Bowlby before Bowlby: The sources of an intellectual departure in psychoanalysis and psychology

Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 247-269

  Van Der Veer, René ^a   Van Ijzendoorn, Marinus ^a   Kuipers, Hans Jan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; HISTORY; HUMAN; OBJECT RELATION; PHILOSOPHY; PSYCHOANALYSIS; UNITED KINGDOM; WRITING;

CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CORRESPONDENCE; ENGLAND; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PHILOSOPHY, MEDICAL; PSYCHOANALYSIS;

EID: 0032088308     PISSN: 00225061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6696(199822)34:3<247::aid-jhbs2>3.0.co;2-n     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. John Bowlby, "The Abnormally Aggressive Child," New Era 19 (1938): 230-234; "Jealous and Spiteful Children," Home and School (1939): 83-85; "Substitute Homes," Mother and Child April (1939): 3-7; "Hysteria in Children," in A Survey of Child Psychiatry, Ronald G. Gordon, Ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1939), pp. 80-94; "The Influence of Early Environment in the Development of Neurosis and Neurotic Character," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 21 (1940): 154-178; Personality and Mental Illness: An Essay in Psychiatric Diagnosis (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1940); "The Problem of the Young Child," New Era 21 (1940): 59- 63.
2. John Bowlby, "The Abnormally Aggressive Child," New Era 19 (1938): 230-234; "Jealous and Spiteful Children," Home and School (1939): 83-85; "Substitute Homes," Mother and Child April (1939): 3-7; "Hysteria in Children," in A Survey of Child Psychiatry, Ronald G. Gordon, Ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1939), pp. 80-94; "The Influence of Early Environment in the Development of Neurosis and Neurotic Character," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 21 (1940): 154-178; Personality and Mental Illness: An Essay in Psychiatric Diagnosis (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1940); "The Problem of the Young Child," New Era 21 (1940): 59- 63.
3. John Bowlby, "The Abnormally Aggressive Child," New Era 19 (1938): 230-234; "Jealous and Spiteful Children," Home and School (1939): 83-85; "Substitute Homes," Mother and Child April (1939): 3-7; "Hysteria in Children," in A Survey of Child Psychiatry, Ronald G. Gordon, Ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1939), pp. 80-94; "The Influence of Early Environment in the Development of Neurosis and Neurotic Character," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 21 (1940): 154-178; Personality and Mental Illness: An Essay in Psychiatric Diagnosis (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1940); "The Problem of the Young Child," New Era 21 (1940): 59- 63.
4. John Bowlby, "The Abnormally Aggressive Child," New Era 19 (1938): 230-234; "Jealous and Spiteful Children," Home and School (1939): 83-85; "Substitute Homes," Mother and Child April (1939): 3-7; "Hysteria in Children," in A Survey of Child Psychiatry, Ronald G. Gordon, Ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1939), pp. 80-94; "The Influence of Early Environment in the Development of Neurosis and Neurotic Character," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 21 (1940): 154-178; Personality and Mental Illness: An Essay in Psychiatric Diagnosis (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1940); "The Problem of the Young Child," New Era 21 (1940): 59- 63.
5. John Bowlby, "The Abnormally Aggressive Child," New Era 19 (1938): 230-234; "Jealous and Spiteful Children," Home and School (1939): 83-85; "Substitute Homes," Mother and Child April (1939): 3-7; "Hysteria in Children," in A Survey of Child Psychiatry, Ronald G. Gordon, Ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1939), pp. 80-94; "The Influence of Early Environment in the Development of Neurosis and Neurotic Character," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 21 (1940): 154-178; Personality and Mental Illness: An Essay in Psychiatric Diagnosis (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1940); "The Problem of the Young Child," New Era 21 (1940): 59- 63.
6. John Bowlby, "The Abnormally Aggressive Child," New Era 19 (1938): 230-234; "Jealous and Spiteful Children," Home and School (1939): 83-85; "Substitute Homes," Mother and Child April (1939): 3-7; "Hysteria in Children," in A Survey of Child Psychiatry, Ronald G. Gordon, Ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1939), pp. 80-94; "The Influence of Early Environment in the Development of Neurosis and Neurotic Character," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 21 (1940): 154-178; Personality and Mental Illness: An Essay in Psychiatric Diagnosis (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1940); "The Problem of the Young Child," New Era 21 (1940): 59- 63.
