Understanding the Managed Care Backlash

Health Affairs

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 80-94

  Blendon, Robert J ^a   Brodie, Mollyann ^a   Benson, John M ^a   Altman, Drew E ^a   Levitt, Larry ^a   Hoff, Tina ^a   Hugick, Larry ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PUBLIC OPINION; STANDARD; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; HUMANS; MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PUBLIC OPINION; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0032112165     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.17.4.80     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. "Health Care in America: Your Money or Your Life," Economist (7 March 1998): 23-26.
2. See, for example, A.D. Monroe, "Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions," American Journal of Political Science (January 1979): 3-19; A.D. Monroe, "American Party Platforms and Public Opinion," American Journal of Political Science (February 1983): 27-42; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," American Political Science Review (March 1983): 175-190; R.Y. Shapiro and L.R. Jacobs, "The Relationship between Public Opinion and Public Policy: A Review," in Political Behavior Annual, ed. S. Long (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989), 149-179; G.C. Wright Jr., R.S. Erikson, and J.P. McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the United States," American Journal of Political Science (November 1987): 980-1001; R.S. Erikson, G.C. Wright Jr., and J.P. McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States," American Political Science Review (September 1989): 729-750; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Public Opinion and the New Social History: Some Lessons for the Study of Public Opinion and Democratic Policy-Making," Social Science History (Spring 1989): 1-24; and L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Debunking the Pandering Politician Myth," Public Perspective (April/May 1997): 3-5.
3. See, for example, A.D. Monroe, "Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions," American Journal of Political Science (January 1979): 3-19; A.D. Monroe, "American Party Platforms and Public Opinion," American Journal of Political Science (February 1983): 27-42; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," American Political Science Review (March 1983): 175-190; R.Y. Shapiro and L.R. Jacobs, "The Relationship between Public Opinion and Public Policy: A Review," in Political Behavior Annual, ed. S. Long (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989), 149-179; G.C. Wright Jr., R.S. Erikson, and J.P. McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the United States," American Journal of Political Science (November 1987): 980-1001; R.S. Erikson, G.C. Wright Jr., and J.P. McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States," American Political Science Review (September 1989): 729-750; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Public Opinion and the New Social History: Some Lessons for the Study of Public Opinion and Democratic Policy-Making," Social Science History (Spring 1989): 1-24; and L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Debunking the Pandering Politician Myth," Public Perspective (April/May 1997): 3-5.
4. See, for example, A.D. Monroe, "Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions," American Journal of Political Science (January 1979): 3-19; A.D. Monroe, "American Party Platforms and Public Opinion," American Journal of Political Science (February 1983): 27-42; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," American Political Science Review (March 1983): 175-190; R.Y. Shapiro and L.R. Jacobs, "The Relationship between Public Opinion and Public Policy: A Review," in Political Behavior Annual, ed. S. Long (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989), 149-179; G.C. Wright Jr., R.S. Erikson, and J.P. McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the United States," American Journal of Political Science (November 1987): 980-1001; R.S. Erikson, G.C. Wright Jr., and J.P. McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States," American Political Science Review (September 1989): 729-750; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Public Opinion and the New Social History: Some Lessons for the Study of Public Opinion and Democratic Policy-Making," Social Science History (Spring 1989): 1-24; and L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Debunking the Pandering Politician Myth," Public Perspective (April/May 1997): 3-5.
