breslow J, Nachman R. Lipoprotein(a) modulation of endothelial cell surface fibrinolysis and its potential role in atherosclerosis. Nature 1989; 339: 303-5.
11. [11] Miles L, Fless G, Levin E, Scanu A, Plow E. A potential basis for the thrombotic risks associated with lipoprotein(a). Nature 1989; 339: 301-3.
12. [12] Loscalzo J, Weinfield M, Fless G, Scanu A. Lipoprotein(a), fibrin binding, and plasminogen activation. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 240-6.
13. [13] Simon D, Fless G, Scanu A, Localzo J. Tissue-type plasminogen activator binds to and is inhibited by surface-bound lipoprotein(a) and low density lipoprotein. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 6671-7.
14. [14] Etingin OR, Hajjar DP, Hajjar K, Harpel PC, Nachman RL. Lipoprotein (a) regulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in endothelial cells: a potential mechanism of thrombogenesis. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 2459-65.
15. [15] Hervio LM, Chapman J, Thillet J, Loyau S, Angles-Cano E. Does apolipoprotein (a) heterogeneity influence lipoprotein (a) effects on fibrinolysis? Blood 1993; 82: 392-7.
16. [16] Ezratty A, Simon D, Loscalzo J. Lipoprotein(a) binds to human platelets and attenuates plasminogen binding and activation. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 4628-33.
17. [17] Anges-Cano E. Overview on fibrinolysis: plasminogen activation pathways on fibrin and cell surfaces. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 67/68: 353-62.
18. [18] Japlaque Y, Edelberg SV, Pizzo SV. Lipoprotein (a) regulates plasmin generation and inhibition. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 67/68: 363-8.
19. [19] Phillips M, Lembertas A, Schumaker V, Lawn R, Shire S, Zioncheck F. Physical properties of recombinant apolipoprotein(a) and its association with LDL to form an Lp(a) like complex. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 3722-8.
20. [20] Scanu A, Miles L, Fless G et al. Rhesus monkey lipoprotein(a) binds to lysine sepharose and U937 monocytoid cells less efficinetly than human lipoprotein(a). J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 283.
21. [21] Liu J, Harpel PC, Pannell R, Gurewich V. Lipoprotein (a): a kinetic study of its influence on fibrin-dependent plasminogen activation by pro-urokinase or tissue plasminogen activator. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 9694-700.
22. [22] Liu A, Lawn R. Vascular interactions of lipoprotein(a). Curr Opin Lipid 1994; 5: 269-73.
23. [23] Rath M, Niendorf A, Reblin T, Dietal M, Krebber H-J, Beisiegel U. Detection and quantification of lipoprotein(a) in the arterial wall of 107 coronary bypass patients. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 9: 579-92.
24. [24] Cushing GL, Gaubatz JW, Nava M-L et al. Quantitation and localization of apolipoproteins (a) and B in coronary artery bypass vein grafts resected at re-operation. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 9: 593-603.
25. [25] Grainger D, Krichenohr H, Metcalfe J, Weissberg P, Wade D, Lawn R. Proliferation of human smooth muscle cells promoted by lipoprotein (a). Science 1993; 260: 1655-8.
26. [26] Grainger D, Kemp P, Liu A, Lawn R, Metcalfe J. Activation of transforming growth factor-P is inhibited in transgenic apolipoprotein(a) mice. Nature 1994; 370: 460-3.
27. [27] Sorensen KE, Celemajer DS, Georgakopoulos D, Hatcher G, Betteridge DJ, Deanfield JE. Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilatation is an early event in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia and is related to the lipoprotein (a) level. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 50-5.
28. [28] Palabrica T, Liu A, Aronovitz M, Furie B, Lawn R, Furie B. Anti-fibrinolytic activity of apolipoprotein(a) in vivo: human apolipoprotein(a) transgenic mice are resistant to tissue plasminogen activator-mediated thrombolysis. Nature Medicine 1995; 1: 256-9.
29. [29] Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L, Eriksson E, Risberg B, Wiedel H. Lipoprotein (a) and coronary heart disease: a prospective case control study in a general population sample of middle-aged men. BMJ 1991; 301: 1248-51.
30. [30] Schaefer E, Lamon-Fava S, Janner J et al. Lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of coronary heart disease in men. The Lipid Research Clinics Primary Prevention Trial. JAMA 1994; 271: 999-1003.
31. [31] Cremer P, Nagel D, Labrot B et al. Lipoprotein Lp(a) as predictor of myocardial infarction in comparison to fibrinogen, LDL cholesterol and other risk factors: results from the prospective Gottingen Risk Incidence and Prevalence Study (GRIPS). Eur J Clin Invest 1994; 24: 444-53.
32. [32] Assmann G, Schulte H, von Eckardstein A. Hypertriglyceridemia and elevated lipoprotein (a) are risk factors for major coronary events in middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 1179-84.
33. [33] Jauhiainen M, Koskinen P, Ehnholm C et al. Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease risk: a nested case-control study of the Helsinki Heart Study participants. Atherosclerosis 1991; 89: 59-67.
34. [34] Ridker R, Hennekens C, Stampfer M. A prospective study of lipoprotein(a) and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1993; 270: 2195-9.
35. [35] Vessby B, Kostner G, Lithell H, Thomis J. Diverging effects of cholestyramine on apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein Lp(a): a dose-response study of the effects of cholestyramine in hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1982; 44: 61-71.
36. [36] Thiery J, Armstrong VW, Schleef J, Creuztfeldt C, Creuztfeldt W, Seidel D. Serum lipoprotein Lp(a) concentrations are not influenced by an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor. Klin Wochenschr 1988; 66: 462-3.