7. John Bowlby, "The Abnormally Aggressive Child," New Era 19 (1938): 230-234; "Jealous and Spiteful Children," Home and School (1939): 83-85; "Substitute Homes," Mother and Child April (1939): 3-7; "Hysteria in Children," in A Survey of Child Psychiatry, Ronald G. Gordon, Ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1939), pp. 80-94; "The Influence of Early Environment in the Development of Neurosis and Neurotic Character," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 21 (1940): 154-178; Personality and Mental Illness: An Essay in Psychiatric Diagnosis (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1940); "The Problem of the Young Child," New Era 21 (1940): 59-63.
8. Inge Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points of Attachment Theory," in Attachment Across the Life Cycle, Collin M. Parkes, Joan Stevenson-Hinde, & Peter Marris, Eds. (London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1991), pp. 9-32; "The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth," Developmental Psychology 28 (1992): 759-775; Jeremy Holmes, John Bowlby and Attachment Theory (London: Routledge, 1993); pp. 19-23; Robert Karen, Becoming Attached: Unfolding the Mystery of the Infant-Mother Bond and Its Impact on Later Life (New York: Warner Books, 1994); pp. 32-33, 41-47; Nora Newcombe and Jeffrey C. Lemer, "Britain Between the Wars: The Historical Context of Bowlby's Theory of Attachment," Psychiatry 45 (1982): 1-12.
9. Inge Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points of Attachment Theory," in Attachment Across the Life Cycle, Collin M. Parkes, Joan Stevenson-Hinde, & Peter Marris, Eds. (London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1991), pp. 9-32; "The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth," Developmental Psychology 28 (1992): 759-775; Jeremy Holmes, John Bowlby and Attachment Theory (London: Routledge, 1993); pp. 19-23; Robert Karen, Becoming Attached: Unfolding the Mystery of the Infant-Mother Bond and Its Impact on Later Life (New York: Warner Books, 1994); pp. 32-33, 41-47; Nora Newcombe and Jeffrey C. Lemer, "Britain Between the Wars: The Historical Context of Bowlby's Theory of Attachment," Psychiatry 45 (1982): 1-12.
10. Inge Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points of Attachment Theory," in Attachment Across the Life Cycle, Collin M. Parkes, Joan Stevenson-Hinde, & Peter Marris, Eds. (London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1991), pp. 9-32; "The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth," Developmental Psychology 28 (1992): 759-775; Jeremy Holmes, John Bowlby and Attachment Theory (London: Routledge, 1993); pp. 19-23; Robert Karen, Becoming Attached: Unfolding the Mystery of the Infant-Mother Bond and Its Impact on Later Life (New York: Warner Books, 1994); pp. 32-33, 41-47; Nora Newcombe and Jeffrey C. Lemer, "Britain Between the Wars: The Historical Context of Bowlby's Theory of Attachment," Psychiatry 45 (1982): 1-12.
11. Inge Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points of Attachment Theory," in Attachment Across the Life Cycle, Collin M. Parkes, Joan Stevenson-Hinde, & Peter Marris, Eds. (London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1991), pp. 9-32; "The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth," Developmental Psychology 28 (1992): 759-775; Jeremy Holmes, John Bowlby and Attachment Theory (London: Routledge, 1993); pp. 19-23; Robert Karen, Becoming Attached: Unfolding the Mystery of the Infant-Mother Bond and Its Impact on Later Life (New York: Warner Books, 1994); pp. 32-33, 41-47; Nora Newcombe and Jeffrey C. Lemer, "Britain Between the Wars: The Historical Context of Bowlby's Theory of Attachment," Psychiatry 45 (1982): 1-12.
12. Inge Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points of Attachment Theory," in Attachment Across the Life Cycle, Collin M. Parkes, Joan Stevenson-Hinde, & Peter Marris, Eds. (London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1991), pp. 9-32; "The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth," Developmental Psychology 28 (1992): 759-775; Jeremy Holmes, John Bowlby and Attachment Theory (London: Routledge, 1993); pp. 19-23; Robert Karen, Becoming Attached: Unfolding the Mystery of the Infant-Mother Bond and Its Impact on Later Life (New York: Warner Books, 1994); pp. 32-33, 41-47; Nora Newcombe and Jeffrey C. Lemer, "Britain Between the Wars: The Historical Context of Bowlby's Theory of Attachment," Psychiatry 45 (1982): 1-12.