5. See, for example, A.D. Monroe, "Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions," American Journal of Political Science (January 1979): 3-19; A.D. Monroe, "American Party Platforms and Public Opinion," American Journal of Political Science (February 1983): 27-42; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," American Political Science Review (March 1983): 175-190; R.Y. Shapiro and L.R. Jacobs, "The Relationship between Public Opinion and Public Policy: A Review," in Political Behavior Annual, ed. S. Long (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989), 149-179; G.C. Wright Jr., R.S. Erikson, and J.P. McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the United States," American Journal of Political Science (November 1987): 980-1001; R.S. Erikson, G.C. Wright Jr., and J.P. McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States," American Political Science Review (September 1989): 729-750; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Public Opinion and the New Social History: Some Lessons for the Study of Public Opinion and Democratic Policy-Making," Social Science History (Spring 1989): 1-24; and L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Debunking the Pandering Politician Myth," Public Perspective (April/May 1997): 3-5.
6. See, for example, A.D. Monroe, "Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions," American Journal of Political Science (January 1979): 3-19; A.D. Monroe, "American Party Platforms and Public Opinion," American Journal of Political Science (February 1983): 27-42; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," American Political Science Review (March 1983): 175-190; R.Y. Shapiro and L.R. Jacobs, "The Relationship between Public Opinion and Public Policy: A Review," in Political Behavior Annual, ed. S. Long (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989), 149-179; G.C. Wright Jr., R.S. Erikson, and J.P. McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the United States," American Journal of Political Science (November 1987): 980-1001; R.S. Erikson, G.C. Wright Jr., and J.P. McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States," American Political Science Review (September 1989): 729-750; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Public Opinion and the New Social History: Some Lessons for the Study of Public Opinion and Democratic Policy-Making," Social Science History (Spring 1989): 1-24; and L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Debunking the Pandering Politician Myth," Public Perspective (April/May 1997): 3-5.
7. See, for example, A.D. Monroe, "Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions," American Journal of Political Science (January 1979): 3-19; A.D. Monroe, "American Party Platforms and Public Opinion," American Journal of Political Science (February 1983): 27-42; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," American Political Science Review (March 1983): 175-190; R.Y. Shapiro and L.R. Jacobs, "The Relationship between Public Opinion and Public Policy: A Review," in Political Behavior Annual, ed. S. Long (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989), 149-179; G.C. Wright Jr., R.S. Erikson, and J.P. McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the United States," American Journal of Political Science (November 1987): 980-1001; R.S. Erikson, G.C. Wright Jr., and J.P. McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States," American Political Science Review (September 1989): 729-750; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Public Opinion and the New Social History: Some Lessons for the Study of Public Opinion and Democratic Policy-Making," Social Science History (Spring 1989): 1-24; and L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Debunking the Pandering Politician Myth," Public Perspective (April/May 1997): 3-5.
8. See, for example, A.D. Monroe, "Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions," American Journal of Political Science (January 1979): 3-19; A.D. Monroe, "American Party Platforms and Public Opinion," American Journal of Political Science (February 1983): 27-42; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," American Political Science Review (March 1983): 175-190; R.Y. Shapiro and L.R. Jacobs, "The Relationship between Public Opinion and Public Policy: A Review," in Political Behavior Annual, ed. S. Long (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989), 149-179; G.C. Wright Jr., R.S. Erikson, and J.P. McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the United States," American Journal of Political Science (November 1987): 980-1001; R.S. Erikson, G.C. Wright Jr., and J.P. McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States," American Political Science Review (September 1989): 729-750; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Public Opinion and the New Social History: Some Lessons for the Study of Public Opinion and Democratic Policy-Making," Social Science History (Spring 1989): 1-24; and L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Debunking the Pandering Politician Myth," Public Perspective (April/May 1997): 3-5.
9. See, for example, A.D. Monroe, "Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions," American Journal of Political Science (January 1979): 3-19; A.D. Monroe, "American Party Platforms and Public Opinion," American Journal of Political Science (February 1983): 27-42; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," American Political Science Review (March 1983): 175-190; R.Y. Shapiro and L.R. Jacobs, "The Relationship between Public Opinion and Public Policy: A Review," in Political Behavior Annual, ed. S. Long (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989), 149-179; G.C. Wright Jr., R.S. Erikson, and J.P. McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the United States," American Journal of Political Science (November 1987): 980-1001; R.S. Erikson, G.C. Wright Jr., and J.P. McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States," American Political Science Review (September 1989): 729-750; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Public Opinion and the New Social History: Some Lessons for the Study of Public Opinion and Democratic Policy-Making," Social Science History (Spring 1989): 1-24; and L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Debunking the Pandering Politician Myth," Public Perspective (April/May 1997): 3-5.
