Deformation of a polydomain, liquid crystalline epoxy-based thermoset

Macromolecules

Volumn 31, Issue 13, 1998, Pages 4074-4088

  Ortiz, C ^a,b   Kim, R ^a   Rodighiero, E ^a   Ober, C K ^a   Kramer, E J ^a,c  

^a Cornell University   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPRESSION TESTING; CRACK PROPAGATION; CURING; EPOXY RESINS; FRACTURE TOUGHNESS; GLASS TRANSITION; PLASTIC DEFORMATION; SMECTIC LIQUID CRYSTALS; STIFFNESS; STRAIN HARDENING; STRESS ANALYSIS; THERMOSETS;

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (DMA);

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS;

EID: 0032100024     PISSN: 00249297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ma971439n     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. de Gennes, P. G. Phys. Lett. 1969, A28, 725.
2. Brehmer, M.; Zentel, R. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 243, 353.
3. Mitchell, G. R.; Davis, F. J.; Guo, W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993, 71, 2047.
4. Kupfer, J.; Finkelmann, H. Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun. 1991, 12, 717.
5. Kundler, I.; Finkelmann, H. Macromol. Chem. Rapid. Commun. 1995, 16, 679-686.
6. Schätzle, J.; Kaufhold, W.; Finkelmann, H. Makromol. Chem. 1989, 190, 3269-3284.
7. Pakula, T.; Zentel, R. Makromol. Chem. 1991, 192, 2401.
8. Gallani, J. L.; Hilliou, L.; Martinoty, P.; Doublet, F.; Mauzac, M. J. Phys. II Fr. 1996, 6, 443-452.
9. Deeg, F. W.; Diercksen, K.; Schwalb, G.; Brauchle, C.; Reinecke, H. Phys. Rev. B 1991, 44 (6), 2830.
10. Warner, M.; Terentjev, E. M. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1996, 21, 853-891.
11. Demus D.; Richter L. Textures of Liquid Crystals; VCH Publications: Deerfield Beach, FL, 1978.
12. Kléman, M. In Liquid Crystals and Plastic Crystals; Gray, G. W., Winsor, P. A., Eds.; Ellis Horwood Ltd.: Chichester, England, 1974; Vol. 1, p 75.
13. Kléman, M. Advances in Liquid Crystals; Academic Press: New York, San Francisco, London, 1975; Vol. 1, p 267.
14. Bouligand, Y. Defects and Textures in Liquid Crystals: Dislocations in Solids; Nabarro, F. R. N., Ed.; North-Holland: Amsterdam, 1980; Vol. 5, Chapter 23.
15. Gray, G. W. The Microscope 1976, 24, 117.
16. Hartshorne, N. H.; Stuart, A. Crystals and the Polarizing Microscope, 4th ed.; Arnold: London, 1970.
17. Hartshorne, N. H. The Microscopy of Liquid Crystals; Microscope Publications: Ltd.: London, Chicago, 1974.
18. Hartshorne, N. H. In Liquid Crystals and Plastic Crystals; Gray, G. W., Winsor, P. A., Eds.; Ellis Horwood Ltd.: Chichester, England, 1974; Vol. 2, p 24.
19. Saupe, A. In Liquid Crystals and Plastic Crystals; Gray, G. W., Winsor, P. A., Eds.; Ellis Horwood Ltd.: Chichester, England, 1974; Vol. 2, p 28.
20. Hudson, S., Ph.D. Thesis, University of Massachusettes, 1990.
21. Sue, H.-J.; Earls, J. D.; Hefner, R. E., Jr. Deformation, Yield, and Fracture of Polymers: Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Conference of the Institute of Materials; Churchill College, Cambridge, U.K., April 7-10th, 1997; Chameleon Press Ltd: 1997; pp 129-132.
22. Laus, M.; Pernozzoli, R.; Koerner, H.; Ober, C. K. XII convegno italiano di scienza e tecnologia delle macromolecole, Palermo, Italy, 1995; pp 661-664.
23. Earls, J. D.; Hefner, R. E., Jr. European Patent Appl. 0-379-057A2, assigned to the Dow Chemical Co., 1990.
24. Jahromi, S.; Kuipers, W. A. G.; Norder, B.; Mijs, W. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 2201-2211.
25. Hikmet, R. A. M.; Broer, D. J. Polymer 1991, 32 (9), 1627-1632.
26. Carfagna, C.; Amendola, E.; Giamberini, M. Composite Struct. 1994, 27, 37-43.
27. Carfagna, C.; Amendola, E.; Giamberini, M. In Liquid Crystalline Polymers: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Liquid Crystalline Polymers, Capri, Italy, June 1-4, 1993; Carfagna, C., Ed.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, U.K., 1994; pp 69-85.