13. Fernando Vidal, Piaget Before Piaget (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).
14. The authors are grateful to Mrs. Ursula Bowlby, Sir Richard Bowlby, Mrs. Marjorie Durbin, Mrs. Juliet Hopkins, Lady Evelyn Phelps Brown, and Dr. Peter Fonagy for the valuable information they willingly provided in interviews with the first author. They also would like to thank the following persons and institutions for their generous help in acquiring the data for this research: Dr. Richard Aldrich, Institute of Education, University of London; Mrs. Anne Archer, librarian at Bedales School; Dr. P. B. Boyden, honorary secretary of The Society for Army Historical Research; Mr. Julian Brown, archives of the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry: Dr. Derek Edgell, Department of Historical and Political Studies of the LSU College of Higher Education, Southampton; Dr. Stephen Greenberg, Reference/collection access librarian, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, USA; Michael Haggard, Abberley Hall boarding school, Worcester; Dr. John Springhall, Department of History, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland; Dr. R. Thompson, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA; Dr. Lesley Hall and Mrs. Jennifer Haynes of the Contemporary Medical Archives Centre of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London; Mrs. Margaret Walker, librarian at The Tavistock Joint Library, London; the Archives of the British Psycho-Analytical Society, London; Mr. C. Wilkins-Jones, assistant senior librarian, Norfolk County Council Library and Information Service, Norwich; Library of the Society of Friends, London.
15. Dean Rapp, "The Reception of Freud by the British Press: General Interest and Literary Magazines, 1920-1925," Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences 24 (1988): 191-201.
16. Edward Glover, "Psychoanalysis in England," in Psychoanalytic Pioneers, Franz Alexander, Samuel Eisenstein, & Martin Grotjahn, Eds. (New York: Basic Books, 1966), pp. 534-545; Rapp, "The Reception of Freud," p. 193. Quoted by Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture (London: The Bodley Head, 1990), p. 366.
17. Edward Glover, "Psychoanalysis in England," in Psychoanalytic Pioneers, Franz Alexander, Samuel Eisenstein, & Martin Grotjahn, Eds. (New York: Basic Books, 1966), pp. 534-545; Rapp, "The Reception of Freud," p. 193. Quoted by Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture (London: The Bodley Head, 1990), p. 366.
18. Edward Glover, "Psychoanalysis in England," in Psychoanalytic Pioneers, Franz Alexander, Samuel Eisenstein, & Martin Grotjahn, Eds. (New York: Basic Books, 1966), pp. 534-545; Rapp, "The Reception of Freud," p. 193. Quoted by Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture (London: The Bodley Head, 1990), p. 366.
19. Christopher N. L. Brooke, A History of the University of Cambridge, 1870-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 4: 171; Sydney C. Roberts, Introduction to Cambridge: A Brief Guide to the University from Within (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934), pp. 72-79. John Bowlby, Karl Figlio, and Robert M. Young, "An Interview with John Bowlby on the Origins and Reception of his Work," Free Associations 6 (1986): 36-64. Edwin G. Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950), p. 43. Edgar D. Adrian, "The Mental and the Physical Origins of Behaviour," The International Journal of Psycho- Analysis 27 (1946): 1
20. Christopher N. L. Brooke, A History of the University of Cambridge, 1870-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 4: 171; Sydney C. Roberts, Introduction to Cambridge: A Brief Guide to the University from Within (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934), pp. 72-79. John Bowlby, Karl Figlio, and Robert M. Young, "An Interview with John Bowlby on the Origins and Reception of his Work," Free Associations 6 (1986): 36-64. Edwin G. Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950), p. 43. Edgar D. Adrian, "The Mental and the Physical Origins of Behaviour," The International Journal of Psycho- Analysis 27 (1946): 1
21. Christopher N. L. Brooke, A History of the University of Cambridge, 1870-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 4: 171; Sydney C. Roberts, Introduction to Cambridge: A Brief Guide to the University from Within (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934), pp. 72-79. John Bowlby, Karl Figlio, and Robert M. Young, "An Interview with John Bowlby on the Origins and Reception of his Work," Free Associations 6 (1986): 36-64. Edwin G. Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950), p. 43. Edgar D. Adrian, "The Mental and the Physical Origins of Behaviour," The International Journal of Psycho- Analysis 27 (1946): 1
22. Christopher N. L. Brooke, A History of the University of Cambridge, 1870-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 4: 171; Sydney C. Roberts, Introduction to Cambridge: A Brief Guide to the University from Within (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934), pp. 72-79. John Bowlby, Karl Figlio, and Robert M. Young, "An Interview with John Bowlby on the Origins and Reception of his Work," Free Associations 6 (1986): 36-64. Edwin G. Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950), p. 43. Edgar D. Adrian, "The Mental and the Physical Origins of Behaviour," The International Journal of Psycho- Analysis 27 (1946): 1
23. Christopher N. L. Brooke, A History of the University of Cambridge, 1870-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 4: 171; Sydney C. Roberts, Introduction to Cambridge: A Brief Guide to the University from Within (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934), pp. 72-79. John Bowlby, Karl Figlio, and Robert M. Young, "An Interview with John Bowlby on the Origins and Reception of his Work," Free Associations 6 (1986): 36-64. Edwin G. Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950), p. 43. Edgar D. Adrian, "The Mental and the Physical Origins of Behaviour," The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 27 (1946): 1
24. Cambridge University Reporter (1926/27): pp. 1084-1085. Bowlby in an undated letter to his mother (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). The code and the ones that follow refer to files in the Contemporary Medical Archives Centre of the Wellcome Institute. These files also contain Bowlby's correspondence with his mother and his correspondence with colleagues such as Edward Glover and Ernest Jones from which we will quote below. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 28 June [1927] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). In this and the following notes, the year of writing is given in square brackets when it was not present in the original letter and has been inferred by the authors.