10. See, for example, A.D. Monroe, "Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions," American Journal of Political Science (January 1979): 3-19; A.D. Monroe, "American Party Platforms and Public Opinion," American Journal of Political Science (February 1983): 27-42; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," American Political Science Review (March 1983): 175-190; R.Y. Shapiro and L.R. Jacobs, "The Relationship between Public Opinion and Public Policy: A Review," in Political Behavior Annual, ed. S. Long (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989), 149-179; G.C. Wright Jr., R.S. Erikson, and J.P. McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the United States," American Journal of Political Science (November 1987): 980-1001; R.S. Erikson, G.C. Wright Jr., and J.P. McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States," American Political Science Review (September 1989): 729-750; B.I. Page and R.Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Public Opinion and the New Social History: Some Lessons for the Study of Public Opinion and Democratic Policy-Making," Social Science History (Spring 1989): 1-24; and L.R. Jacobs and R.Y. Shapiro, "Debunking the Pandering Politician Myth," Public Perspective (April/May 1997): 3-5.
11. O. Hansen et al., "Lawmakers' Views on the Failure of Health Retorm: A Survey of Members of Congress and Staff," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1996): 137-151. On the decline in public support, see R.J. Blendon, M. Brodie, and J. Benson, "What Happened to Americans' Support for the Clinton Health Plan?" Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 7-23.
12. O. Hansen et al., "Lawmakers' Views on the Failure of Health Retorm: A Survey of Members of Congress and Staff," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1996): 137-151. On the decline in public support, see R.J. Blendon, M. Brodie, and J. Benson, "What Happened to Americans' Support for the Clinton Health Plan?" Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 7-23.
13. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University/Princeton Survey Research Associates poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 22 August 1997).
14. When interpreting these findings, one should recognize that all surveys are subject to sampling error. Results may differ from what would be obtained if the whole population of adults had been interviewed. The size of this error varies with the number surveyed and the magnitude of difference in the responses to each question. Most national public opinion surveys have sample sizes of about 1,200 persons, in which the results will, with a 95 percent degree of confidence, have a statistical precision of ±3 percent of what would be obtained if the entire population had been interviewed. The sampling error for 500 respondents is ±5 percent; for 2,000 respondents, ±3 percent. Possible sources of nonsampling error include nonresponse bias, as well as question wording and ordering effects. Nonresponse in telephone surveys produces some known biases in survey-derived estimates because participation tends to vary for different subgroups of the population. To compensate for these known biases, the sample data are typically weighted in analysis, as they are in the August 1997 Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA survey, using parameters from the most recent available census data. Other techniques, including random-digit dialing, replicate subsamples, callbacks staggered over times of day and days of the week, refusal conversions, and systematic respondent selection within households, are used to ensure that the sample is representative.
15. In this nonresponse experiment, two surveys were conducted simultaneously asking exactly the same eighty-five questions on a wide range of political and policy issues. The standard survey, using typical polling techniques and interviewing 1,000 adults over a five-day period, achieved a 42 percent response rate. The second survey, using a more rigorous methodology over an eight-week period to interview 1,000 adults, achieved a 71 percent response rate. The two surveys produced very similar results. Of the eighty-five questions, only five showed statistically significant differences between the two surveys. The differences were sharpest on questions concerning racial issues. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Study of Survey Nonresponse (Washington: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 1998).
16. F. Newport, "The Pre-Election Polls Performed Well in '96," Public Perspective (December/January 1997): 50-51.
17. Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA poll, 22 August 1997.
