The capacities of the state: Charles Davenant and the management of the Excise, 1683-1698

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 289-312

  Ogborn, Miles ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOCUMENTARY SOURCE; IMPERIALISM; POLITICAL HISTORY; SEVENTEENTH CENTURY; STATE BUILDING;

UK;

EID: 0032123303     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhge.1998.0088     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. [1] M. Mann, State and society, 1130-1815: an analysis of English state finances, in M. Zeitlin (Ed.), Political Power and Social Theory: A Research Annual (Greenwich 1980) 165-208; C. Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1990 (Oxford 1990).
2. [1] M. Mann, State and society, 1130-1815: an analysis of English state finances, in M. Zeitlin (Ed.), Political Power and Social Theory: A Research Annual (Greenwich 1980) 165-208; C. Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1990 (Oxford 1990).
3. [2] J. Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688-1783 (London 1989).
4. [3] L. Stone (Ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994) 5.
5. [4] M. Duffy (Ed.), The Military Revolution and the State, 1500-1800 (Exeter 1980); E. A. Wrigley, Society and the economy in the eighteenth century, in Stone, op. cit. 72-95; P. K. O'Brien and P. A. Hunt, The rise of a fiscal state in England, 1485-1815, Historical Research 66 (1993) 129-76.
6. [4] M. Duffy (Ed.), The Military Revolution and the State, 1500-1800 (Exeter 1980); E. A. Wrigley, Society and the economy in the eighteenth century, in Stone, op. cit. 72-95; P. K. O'Brien and P. A. Hunt, The rise of a fiscal state in England, 1485-1815, Historical Research 66 (1993) 129-76.
7. [4] M. Duffy (Ed.), The Military Revolution and the State, 1500-1800 (Exeter 1980); E. A. Wrigley, Society and the economy in the eighteenth century, in Stone, op. cit. 72-95; P. K. O'Brien and P. A. Hunt, The rise of a fiscal state in England, 1485-1815, Historical Research 66 (1993) 129-76.
8. [5] Brewer, op. cit.; P. G. M. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England: A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688-1756 (London 1967); M. J. Braddick, The Nerves of State: Taxation and the Financing of the English State, 1558-1714 (Manchester 1996).
9. [5] Brewer, op. cit.; P. G. M. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England: A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688-1756 (London 1967); M. J. Braddick, The Nerves of State: Taxation and the Financing of the English State, 1558-1714 (Manchester 1996).
10. [5] Brewer, op. cit.; P. G. M. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England: A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688-1756 (London 1967); M. J. Braddick, The Nerves of State: Taxation and the Financing of the English State, 1558-1714 (Manchester 1996).
11. [6] M. J. Braddick, Parliamentary Taxation in Seventeenth-Century England: Local Administration and Response Royal Historical Society Studies in History 70 (Woodbridge 1994); E. Hughes, Studies in Administration and Finance, 1558-1825 With Special Reference to the History of Salt Taxation in England (Manchester 1934) 118.
12. [6] M. J. Braddick, Parliamentary Taxation in Seventeenth-Century England: Local Administration and Response Royal Historical Society Studies in History 70 (Woodbridge 1994); E. Hughes, Studies in Administration and Finance, 1558-1825 With Special Reference to the History of Salt Taxation in England (Manchester 1934) 118.
13. [7] Brewer, op. cit., 89.
14. [8] P. Miller, Accounting and objectivity: the invention of calculating selves and calculable spaces, Annals of Scholarship 9 (1992) 61-86.
15. [9] D. Waddell, Charles Davenant (1656-1714) - a biographical sketch, Economic History Review 2nd series 11 (1958-9) 279-288.
16. [10] P. Buck, Seventeenth-century political arithmetic: civil strife and vital statistics, Isis 68 (1977) 67-84.
17. [11] C. Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, and on the trade of England [1698], in The Political and Commercial Works of that Celebrated Writer Charles Davenant . . . Collected and Revised by Sir Charles Whitworth (London 1771) Volume I 128 and 135.
18. [12] K. Thomas, Numeracy in early modern England, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th series 37 (1987) 131.
19. [13] Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 136.
20. [14] K. Tribe, Land, Labour and Economic Discourse (London 1978) 86.
21. [15] J. L. Heilbron, Introductory essay, in T. Frängsmyr, J. L. Heilbron and R. E. Rider (Eds), The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley 1990) 2.