25. Newcombe and Lerner, "Britain between the Wars," p. 5. Boring, A History, p. 490. Martin Stone, "Shellshock and the Psychologists," in The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry: Institutions and Society, William F. Bynum Roy Porter, & Michael Shepherd, Eds. (London: Tavistock Publications, 1985), 2: 242-271. Malcolm Pines, "The Development of the Psychodynamic Movement," in 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841- 1991, German E. Berrios and Hugh Freeman, Eds. (London: Gaskell, 1991), pp. 206-231: Rapp, "The Reception of Freud," p. 197. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 16 June [1927] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). U. Bowlby in a letter to the authors, 14 November 1995.
26. Newcombe and Lerner, "Britain between the Wars," p. 5. Boring, A History, p. 490. Martin Stone, "Shellshock and the Psychologists," in The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry: Institutions and Society, William F. Bynum Roy Porter, & Michael Shepherd, Eds. (London: Tavistock Publications, 1985), 2: 242-271. Malcolm Pines, "The Development of the Psychodynamic Movement," in 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841- 1991, German E. Berrios and Hugh Freeman, Eds. (London: Gaskell, 1991), pp. 206-231: Rapp, "The Reception of Freud," p. 197. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 16 June [1927] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). U. Bowlby in a letter to the authors, 14 November 1995.
27. Newcombe and Lerner, "Britain between the Wars," p. 5. Boring, A History, p. 490. Martin Stone, "Shellshock and the Psychologists," in The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry: Institutions and Society, William F. Bynum Roy Porter, & Michael Shepherd, Eds. (London: Tavistock Publications, 1985), 2: 242-271. Malcolm Pines, "The Development of the Psychodynamic Movement," in 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841- 1991, German E. Berrios and Hugh Freeman, Eds. (London: Gaskell, 1991), pp. 206-231: Rapp, "The Reception of Freud," p. 197. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 16 June [1927] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). U. Bowlby in a letter to the authors, 14 November 1995.
28. Newcombe and Lerner, "Britain between the Wars," p. 5. Boring, A History, p. 490. Martin Stone, "Shellshock and the Psychologists," in The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry: Institutions and Society, William F. Bynum Roy Porter, & Michael Shepherd, Eds. (London: Tavistock Publications, 1985), 2: 242-271. Malcolm Pines, "The Development of the Psychodynamic Movement," in 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841-1991, German E. Berrios and Hugh Freeman, Eds. (London: Gaskell, 1991), pp. 206-231: Rapp, "The Reception of Freud," p. 197. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 16 June [1927] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). U. Bowlby in a letter to the authors, 14 November 1995.
29. Newcombe and Lerner, "Britain between the Wars," p. 5. Boring, A History, p. 490. Martin Stone, "Shellshock and the Psychologists," in The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry: Institutions and Society, William F. Bynum Roy Porter, & Michael Shepherd, Eds. (London: Tavistock Publications, 1985), 2: 242-271. Malcolm Pines, "The Development of the Psychodynamic Movement," in 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841- 1991, German E. Berrios and Hugh Freeman, Eds. (London: Gaskell, 1991), pp. 206-231: Rapp, "The Reception of Freud," p. 197. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 16 June [1927] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). U. Bowlby in a letter to the authors, 14 November 1995.
30. U. Bowlby, personal communication, 17 January 1995.
31. Milton J. E. Senn, Interview with Dr. John Bowlby in London, England, 19th October 1977 (Bethesda: National Library of Medicine, 1977). Cambridge University Reporter, (1927/28): p. 955. (1926/27): pp. 211-213. Frederic C. Bartlett, "Frederic Charles Bartlett," in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Carl Murchison, Ed. (New York: Rusell & Rusell, 1961), 3: 39-52; Charles S. Myers and F. C. Bartlett (1925), A Text-book of Experimental Psychology with Laboratory Exercises. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925). Leslie S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology, 1840-1940 (London: Methuen & Co, 1964), p. 216.