18. KPMG Peat Marwick, Health Benefits in 1997 (Arlington, Va.: KPMG Peat Marwick, 1997).
19. ABC News poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1997); K. Donelan et al., "All Payer, Single Payer, Managed Care, No Payer: Patients' Perspectives in Three Nations," Health Affairs (Summer 1996): 254-265; K. Davis et al., "Choice Matters: Enrollees' Views of Their Health Plans," Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 99-112; Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 17 June 1995); Minnesota Health Data Institute/Maritz Marketing Research, You and Your Health Plan: 1995 Statewide Survey of Minnesota Consumers (Minneapolis: Minnesota Health Data Institute, 1995); Coalition for Medicare Choice, American Attitudes toward Managed Care: A Review (Washington: Coalition for Medicare Choice, 1995); and "Regardless of Health Status, HMO and FFS Patients Report Similar Levels of Satisfaction," GHAA News (26 July 1995): 1-3.
20. ABC News poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1997); K. Donelan et al., "All Payer, Single Payer, Managed Care, No Payer: Patients' Perspectives in Three Nations," Health Affairs (Summer 1996): 254-265; K. Davis et al., "Choice Matters: Enrollees' Views of Their Health Plans," Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 99-112; Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 17 June 1995); Minnesota Health Data Institute/Maritz Marketing Research, You and Your Health Plan: 1995 Statewide Survey of Minnesota Consumers (Minneapolis: Minnesota Health Data Institute, 1995); Coalition for Medicare Choice, American Attitudes toward Managed Care: A Review (Washington: Coalition for Medicare Choice, 1995); and "Regardless of Health Status, HMO and FFS Patients Report Similar Levels of Satisfaction," GHAA News (26 July 1995): 1-3.
21. ABC News poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1997); K. Donelan et al., "All Payer, Single Payer, Managed Care, No Payer: Patients' Perspectives in Three Nations," Health Affairs (Summer 1996): 254-265; K. Davis et al., "Choice Matters: Enrollees' Views of Their Health Plans," Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 99-112; Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 17 June 1995); Minnesota Health Data Institute/Maritz Marketing Research, You and Your Health Plan: 1995 Statewide Survey of Minnesota Consumers (Minneapolis: Minnesota Health Data Institute, 1995); Coalition for Medicare Choice, American Attitudes toward Managed Care: A Review (Washington: Coalition for Medicare Choice, 1995); and "Regardless of Health Status, HMO and FFS Patients Report Similar Levels of Satisfaction," GHAA News (26 July 1995): 1-3.
22. ABC News poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1997); K. Donelan et al., "All Payer, Single Payer, Managed Care, No Payer: Patients' Perspectives in Three Nations," Health Affairs (Summer 1996): 254-265; K. Davis et al., "Choice Matters: Enrollees' Views of Their Health Plans," Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 99-112; Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 17 June 1995); Minnesota Health Data Institute/Maritz Marketing Research, You and Your Health Plan: 1995 Statewide Survey of Minnesota Consumers (Minneapolis: Minnesota Health Data Institute, 1995); Coalition for Medicare Choice, American Attitudes toward Managed Care: A Review (Washington: Coalition for Medicare Choice, 1995); and "Regardless of Health Status, HMO and FFS Patients Report Similar Levels of Satisfaction," GHAA News (26 July 1995): 1-3.
23. ABC News poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1997); K. Donelan et al., "All Payer, Single Payer, Managed Care, No Payer: Patients' Perspectives in Three Nations," Health Affairs (Summer 1996): 254-265; K. Davis et al., "Choice Matters: Enrollees' Views of Their Health Plans," Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 99-112; Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 17 June 1995); Minnesota Health Data Institute/Maritz Marketing Research, You and Your Health Plan: 1995 Statewide Survey of Minnesota Consumers (Minneapolis: Minnesota Health Data Institute, 1995); Coalition for Medicare Choice, American Attitudes toward Managed Care: A Review (Washington: Coalition for Medicare Choice, 1995); and "Regardless of Health Status, HMO and FFS Patients Report Similar Levels of Satisfaction," GHAA News (26 July 1995): 1-3.