37. [37] Gurakar A, Hoeg JM, Kostner G, Papadopoulos NM, Brewer Jr HB. Levels of lipoprotein Lp(a) decline with neomycin and niacin treatment. Atherosclerosis 1985; 57: 293.
38. [38] Seed M, O'Connor B, Perombelon Y, O'Donnell M, Reaveley D, Knight B. The effects of nicotinic acid and acipimox on serum lipoprotein(a) concentration and turnover. Atherosclerosis 1993; 101: 61-8.
39. [39] Nabulsi A, Folsom A, White A et al. Association of hormone-replacement therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1069-75.
40. [40] Haines CJ, Chung T, Masarei J, Tomlinson B, Lau J. An examination of the effect of combined cyclical hormone replacement therapy on lipoprotein(a) and other lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 1996; 119: 215-22.
41. [41] Maher V, Marcovina S, Hilga L, Zhao X-Q, Albers J, Brown BG. Effects of lowering elevated Low density lipoprotein cholesterol on the cardiovascular risk of lipoprotein(a). JAMA 1995; 274: 1771-4.
42. [42] Scandinavian Simvastatin Study Group. Randomised Trial of Cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1995; 344: 1383-7.
43. [43] Sacks F, Pfeffer M, Moye et al. The effects of Pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996; 355: 1001-9.
44. [44] Ericsson C-G, Hamsten A, Nilsson J, Grip L, Svane B, de Faire V. Angiographic assessment of the effects of bezafibrate on progression of coronary artery disease in young male infarction patients. Lancet 1996; 347: 849-53.
45. [45] Toss H, Siegbahn A, Wallentin L. Fibrinogen levels influence the short term prognosis in unstable coronary artery disease even in the presence of low molecular weight heparin (Abstr). Eur Heart J 1996; 17(Abstr Suppl): 32.
46. [46] Working group on the Establishment of Ischaemic Heart Disease Registers. Report of the fifth working group. WHO, Eur 8201 (5), Copenhagen, 1971.
47. [47] Gillum RF, Fortmann SP, Prineas RJ. International diagnostic criteria for acute myocardial infarction and acute stroke. Am Heart J 1984; 108: 155-8.
48. [48] Collinson PO, Moseley D, Stubbs P, Carter D. Troponin T for the differential diagnosis of ischaemic myocardial damage. Ann Clin Biochem 1993; 30: 11-6.
49. [49] Maeda S, Abe A, Seishima M, Malzino A, Noma A, Kawade M. Transient changes of serum Lipoprotein(a) as an acute phase protein. Atherosclerosis 1989; 78: 145-50.
50. [50] Mbewu AD, Durrington PN, Bulleid S, Mackness MI. The immediate effect of streptokinase on serum lipoprotein (a) concentrations and the effect of myocardial infarction on serum lipoprotein (a), apolipoproteins A1 and B, lipids and C-reactive protein. Atherosclerosis 1993; 103: 65-71.
51. [51] Seed M, Doherty E, Collinson P, Greenwood T, Stubbs P. Variations in Lp(a) concentrations in acute coronary ischaemia: myocardial infarction and unstable angina (Abstr). Atherosclerosis 1994; 109: 286.
52. [52] Bar FW, Vermeer F, de Zwaan C et al. Value of admission electrocardiogram in predicting outcome of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 6-13.
53. [53] Hogg KJ, Hornung RS, Howie CA, Hockings N, Dunn FG, Hillis WS. Electrocardiographic prediction of coronary artery patency after thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: use of the ST segment as a non invasive marker. Br Heart J 1988; 60: 275-80.
54. [54] Kinlay S, Dobson A, Heller R, McElduff P, Alexander H, Dickeson J. Risk of primary and recurrent acute myocardial infarction from lipoprotein(a) in men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 870-5.
55. [55] Braunwald E. Unstable angina: a classification. Circulation 1989; 80: 410-4.
56. [56] Cohen M, Adams PC, Hawkins L, Bach M, Fuster V. Usefulness of antithrombotic therapy in resting angina pectoris or non-Q wave myocardial infarction (a pilot study for the Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes Research Group). Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 1287-92.
57. [57] Betriu A, Heras M, Cohen M, Fuster V. Unstable angina: outcome according to clinical presentation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 1659-63.
58. [58] Boisclair MD, Lane DA, Philippou H, Sheikh S, Hunt B. Thrombin production, inactivation and expression during open heart surgery measured by assays for activation fragments including a new ELISA for prothrombin fragment 1+2. Thromb Haemost 1993; 68: 250.
59. [59] Merlini PA, Bauer KA, Oltrona L et al. Persistent activation of coagulation mechanism in unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994; 90: 61-8.
60. [60] Hamm CW, Ravkilde J, Gerhardt W et al. The prognostic value of serum troponin T in unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 146-50.
61. [61] Stubbs P, Collinson P, Moseley D et al. The prognostic significance of admission Troponin T concentrations in myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996; 94: 1291-7.
62. [62] Ohman E, Armstrong P, Christenson R et al. Cardiac Troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischaemia. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1333-41.
63. [63] Stubbs P, Seed M, Moseley D, O'Connor B, Collinson P, Noble M. A prospective study of the role of Lipoprotein(a) in the pathogenesis of unstable angina. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 603-7.
64. [64] Lee K, Woodlief L, Topol E et al. Predictors of 30-day mortality in the era of reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction. Results from an international trial of 41,021 patients. Circulation 1995; 91: 1659-68.
65. [65] von Hodenburg E, Kreuzer J, Hautmann M, Nordt T, Kubler W, Bode C. Effects of Lipoprotein(a) on success rate of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 1349-53.
66. [66] ASPIRE Steering Group. A British Cardiac Society survey of the potential for the secondary prevention of coronary disease: ASPIRE (Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events). Heart 1996; 4: 334-42.