32. Milton J. E. Senn, Interview with Dr. John Bowlby in London, England, 19th October 1977 (Bethesda: National Library of Medicine, 1977). Cambridge University Reporter, (1927/28): p. 955. (1926/27): pp. 211-213. Frederic C. Bartlett, "Frederic Charles Bartlett," in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Carl Murchison, Ed. (New York: Rusell & Rusell, 1961), 3: 39-52; Charles S. Myers and F. C. Bartlett (1925), A Text-book of Experimental Psychology with Laboratory Exercises. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925). Leslie S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology, 1840-1940 (London: Methuen & Co, 1964), p. 216.
33. Milton J. E. Senn, Interview with Dr. John Bowlby in London, England, 19th October 1977 (Bethesda: National Library of Medicine, 1977). Cambridge University Reporter, (1927/28): p. 955. (1926/27): pp. 211-213. Frederic C. Bartlett, "Frederic Charles Bartlett," in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Carl Murchison, Ed. (New York: Rusell & Rusell, 1961), 3: 39-52; Charles S. Myers and F. C. Bartlett (1925), A Text-book of Experimental Psychology with Laboratory Exercises. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925). Leslie S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology, 1840-1940 (London: Methuen & Co, 1964), p. 216.
34. Milton J. E. Senn, Interview with Dr. John Bowlby in London, England, 19th October 1977 (Bethesda: National Library of Medicine, 1977). Cambridge University Reporter, (1927/28): p. 955. (1926/27): pp. 211-213. Frederic C. Bartlett, "Frederic Charles Bartlett," in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Carl Murchison, Ed. (New York: Rusell & Rusell, 1961), 3: 39-52; Charles S. Myers and F. C. Bartlett (1925), A Text-book of Experimental Psychology with Laboratory Exercises. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925). Leslie S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology, 1840-1940 (London: Methuen & Co, 1964), p. 216.
35. Milton J. E. Senn, Interview with Dr. John Bowlby in London, England, 19th October 1977 (Bethesda: National Library of Medicine, 1977). Cambridge University Reporter, (1927/28): p. 955. (1926/27): pp. 211-213. Frederic C. Bartlett, "Frederic Charles Bartlett," in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Carl Murchison, Ed. (New York: Rusell & Rusell, 1961), 3: 39-52; Charles S. Myers and F. C. Bartlett (1925), A Text-book of Experimental Psychology with Laboratory Exercises. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925). Leslie S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology, 1840-1940 (London: Methuen & Co, 1964), p. 216.
36. U. Bowlby, personal communication, 7 December 1994. John Bowlby, 11 books that most influenced my work: proposed answer to request for the 10 books/papers which have most influenced my thought (CMAC: PP/ BOW/A.1/7; 1979).
37. U. Bowlby, personal communication, 7 December 1994. John Bowlby, 11 books that most influenced my work: proposed answer to request for the 10 books/papers which have most influenced my thought (CMAC: PP/ BOW/A.1/7; 1979).
38. Boring, A History, pp. 459-495.
39. Richard Bowlby, personal communication, 24 November 1994.
40. See Rosemary Dinnage, "John Bowlby," New Society (10 May 1979): p. 323.
41. Sol Cohen, "In the Name of the Prevention of Neurosis: The Search for a Psychoanalytic Pedagogy in Europe 1905-1938," in Regulated Children/Liberated Children: Education in Psychohistorical Perspective, Barbara Finkelstein, Ed. (New York: Psychohistory Press, 1979), pp. 184-219.
42. John Adams, Modern Development in Educational Practice (London: University of London Press, 1924), p. 46.
43. Richard S. Peters, Ed., Brett's History of Psychology (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1953). Richard J. W. Selleck, English Primary Education and the Progressives, 1914-1939 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972).
44. Richard S. Peters, Ed., Brett's History of Psychology (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1953). Richard J. W. Selleck, English Primary Education and the Progressives, 1914-1939 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972).
45. Bedales, School Prospectus (1993), p. 1, quoted in R. D. Hinshelwood, "Psychoanalysis in Britain: Points of Cultural Access 1893-1918," The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 76 (1995): 144. John H. Badley, Bedales: A Pioneer School (London: Methuen & Co, 1923), p. 19/pp. 119-120. Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, The Old School Tie: The Phenomenon of the English Public School (New York: The Viking Press, 1978), p. 335.