22. [16] Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 132.
23. [17] ibid. 146, 147 and 131.
24. [18] Buck, Seventeenth-century political arithmetic, 81.
25. [19] P. Buck, People who counted: political arithmetic in the eighteenth century, Isis 73 (1982) 28-45.
26. [20] J. V. Beckett, Land tax or excise: the levying of taxation in seventeenth-and eighteenth-century England, English Historical Review 100 (1985) 285-308.
27. [21] C. Davenant, An essay upon ways and means [1695], in The Political and Commercial Works of that Celebrated Writer Charles Davenant . . . Collected and Revised by Sir Charles Whitworth (London 1771) Volume I 1-81; Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 251.
28. [21] C. Davenant, An essay upon ways and means [1695], in The Political and Commercial Works of that Celebrated Writer Charles Davenant . . . Collected and Revised by Sir Charles Whitworth (London 1771) Volume I 1-81; Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 251.
29. [22] Davenant, An essay upon ways and means, 80; Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 224 and 232.
30. [22] Davenant, An essay upon ways and means, 80; Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 224 and 232.
31. [23] Davenant, An essay upon ways and means, 62; Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 156.
32. [23] Davenant, An essay upon ways and means, 62; Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 156.
33. [24] British Library [hereafter B.L.] Harleian Mss 1243 Some Considerations about an Excise f334v.
34. [25] Buck, People who counted, 32.
35. [26] Brewer, op. cit., 147.
36. [27] Stone, op. cit., 20; B.L. Harleian Mss 1243 f340.
37. [27] Stone, op. cit., 20; B.L. Harleian Mss 1243 f340.
38. [28] C. Brooks, Public finance and political stability: the administration of the land tax, 1688-1720, The Historical Journal 17 (1974) 281-300.
39. [29] Davenant, An essay upon ways and means, 61.
40. [30] Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 276.
41. [31] ibid. 206.
42. [32] ibid. 195.
43. [33] ibid. 176-9.
44. [34] Hughes, op. cit., argues that it was because he was unable to provide the king with the substantial loan required from the new Commissioners.
45. [35] Waddell, op. cit.
46. [36] This paragraph is based on Hughes, op. cit.; C. D. Chandaman, The English Public Revenue, 1660-1688 (Oxford 1975); Braddick, Parliamentary Taxation; P. K. O'Brien and P. Hunt, The emergence and consolidation of excises in the English fiscal system before the Glorious Revolution, British Tax Review 1 (1997) 35-58.
47. [36] This paragraph is based on Hughes, op. cit.; C. D. Chandaman, The English Public Revenue, 1660-1688 (Oxford 1975); Braddick, Parliamentary Taxation; P. K. O'Brien and P. Hunt, The emergence and consolidation of excises in the English fiscal system before the Glorious Revolution, British Tax Review 1 (1997) 35-58.
48. [36] This paragraph is based on Hughes, op. cit.; C. D. Chandaman, The English Public Revenue, 1660-1688 (Oxford 1975); Braddick, Parliamentary Taxation; P. K. O'Brien and P. Hunt, The emergence and consolidation of excises in the English fiscal system before the Glorious Revolution, British Tax Review 1 (1997) 35-58.
49. [36] This paragraph is based on Hughes, op. cit.; C. D. Chandaman, The English Public Revenue, 1660-1688 (Oxford 1975); Braddick, Parliamentary Taxation; P. K. O'Brien and P. Hunt, The emergence and consolidation of excises in the English fiscal system before the Glorious Revolution, British Tax Review 1 (1997) 35-58.
50. [37] Hughes, op. cit., 138.
51. [38] Chandaman, op cit.; Braddick, The Nerves of State, 149.
52. [38] Chandaman, op cit.; Braddick, The Nerves of State, 149.
53. [39] Brewer, op. cit., 94-5. See also O'Brien and Hunt, The emergence and consolidation of excises.
54. [39] Brewer, op. cit., 94-5. See also O'Brien and Hunt, The emergence and consolidation of excises.
55. [40] This administrative geography dates from the 1674 farm, see Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 211. For details see B.L. Harleian Mss 4227 Abstract of the Revenue of the Excise 1684-7 and 5123 Management of the Excise. Unfortunately no map survives and the geographical information is not sufficiently precise to allow one to be reconstructed.
56. [41] B.L. Add. Mss. 29458 The State of the Excise, 1662-1786 ff18-9.