28. Su, W.-F. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1993, 31, 3251-3256.
29. Shiota, A.; Ober, C. K. J. Polym. Sci., Phys. Ed. 1998, 36, 31-38.
30. Litt, M. H.; Whang, W.-T.; Yen, K.-T.; Qian, X.-J. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1993, 31, 183-191.
31. Melissaris, A. P.; Litt, M. H. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2675-2684.
32. Melissaris, A. P.; Sutter, J. K.; Litt, M. H.; Scheiman, D. H.; Scheiman, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 860-865.
33. Barclay, G. G.; McNamee, S. G.; Ober, C. K.; Papathomas, K. I.; Wang, D. W. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1992, 30, 1843-1853.
34. Lee, H.; Neville, K. Handbook of Epoxy Resins; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1967.
35. Ellis, B. Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins; Blackie Academic and Professional: London, 1993.
36. May, C. A.; Tanaka, G. Y. Epoxy Resin Chemistry and Technology; Marcell Dekker: New York, 1973.
37. Bauer, R. S. Epoxy Resin Chemistry; Advances in Chemistry 114; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.
38. Barclay, G. G.; McNamee, S. G.; Ober, C. K.; Papathomas, K. I.; Wang, D. W. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1992, 30, 1831-1843.
39. Lin, Q.; Yee, A. F.; Earls, J. D.; Hefner, R. E., Jr.; Sue, H.-J. Polymer 1994, 35, 2679.
40. Shiota, A.; Ober, C. K. Polymer, in press. (SAA is expected to be much less reactive than other aromatic amine compounds, as electrons on the nitrogen atom in the amine function are strongly withdrawn by the sulfone function. The reduced reactivity of SAA is supported by electron density calculations reported in this reference.)
41. Wisanrakkit, G.; Gillham, J. K. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1990, 41, 2885-2929.
42. Pavia, D. L.; Lamptnan, G. K.; Kriz, G. K., Jr. Introduction to Spectroscopy: A Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry; W. B. Saunders: Philadelphia, 1979; p 46.
43. Wu, S.-X. In Chevron-Notched Specimens: Testing and Stress Analysis; ASTM STP 855; Underwood, J. H., Freiman, S. W., Baratta, F. I., Eds.; American Society for Testing Materials: Philadelphia, 1984; pp 176-192.
44. Jenkins, M. G.; Ferber, M. K.; Ghosh, A.; Peussa, J. T.; Salem, J. A. Chevron-Notch Fracture Test Experience: Metals and Non-Metals; ASTM STP 1172; Brown, K. R., Baratta, F. I., Eds.; American Society for Testing Materials: Philadelphia, 1992; pp 159-177.
45. Munz, D. Fract. Mech. Ceram. 1983, 6, 1-26.
46. IC calculations v was assumed to be ≈0.38.
47. Helmsley, D. A. Applied Polymer Light Microscopy; Elsevier Applied Science: New York, 1979; Chapter 1.
48. Gay, P. An Introduction to Crystal Optics; Longman, Inc.: New York, 1967; Chapter 9, pp 107-154.
49. Brunet-Germain, C. R. Hebd. Sean. Acad. Sci. 1970, B271, 1075.
50. Shiraishi, T.; Motobe, H.; Ochi, M.; Nakanishi, Y.; Konishi, I. Polymer 1991, 33 (14), 2975-2980.
51. Treloar, L. R. G. The Physics of Rubber Elasticity; Claredon Press: Oxford, U.K., 1975.
52. LeMay, J. D.; Kelley, F. N. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1986, 115-147.
53. Murayama, T.; Bell, J. P. J. Polym. Sci. 1970, A28, 437.
54. Glad, M. D. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1990.
55. Katz, D.; Tobolsky, A. V. Polymer 1963, 4, 417.
56. Kaeble, D. H. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1965, 9, 1213-1225.
57. King, N. E.; Andrews, E. H. J. Mater. Sci. 1978, 13, 1291-1302.
58. Kawabata, S.; Matsuda, M.; Tei, K.; Kawai, H. Macromolecules 1981, 14, 154.
59. Pak, H.; Flory, P. J. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1979, 17, 1845.
60. Rivlin, R. S.; Saunders, D. W. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 1951, A243, 251.