46. Bedales, School Prospectus (1993), p. 1, quoted in R. D. Hinshelwood, "Psychoanalysis in Britain: Points of Cultural Access 1893-1918," The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 76 (1995): 144. John H. Badley, Bedales: A Pioneer School (London: Methuen & Co, 1923), p. 19/pp. 119-120. Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, The Old School Tie: The Phenomenon of the English Public School (New York: The Viking Press, 1978), p. 335.
47. Bedales, School Prospectus (1993), p. 1, quoted in R. D. Hinshelwood, "Psychoanalysis in Britain: Points of Cultural Access 1893-1918," The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 76 (1995): 144. John H. Badley, Bedales: A Pioneer School (London: Methuen & Co, 1923), p. 19/pp. 119-120. Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, The Old School Tie: The Phenomenon of the English Public School (New York: The Viking Press, 1978), p. 335.
48. Bedales, School Prospectus (1993), p. 1, quoted in R. D. Hinshelwood, "Psychoanalysis in Britain: Points of Cultural Access 1893-1918," The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 76 (1995): 144. John H. Badley, Bedales: A Pioneer School (London: Methuen & Co, 1923), p. 19/pp. 119-120. Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, The Old School Tie: The Phenomenon of the English Public School (New York: The Viking Press, 1978), p. 335.
49. J. H. Badley, A Schoolmaster's Testament: Forty Years of Educational Experience (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1937), p. 68. J. H. Badley, "Bedales School," in The Modern Schools Handbook, Trevor Blewitt, Ed. (London: Victor Gollancz, 1934), pp. 50-51.
50. J. H. Badley, A Schoolmaster's Testament: Forty Years of Educational Experience (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1937), p. 68. J. H. Badley, "Bedales School," in The Modern Schools Handbook, Trevor Blewitt, Ed. (London: Victor Gollancz, 1934), pp. 50-51.
51. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 30 September [1928] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 11 November [1928] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 21 October [1928] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613).
52. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 22 November [1928] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). Bowlby in a letter to his mother, [December 1928] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613).
53. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 22 November [1928] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). Jonathan Croall, Neill of Summerhill: The Permanent Rebel (London: Ark Paperbacks, 1984), p. 169.
54. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, 1 December [1928] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613). Alice Smuts, Interview with Bowlby, 6 June 1977, p. 2 (CMAC: PP/BOW/A.5/2).
55. Derek Edgell, The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, 1916-1949, as a New Age Alternative to the Boy Scouts (Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1992), p. 383.
56. Aubrey T. Westlake, Woodcraft Chivalry Adapted from Seton's "Woodcraft Indians" (London: The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, 1917), p. 3. Idrisyn O. Evans, Woodcraft and World Service: Studies in Unorthodox Education (London: Noel Douglas, 1930), p. 57. Ernest Westlake, "The Forest School (1): The Principles of Education of the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry," Pine Cone 1 (1923): 15.
57. Aubrey T. Westlake, Woodcraft Chivalry Adapted from Seton's "Woodcraft Indians" (London: The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, 1917), p. 3. Idrisyn O. Evans, Woodcraft and World Service: Studies in Unorthodox Education (London: Noel Douglas, 1930), p. 57. Ernest Westlake, "The Forest School (1): The Principles of Education of the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry," Pine Cone 1 (1923): 15.
58. Aubrey T. Westlake, Woodcraft Chivalry Adapted from Seton's "Woodcraft Indians" (London: The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, 1917), p. 3. Idrisyn O. Evans, Woodcraft and World Service: Studies in Unorthodox Education (London: Noel Douglas, 1930), p. 57. Ernest Westlake, "The Forest School (1): The Principles of Education of the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry," Pine Cone 1 (1923): 15.
59. Margaret A. Westlake, The theory of woodcraft chivalry: A short statement. 'The Woodcraft Way' series no. 2 (London: The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, 1918), p. 12. Westlake, Woodcraft Chivalry, p. 4.
60. Margaret A. Westlake, The theory of woodcraft chivalry: A short statement. 'The Woodcraft Way' series no. 2 (London: The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, 1918), p. 12. Westlake, Woodcraft Chivalry, p. 4.
61. Edgell, The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, pp. 382, 381.
62. George H. Green, Psychanalysis in the Class-Room (London: University of London Press, 1921); Norman MacMunn, The Child's Path to Freedom (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1921); Hugh Crichton Miller, The New Psychology and the Teacher (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1927); Dorothy Revel, Cheiron's Cave: The School of the Future. An Educational Synthesis Based on the New Psychology (London: William Heinemann, 1928).