57. [42] Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 177.
58. [43] Calendar of Treasury Books, 1681-1685 [William A. Shaw, Ed.] VII 29th December 1693 1000. Davenant's diaries are B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 An Account of the Management of the Officers of the West of England, 1685; B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 and 5121 Miles Edgar on the Excise and B.L. Harleian Mss 5123. These are each small, handwritten notebooks (the last being a neater copy of one of the early diaries) which give brief accounts of the work which was undertaken at each place interspersed with some comments on the Excise as a whole and a few personal reflections. They are to be understood as Davenant's personal memoranda of his journeys rather than as an official record.
59. [43] Calendar of Treasury Books, 1681-1685 [William A. Shaw, Ed.] VII 29th December 1693 1000. Davenant's diaries are B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 An Account of the Management of the Officers of the West of England, 1685; B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 and 5121 Miles Edgar on the Excise and B.L. Harleian Mss 5123. These are each small, handwritten notebooks (the last being a neater copy of one of the early diaries) which give brief accounts of the work which was undertaken at each place interspersed with some comments on the Excise as a whole and a few personal reflections. They are to be understood as Davenant's personal memoranda of his journeys rather than as an official record.
60. [43] Calendar of Treasury Books, 1681-1685 [William A. Shaw, Ed.] VII 29th December 1693 1000. Davenant's diaries are B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 An Account of the Management of the Officers of the West of England, 1685; B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 and 5121 Miles Edgar on the Excise and B.L. Harleian Mss 5123. These are each small, handwritten notebooks (the last being a neater copy of one of the early diaries) which give brief accounts of the work which was undertaken at each place interspersed with some comments on the Excise as a whole and a few personal reflections. They are to be understood as Davenant's personal memoranda of his journeys rather than as an official record.
61. [44] There were two short journeys described in his diaries but not mapped here. One (17th July 1683 to 1st August 1683) was an anti-clockwise circuit round London from Bow to Farnham, the other (16th May 1687 to 23rd May 1687) was a circuit north of London from Barnet to Hertford via Leighton Buzzard and Bishops Stortford. There was also another circuit of Wales from 3rd August 1689, see B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 fT46-59 which was not mapped because the data was incomplete.
62. [45] Braddick, Parliamentary Taxation; A Dialogue Betwixt an Excise-Man and Death (London, 1659).
63. [46] The account given here draws upon B. Latour, Science in Action: Following Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Milton Keynes 1987); J. Law, On the methods of long-distance control: vessels, navigation and the Portuguese route to India, in J. Law (Ed.), Power, Action and Belief : A New Sociology of Knowledge? (London 1986) 234-263; D. Mackenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge 1990); A. Barry, The history of measurement and the engineers of space, British Journal of the History of Science 26 (1993) 459-68.
64. [46] The account given here draws upon B. Latour, Science in Action: Following Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Milton Keynes 1987); J. Law, On the methods of long-distance control: vessels, navigation and the Portuguese route to India, in J. Law (Ed.), Power, Action and Belief : A New Sociology of Knowledge? (London 1986) 234-263; D. Mackenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge 1990); A. Barry, The history of measurement and the engineers of space, British Journal of the History of Science 26 (1993) 459-68.
65. [46] The account given here draws upon B. Latour, Science in Action: Following Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Milton Keynes 1987); J. Law, On the methods of long-distance control: vessels, navigation and the Portuguese route to India, in J. Law (Ed.), Power, Action and Belief : A New Sociology of Knowledge? (London 1986) 234-263; D. Mackenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge 1990); A. Barry, The history of measurement and the engineers of space, British Journal of the History of Science 26 (1993) 459-68.
66. [46] The account given here draws upon B. Latour, Science in Action: Following Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Milton Keynes 1987); J. Law, On the methods of long-distance control: vessels, navigation and the Portuguese route to India, in J. Law (Ed.), Power, Action and Belief : A New Sociology of Knowledge? (London 1986) 234-263; D. Mackenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge 1990); A. Barry, The history of measurement and the engineers of space, British Journal of the History of Science 26 (1993) 459-68.
67. [47] For example, J. Mayne, A Companion for Excise-Men, Containing the Excise-Man's Aid & Journal (London 1680) and W. Hunt, An Abridgement of the Laws of Excise (York 1683) which was sold with W. Hunt, Practical Gauging Epitomized, With the Use, and Construction of the Tables of Logarithms (York 1683).