24. ABC News poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1997); K. Donelan et al., "All Payer, Single Payer, Managed Care, No Payer: Patients' Perspectives in Three Nations," Health Affairs (Summer 1996): 254-265; K. Davis et al., "Choice Matters: Enrollees' Views of Their Health Plans," Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 99-112; Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 17 June 1995); Minnesota Health Data Institute/Maritz Marketing Research, You and Your Health Plan: 1995 Statewide Survey of Minnesota Consumers (Minneapolis: Minnesota Health Data Institute, 1995); Coalition for Medicare Choice, American Attitudes toward Managed Care: A Review (Washington: Coalition for Medicare Choice, 1995); and "Regardless of Health Status, HMO and FFS Patients Report Similar Levels of Satisfaction," GHAA News (26 July 1995): 1-3.
25. ABC News poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1997); K. Donelan et al., "All Payer, Single Payer, Managed Care, No Payer: Patients' Perspectives in Three Nations," Health Affairs (Summer 1996): 254-265; K. Davis et al., "Choice Matters: Enrollees' Views of Their Health Plans," Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 99-112; Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 17 June 1995); Minnesota Health Data Institute/Maritz Marketing Research, You and Your Health Plan: 1995 Statewide Survey of Minnesota Consumers (Minneapolis: Minnesota Health Data Institute, 1995); Coalition for Medicare Choice, American Attitudes toward Managed Care: A Review (Washington: Coalition for Medicare Choice, 1995); and "Regardless of Health Status, HMO and FFS Patients Report Similar Levels of Satisfaction," GHAA News (26 July 1995): 1-3.
26. Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA poll, 22 August 1997.
27. R.J. Blendon et al., "Voters and Health Care in the 1996 Election," Journal of the American Medical Association (16 April 1997): 1256-1257.
28. Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA poll, 22 August 1997.
29. Princeton Survey Research Associates/Pew Research Center for the People and the Press poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 19 February 1998); Wirthlin Worldwide/Patient Access to Responsible Care Alliance poll (Washington: Patient Access to Responsible Care Alliance, 2 October 1997); and Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University/ Princeton Survey Research Associates poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 12 December 1997).
30. Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA poll, 22 August 1997.
31. Harris poll (New York: Louis Harris and Associates, 20 August 1997).
32. Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA poll, 22 August 1997.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.; and Harris poll (New York: Louis Harris and Associates, 25 March 1998).
35. Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA poll, 22 August 1997.
36. Ibid.
37. R.J. Blendon, "The Public's View of the Future of Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association (24 June 1988): 3592.
38. K.D. Patterson and D.B. Magleby, "The Polls - Poll Trends: Public Support for Congress," Public Opinion Quarterly (Winter 1992): 539-551.
39. Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA poll, 22 August 1997.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. R.J. Blendon et al., "Who Has the Best Health Care System? A Second Look," Health Affairs (Winter 1995): 220-230.
43. The question read as follows: "As you may know, some health plans require their doctors to follow certain guidelines in treating patients. Some people think this is a good thing because all patients will benefit from proven techniques. Others think it is a bad thing because decisions about treatment should be entirely up to the doctor. Which comes closer to your view?" Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation/Agency for Health Care Policy and Research/ Princeton Survey Research Associates poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 26 July 1996).
44. Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA poll, 22 August 1997.
45. Harris poll, 20 August 1997.
46. Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA poll, 22 August 1997.
47. Kaiser/AHCPR/PSRA poll, 1996.
48. Ibid.
49. R.J. Blendon et al., "Bridging the Gap between the Public's and Economists' Views of the Economy," Journal of Economic Perspectives (Summer 1997): 115.