63. George H. Green, Psychanalysis in the Class-Room (London: University of London Press, 1921); Norman MacMunn, The Child's Path to Freedom (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1921); Hugh Crichton Miller, The New Psychology and the Teacher (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1927); Dorothy Revel, Cheiron's Cave: The School of the Future. An Educational Synthesis Based on the New Psychology (London: William Heinemann, 1928).
64. George H. Green, Psychanalysis in the Class-Room (London: University of London Press, 1921); Norman MacMunn, The Child's Path to Freedom (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1921); Hugh Crichton Miller, The New Psychology and the Teacher (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1927); Dorothy Revel, Cheiron's Cave: The School of the Future. An Educational Synthesis Based on the New Psychology (London: William Heinemann, 1928).
65. George H. Green, Psychanalysis in the Class-Room (London: University of London Press, 1921); Norman MacMunn, The Child's Path to Freedom (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1921); Hugh Crichton Miller, The New Psychology and the Teacher (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1927); Dorothy Revel, Cheiron's Cave: The School of the Future. An Educational Synthesis Based on the New Psychology (London: William Heinemann, 1928).
66. Robert Graves and Alan Hodge, The Long Week-End: A Social History of Great Britain, 1918-1939 (London: Faber and Faber, 1940), p. 104. Adams, Modern Development, p. 269; Faithfull's high opinion of psychoanalysis and its practical applicability in the upbringing and education of children was strengthened by regular discussions with Jennings White, the psychiatric adviser of Priory Gate. Jennings White held that children must be emancipated from their mother and that the removal of a neurotic, delinquent, or difficult child from the influence of his parents forms the most potent cure. See Harold D. Jennings White, The Biological Principles of Education. 'The Woodcraft Way' Series no. 14 (Godshill, Salisbury: The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, 1928), p. 8. Incidentally, this advice is diametrically opposed to what Bowlby himself would later advise in similar cases.
67. Robert Graves and Alan Hodge, The Long Week-End: A Social History of Great Britain, 1918-1939 (London: Faber and Faber, 1940), p. 104. Adams, Modern Development, p. 269; Faithfull's high opinion of psychoanalysis and its practical applicability in the upbringing and education of children was strengthened by regular discussions with Jennings White, the psychiatric adviser of Priory Gate. Jennings White held that children must be emancipated from their mother and that the removal of a neurotic, delinquent, or difficult child from the influence of his parents forms the most potent cure. See Harold D. Jennings White, The Biological Principles of Education. 'The Woodcraft Way' Series no. 14 (Godshill, Salisbury: The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, 1928), p. 8. Incidentally, this advice is diametrically opposed to what Bowlby himself would later advise in similar cases.
68. Robert Graves and Alan Hodge, The Long Week-End: A Social History of Great Britain, 1918-1939 (London: Faber and Faber, 1940), p. 104. Adams, Modern Development, p. 269; Faithfull's high opinion of psychoanalysis and its practical applicability in the upbringing and education of children was strengthened by regular discussions with Jennings White, the psychiatric adviser of Priory Gate. Jennings White held that children must be emancipated from their mother and that the removal of a neurotic, delinquent, or difficult child from the influence of his parents forms the most potent cure. See Harold D. Jennings White, The Biological Principles of Education. 'The Woodcraft Way' Series no. 14 (Godshill, Salisbury: The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, 1928), p. 8. Incidentally, this advice is diametrically opposed to what Bowlby himself would later advise in similar cases.
69. See Edgell, The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, p. 383. Edgell refers to Theodore J. Faithfull, Bisexuality: An Essay on Extraversion and Introversion (London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, 1927).
70. See Edgell, The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, p. 383. Edgell refers to Theodore J. Faithfull, Bisexuality: An Essay on Extraversion and Introversion (London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, 1927).
71. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, [1928] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613).
72. Interview with Anthony Bowlby, 11 May 1991 (CMAC: PP/BOW/N.1); Bowlby in a letter to his mother, [December 1928] (CMAC: PP/BOW/ACC.613).
73. U. Bowlby, personal communication, 7 December 1994. Senn, Interview, p. 3.
74. U. Bowlby, personal communication, 7 December 1994. Senn, Interview, p. 3.
75. Theodore J. Faithful, Psychological Foundations: A Contribution to Everyman's Knowledge of Himself (London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, 1933), p. 201. See also Virginia Hunter, "John Bowlby: An Interview," Psychoanalytic Review 78 (1991): 163. Faithfull, Psychological Foundations, p. 201.