68. [47] For example, J. Mayne, A Companion for Excise-Men, Containing the Excise-Man's Aid & Journal (London 1680) and W. Hunt, An Abridgement of the Laws of Excise (York 1683) which was sold with W. Hunt, Practical Gauging Epitomized, With the Use, and Construction of the Tables of Logarithms (York 1683).
69. [47] For example, J. Mayne, A Companion for Excise-Men, Containing the Excise-Man's Aid & Journal (London 1680) and W. Hunt, An Abridgement of the Laws of Excise (York 1683) which was sold with W. Hunt, Practical Gauging Epitomized, With the Use, and Construction of the Tables of Logarithms (York 1683).
70. [48] W. Hunt, A Guide for the Practical Gauger, With a Compendium of Decimal Arithmetick (London 1673) no pagination.
71. [49] For example, T. Everard, Stereography Made Easie: or, the Description and Use of a New Gauging Rod or Sliding Rule (London 1684)
72. and W. Flower, A Key to the Modern Sliding-Rule (London 1768) were attempts to get instruments recommended by the Excise Board.
73. [50] See M. Baxendall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-Century Italy: A Primer in the Social History of Pictorial Style (Oxford 1972).
74. [51] For slide rules see J. Brown, The Practical Gauger, Arithmetical and Instrumental (London 1678) and Everard, op. cit. Logarithmic slide rules allowed division and multiplication to be done by addition and subtraction. They could be specifically calibrated to calculate in beer gallons, and offered a versatile and convenient instrument although limited in accuracy to a few decimal places, see D. D. Swade, Calculating machines, in I. Grattan-Guiness (Ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (London 1994) Volume I, 694-700.
75. [51] For slide rules see J. Brown, The Practical Gauger, Arithmetical and Instrumental (London 1678) and Everard, op. cit. Logarithmic slide rules allowed division and multiplication to be done by addition and subtraction. They could be specifically calibrated to calculate in beer gallons, and offered a versatile and convenient instrument although limited in accuracy to a few decimal places, see D. D. Swade, Calculating machines, in I. Grattan-Guiness (Ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (London 1994) Volume I, 694-700.
76. [51] For slide rules see J. Brown, The Practical Gauger, Arithmetical and Instrumental (London 1678) and Everard, op. cit. Logarithmic slide rules allowed division and multiplication to be done by addition and subtraction. They could be specifically calibrated to calculate in beer gallons, and offered a versatile and convenient instrument although limited in accuracy to a few decimal places, see D. D. Swade, Calculating machines, in I. Grattan-Guiness (Ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (London 1994) Volume I, 694-700.
77. [52] R. Collins, The Countrey Gaugers Vade Mecum: Or Pocket Companion (London 1677) no pagination; W. Hunt, The Gauger's Magazine (London 1687).
78. [52] R. Collins, The Countrey Gaugers Vade Mecum: Or Pocket Companion (London 1677) no pagination; W. Hunt, The Gauger's Magazine (London 1687).
79. [53] C. Leadbetter, The Royal Gauger; Or, Gauging Made Easy (London 1739) vi.
80. [54] See, for example, Brown, op. cit., 90.
81. [55] P. Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (Harmondsworth 1991); I. A. Boal, The darkening green, History Workshop Journal 39 (1995) 124-35.
82. [55] P. Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (Harmondsworth 1991); I. A. Boal, The darkening green, History Workshop Journal 39 (1995) 124-35.
83. [56] Thomas, op. cit., 130.
84. [57] J. Hoppit, Reforming Britain's weights and measures, 1660-1824, English Historical Review CVIII (1993) 82-104.
85. [58] B.L. Harleian Mss 5121 f14v.
86. [59] Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 215.
87. [60] For example, B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 f52; 5120 f43v.
88. [61] For the semicircular rule see J.T., The Semicircle on a Sector (London 1667) and B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff11-11v, f21, f30 and f59. These clashes [B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f29 and f60v] with Everard were only part of many problems Davenant had with him, see B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f56v, ff59-59v, f62v and 5121 f19. Edward Hatton, The Gauger's Guide; or Excise-Officer Instructed (London 1729) x, later argued that Everard's method was a "Guess-way of working [which] carries nothing of Reason or Demonstration along with it", although it was defended in Flower, op. cit.