61. Boue, F.; Edwards, S. F.; Vilgis, T. A. J. Phys. Fr. 1988, 49, 1635.
62. Vilgis, T. A. Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1992, 90, 1.
63. Jones, J. L.; Marques, C. M. J. Phys. Fr. 1990, 51, 113.
64. Terentjev, E. M. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Manipulation of Organization in Polymers using Tandem Molecular Interactions, Pisa, Italy, May 29-June 2, 1996.
65. Finkelmann, H.; Brand, H. R. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2 (7), 222-226.
66. Oleinik, E. F. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1986, 80, 49.
67. Materials Science and Technology: A Comprehensive Treatment; Cahn, R. W., Haasen, P., Kramer, E. J., Eds.; 1993; Vol. 12, Chapter 10, pp 428-467.
68. Bowden, P. B. The Physics of Glassy Polymers; Haward, R. N., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1973; Chapter 5, pp 279-339.
69. Kinloch, A. J.; Young, R. J. Fracture Behavior of Polymers; Applied Science: New York, 1983; Chapters 4, 5, and 8.
70. Robertson, R. E. J. Chem. Phys. 1966, 444, 3950.
71. Arruda, E. M.; Boyce, M. C. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1993, 41 (2), 389-412.
72. Wu, P. D.; Van Der Giessen, E. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1993, 41 (3), 427-456.
73. Krupenkin, T. N. Microscopic Model of True Strain Softening and Hardening in a Polymer Glass. Annual Conference of the American Physical Society, Poster Session M29.06, Kansas City, KS, March 20, 1997.
74. Young, R. J. Developments in Polymer Fracture-1; Andrews, E. H., Ed.; Applied Science: London, 1979; Chapter 4.
75. Cherry, W.; Thomson, K. W. J. Mater. Sci. 1981, 16 (7), 1913-1924.
76. Berry, J. P. J. Polym. Sci. 1961, 50, 107.
77. Gledhill, R. A.; Kinloch, A. J.; Yamini, S.; Young, R. J. Polymer 1978, 19, 574.
78. Pritchard G.; Rhoades, G. V. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1976, 26, 1.
79. Young, R. J. Developments in Polymer Fracture-1; Andrews, E. H., Ed.; Applied Science: London, 1979; Chapter 6.
80. see for example: Polymer Toughening; Arends, C. B., Ed.; Marcell Dekker: New York, Basel, Hong Kong, 1996.
81. Kiefer, J.; Hilborn, J. G.; Manson, J. A. E.; Leterrier, Y.; Hedrick, J. L. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 4158-4160.
82. See for example: Kramer, E. J.; Berger, L. L. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1990, 91/92, 1-68.
83. Bucknall, C. Toughened Thermoplastics; Wiley: New York, 1977.
84. Riew, C. K.; Gillham, J. K. Rubber Modified Thermoset Resins; Advances in Chemistry 208; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1984.
85. Riew, C. K. Rubber Toughened Plastics; Advances in Chemistry 222; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
86. Riew, C. K.; Kinloch, A. J. Toughened Plastics; Advances in Chemistry 233; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993.
87. Shaw, S. J. In Rubber Toughened Engineering Plastics; Collyer, A. A., Ed.; Chapman and Hall: London, 1994; Chapter 6.
88. Bucknall, C. B.; Patridge, I. K. Polymer 1983, 24, 639.
89. Diamant, J.; Moulton, R. J. Natl. Sampe Symp., 29th 1984, 29, 422.
90. Hedrick, J. L.; Yilgor, I.; Wilkes, G. L.; McGrath, J. E. Polym. Bull. 1985, 13, 201.
91. Huang, Y.; Kinloch, A. J. Polymer 1992, 33, 1330.
92. Guild, F. J.; Kinloch, A. J. J. Mater. Sci. 1995, 30, 1689.
93. It has been shown that oriented polymers exhibit much lower moduli when strained perpendicular to the direction of orientation. (Structure and Properties of Oriented Polymers; Ward, I. M., Ed.; Applied Science Publishers: Ltd.: London, 1975; Chapter 7).
94. Ortiz, C.; Belenky, L.; Ober, C. K.; Kramer, E. J. Submitted for publication, 1997.
95. Dieter, G. E., Jr. Mechanical Metallurgy; McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.: New York, Toronto, London, 1961; pp 202-205.