50. Kaiser/Harvard/PSRA poll, 22 August 1997.
51. R.H. Miller and H.S. Luft, "Does Managed Care Lead to Better or Worse Quality of Care?" Health Affairs (September/October 1997): 7-25.
52. Donelan et al., "All Payer."
53. For public opinion on regulation of airlines, see Gallup poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1987); and CBS News poll (Storrs Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 21 July 1996). For consumer complaints, see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1997 (Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997), Table 1054. For public opinion on regulation of banks, see Roper Report 87-7 (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 18 July 1987); and Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 6 April 1991). For consumer ratings of banks, see Gallup/American Society for Quality Control polls (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 1985, 1988, 1991).
54. For public opinion on regulation of airlines, see Gallup poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1987); and CBS News poll (Storrs Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 21 July 1996). For consumer complaints, see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1997 (Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997), Table 1054. For public opinion on regulation of banks, see Roper Report 87-7 (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 18 July 1987); and Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 6 April 1991). For consumer ratings of banks, see Gallup/American Society for Quality Control polls (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 1985, 1988, 1991).
55. For public opinion on regulation of airlines, see Gallup poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1987); and CBS News poll (Storrs Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 21 July 1996). For consumer complaints, see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1997 (Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997), Table 1054. For public opinion on regulation of banks, see Roper Report 87-7 (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 18 July 1987); and Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 6 April 1991). For consumer ratings of banks, see Gallup/American Society for Quality Control polls (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 1985, 1988, 1991).
56. For public opinion on regulation of airlines, see Gallup poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1987); and CBS News poll (Storrs Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 21 July 1996). For consumer complaints, see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1997 (Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997), Table 1054. For public opinion on regulation of banks, see Roper Report 87-7 (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 18 July 1987); and Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 6 April 1991). For consumer ratings of banks, see Gallup/American Society for Quality Control polls (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 1985, 1988, 1991).
57. For public opinion on regulation of airlines, see Gallup poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 24 August 1987); and CBS News poll (Storrs Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 21 July 1996). For consumer complaints, see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1997 (Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997), Table 1054. For public opinion on regulation of banks, see Roper Report 87-7 (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 18 July 1987); and Los Angeles Times poll (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 6 April 1991). For consumer ratings of banks, see Gallup/American Society for Quality Control polls (Storrs, Conn.: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 1985, 1988, 1991).
58. A. Downs, "Up and Down with Ecology: The Issue-Attention Cycle," Public Interest (Fall 1972): 38-50; E.M. Rogers and J.W. Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research: Where Has It Been, Where Is It Going?" in Media Power in Politics, ed. D.A. Graber (Washington: CQ Press, 1994), 77-95; and B.J. Nelson, "The Agenda-Setting Function of the Media: Child Abuse," in Media Power in Politics, 96-109.
59. A. Downs, "Up and Down with Ecology: The Issue-Attention Cycle," Public Interest (Fall 1972): 38-50; E.M. Rogers and J.W. Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research: Where Has It Been, Where Is It Going?" in Media Power in Politics, ed. D.A. Graber (Washington: CQ Press, 1994), 77-95; and B.J. Nelson, "The Agenda-Setting Function of the Media: Child Abuse," in Media Power in Politics, 96-109.
60. A. Downs, "Up and Down with Ecology: The Issue-Attention Cycle," Public Interest (Fall 1972): 38-50; E.M. Rogers and J.W. Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research: Where Has It Been, Where Is It Going?" in Media Power in Politics, ed. D.A. Graber (Washington: CQ Press, 1994), 77-95; and B.J. Nelson, "The Agenda-Setting Function of the Media: Child Abuse," in Media Power in Politics, 96-109.
61. M. Brodie, L.A. Brady, and D.E. Altman, "Media Coverage of Managed Care: Is There a Negative Bias?" Health Affairs (January/February 1998): 9-25.