89. [61] For the semicircular rule see J.T., The Semicircle on a Sector (London 1667) and B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff11-11v, f21, f30 and f59. These clashes [B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f29 and f60v] with Everard were only part of many problems Davenant had with him, see B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f56v, ff59-59v, f62v and 5121 f19. Edward Hatton, The Gauger's Guide; or Excise-Officer Instructed (London 1729) x, later argued that Everard's method was a "Guess-way of working [which] carries nothing of Reason or Demonstration along with it", although it was defended in Flower, op. cit.
90. [61] For the semicircular rule see J.T., The Semicircle on a Sector (London 1667) and B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff11-11v, f21, f30 and f59. These clashes [B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f29 and f60v] with Everard were only part of many problems Davenant had with him, see B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f56v, ff59-59v, f62v and 5121 f19. Edward Hatton, The Gauger's Guide; or Excise-Officer Instructed (London 1729) x, later argued that Everard's method was a "Guess-way of working [which] carries nothing of Reason or Demonstration along with it", although it was defended in Flower, op. cit.
91. [61] For the semicircular rule see J.T., The Semicircle on a Sector (London 1667) and B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff11-11v, f21, f30 and f59. These clashes [B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f29 and f60v] with Everard were only part of many problems Davenant had with him, see B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f56v, ff59-59v, f62v and 5121 f19. Edward Hatton, The Gauger's Guide; or Excise-Officer Instructed (London 1729) x, later argued that Everard's method was a "Guess-way of working [which] carries nothing of Reason or Demonstration along with it", although it was defended in Flower, op. cit.
92. [62] B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 ff12v-13, f43v; 5120 f38v; 5123 f1v.
93. [63] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f56v; Public Record Office [Hereafter PRO] CUST 48/2 Excise Board Entry Books of Correspondence with Treasury, 1683-1686 22nd July 1684 f51.
94. [64] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff2-2v. For implementation see PRO CUST 48/2 5th October 1684 f74.
95. [65] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f11v, f17v and f24.
96. [66] P. Mathias, The Brewing Industry in England, 1700-1830 (Cambridge 1959); 'A. Gentleman', Every Man His Own Brewer; Or, A Compendium of the English Brewery (London 1768).
97. [66] P. Mathias, The Brewing Industry in England, 1700-1830 (Cambridge 1959); 'A. Gentleman', Every Man His Own Brewer; Or, A Compendium of the English Brewery (London 1768).
98. [67] PRO CUST 48/2 10th April 1684 f30-32 and 12th May 1685 f112; B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f17v, f39; 5121 ff7-7v and f14.
99. [68] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f27v; 5121 f13; PRO CUST 48/2 10th April 1684 f30.
100. [69] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f22, f24; PRO CUST 48/2 20th March 1683 ff29-30; B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff33-37 and f50.
101. [69] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f22, f24; PRO CUST 48/2 20th March 1683 ff29-30; B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff33-37 and f50.
102. [70] PRO CUST 48/2 20th March 1683 f30; B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 fB4v-35.
103. [71] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f1; Braddick, The Nerves of State.
104. [71] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f1; Braddick, The Nerves of State.
105. [72] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f26 and f14v, see also 5120 f15, f61, f61; 5121 f9 and f10. C. Brooks, Interest, patronage and professionalism: John, 1st Baron Ashburnham, Hastings and the revenue services, Southern History 9 (1987) 51-70 shows that they also came into conflict.
106. [72] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f26 and f14v, see also 5120 f15, f61, f61; 5121 f9 and f10. C. Brooks, Interest, patronage and professionalism: John, 1st Baron Ashburnham, Hastings and the revenue services, Southern History 9 (1987) 51-70 shows that they also came into conflict.
107. [73] For example, B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f35v, f40v, f50; PRO CUST 48/2 20th March 1683 ff29-30; Calendar of Treasury Books, 1681-1685 VII 31st July 1683 887.
108. [74] PRO CUST 48/2 10th April 1683 ff30-32.
109. [75] Mathias, op cit.
110. [76] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff49v-51. The strategy seems to have worked, see B.L. Harleian Mss 5121 f17v.
111. [76] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff49v-51. The strategy seems to have worked, see B.L. Harleian Mss 5121 f17v.
112. [77] Mixing involved brewing overstrong beer and, after paying the excise on it, mixing it with water or small beer to make more drink. This was advantageous while beer was only taxed at two rates: 'strong' and 'small.' See Mathias, op. cit.;
113. B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff56v-57 and f60.
114. [78] See Hunt, Practical Gauging Epitomized, 103; PRO CUST 48/3 Excise Board Entry Books of Correspondence with Treasury, 1685-1690 July 1687 f138.
115. [79] B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 f23. See also 5120 f36; 5121 f2, f4 and f36.
116. [80] B.L. Harleian Mss 5121 f40; 5120 f56v.
117. [81] B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 f42v; 5120 fT13v-14.
118. [82] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f12, f14v and f43.
119. [83] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 ff48v-49.
120. [84] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f30.
121. [85] PRO CUST 48/2 12th May 1685 fT112-3.
122. [86] For example B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 ff56-57 and 5120 ff63-63v.
123. [87] B.L. Harleian Mss 5121 f6v, see also 4077 f7, f10 and 5121 f7.
124. [88] Hunt, Practical Gauging Epitomized, 106.
125. [89] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f6v. See also B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 G8v, f36, 5120 f4, f31, f59v; 5121 f8v, f38v, f40v and f52.
126. [89] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f6v. See also B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 G8v, f36, 5120 f4, f31, f59v; 5121 f8v, f38v, f40v and f52.
127. [90] For alterations see, for example, B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f13, f48; 5121 ff25-25v and fT51-51v. Rides are tabulated in B.L. Harleian Mss 5123, and their revenues, in the context of the collection and the country as a whole, are tabulated in B.L. Harleian Mss 4227. For 'compounding' see B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f47v and 5121 f8.
128. [90] For alterations see, for example, B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f13, f48; 5121 ff25-25v and fT51-51v. Rides are tabulated in B.L. Harleian Mss 5123, and their revenues, in the context of the collection and the country as a whole, are tabulated in B.L. Harleian Mss 4227. For 'compounding' see B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f47v and 5121 f8.
129. [90] For alterations see, for example, B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f13, f48; 5121 ff25-25v and fT51-51v. Rides are tabulated in B.L. Harleian Mss 5123, and their revenues, in the context of the collection and the country as a whole, are tabulated in B.L. Harleian Mss 4227. For 'compounding' see B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f47v and 5121 f8.
130. [91] B.L. Harleian Mss 5120 f7.
131. [92] B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 ff1-1v, f50v; 5120 f13; 5121 f5.
132. [93] This use of the term "network" is from Latour, op. cit. It seems more appropriate in this context than "assemblage", as suggested in M. Dean, Putting the technological into government, History of the Human Sciences 9 (1996) 47-68.
133. [93] This use of the term "network" is from Latour, op. cit. It seems more appropriate in this context than "assemblage", as suggested in M. Dean, Putting the technological into government, History of the Human Sciences 9 (1996) 47-68.
134. [92] B.L. Harleian Mss 4077 ff1-1v, f50v; 5120 f13; 5121 f5.
135. [93] This use of the term "network" is from Latour, op. cit. It seems more appropriate in this context than "assemblage", as suggested in M. Dean, Putting the technological into government, History of the Human Sciences 9 (1996) 47-68.
136. [93] This use of the term "network" is from Latour, op. cit. It seems more appropriate in this context than "assemblage", as suggested in M. Dean, Putting the technological into government, History of the Human Sciences 9 (1996) 47-68.
137. [94] Davenant, Discourses on the public revenues, 177.
138. [95] J. Ward, The Mathematician's Guide (London 1707) 34.
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141. [98] See, for example, E. Polstead, Kaλωs T∈λνησανTαι Or, The Excise Man (London 1697); J. Money, Teaching in the market-place, or "Caesar adsum jam forte: Pompey aderat": the retailing of knowledge in provincial England during the eighteenth century, in J. Brewer and R. Porter (Eds), Consumption and the World of Goods (London 1993) 335-77.
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143. [99] G. E. Aylmer, From office-holding to civil service: the genesis of modern bureaucracy, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th series 30 (1980) 106. See also Brooks, Interest, patronage and professionalism; Brewer, op. cit.; J. R. Kent, The centre and the localities: state formation and parish government in England, circa 1640-1740, The Historical Journal 38 (1995) 363-404; J. Torrance, Social class and bureaucratic innovation: The Commissioners for Examining the Public Accounts 1780-1787, Past and Present 78 (1978) 56-81.
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