76. Theodore J. Faithful, Psychological Foundations: A Contribution to Everyman's Knowledge of Himself (London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, 1933), p. 201. See also Virginia Hunter, "John Bowlby: An Interview," Psychoanalytic Review 78 (1991): 163. Faithfull, Psychological Foundations, p. 201.
77. Theodore J. Faithful, Psychological Foundations: A Contribution to Everyman's Knowledge of Himself (London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, 1933), p. 201. See also Virginia Hunter, "John Bowlby: An Interview," Psychoanalytic Review 78 (1991): 163. Faithfull, Psychological Foundations, p. 201.
78. Bowlby quoted in Croall, Neill of Summerhill, p. 169. Dinnage, "John Bowlby," p. 323.
79. Bowlby quoted in Croall, Neill of Summerhill, p. 169. Dinnage, "John Bowlby," p. 323.
80. Senn, Interview, p. 2; J. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources in the Treatment Situation," in John Bowlby (1907-1990): Papers on John Bowlby Based on Those Printed in The British Psycho- Analytic Society Bulletin, vol. 27, no. 11, November 1991 (London: Mansfield House, 1991), p. 11.
81. Senn, Interview, p. 2; J. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources in the Treatment Situation," in John Bowlby (1907-1990): Papers on John Bowlby Based on Those Printed in The British Psycho-Analytic Society Bulletin, vol. 27, no. 11, November 1991 (London: Mansfield House, 1991), p. 11.
82. Hinshelwood, "Psychoanalysis in Britain", pp. 144-145.
83. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, [February 1929]; Elsie T. Bazeley, Homer Lane and the Little Commonwealth (London: New Education Book Club, 1928); Homer Lane, Talks to Parents and Teachers (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1928). Bowlby, 11 books.
84. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, [February 1929]; Elsie T. Bazeley, Homer Lane and the Little Commonwealth (London: New Education Book Club, 1928); Homer Lane, Talks to Parents and Teachers (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1928). Bowlby, 11 books.
85. Bowlby in a letter to his mother, [February 1929]; Elsie T. Bazeley, Homer Lane and the Little Commonwealth (London: New Education Book Club, 1928); Homer Lane, Talks to Parents and Teachers (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1928). Bowlby, 11 books.
86. John Bowlby, Obituary of John Alford (CMAC: PP/BOW/B.3/19; 1960).
87. Senn, Interview, p. 3.
88. John Bowlby, "Perspective: A Contribution by John Bowlby," Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 5 (1981): 2.
89. Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points", p. 10; Senn, Interview, p. 3.
90. Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points", p. 10; Senn, Interview, p. 3.
91. Senn, Interview, p. 4.
92. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources," p. 11.
93. Senn, Interview, p. 5. Evan F. M. Durbin and John Bowlby, Personal Aggressiveness and War (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1939).
94. Senn, Interview, p. 5. Evan F. M. Durbin and John Bowlby, Personal Aggressiveness and War (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1939).
95. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources," p. 11.
96. Jones' attitude led the contemporary magazine New Age to claim that he had "practically founded a Roman Catholic church which has developed so quickly that it already runs parallel to a holy inquisition. He is the interpreter of the law of Freud, literally and harshly" New Age (1 November 1923), quoted in Rapp, "The Reception of Freud," p. 195.
97. Pearl King, "Background and Development of the Freud-Klein Controversies in the British Psycho-Analytical Society," in The Freud-Klein Controversies 1941-1945, Pearl King and Riccardo Steiner, Eds. (London: Tavistock/ Routledge, 1991), pp. 9-36. P. King, "Early Divergences between the Psycho-Analytical Societies in London and Vienna," in Freud in Exile: Psychoanalysis and its Vicissitudes, Edward Timms and Naomi Segal, Eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 128.
98. Pearl King, "Background and Development of the Freud-Klein Controversies in the British Psycho-Analytical Society," in The Freud-Klein Controversies 1941-1945, Pearl King and Riccardo Steiner, Eds. (London: Tavistock/ Routledge, 1991), pp. 9-36. P. King, "Early Divergences between the Psycho-Analytical Societies in London and Vienna," in Freud in Exile: Psychoanalysis and its Vicissitudes, Edward Timms and Naomi Segal, Eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 128.
99. King, "Background and Development", p. 19.
100. Charles Rycroft, Psychoanalysis and Beyond (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1986), p. 129.
101. Pines, "The Development of the Psychodynamic Movement", pp. 224-225. Hearnshaw, A Short History, p. 286; M. Pines, "A History of Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Britain," in Textbook of Psychotherapy in Psychiatric Practice, Jeremy Holmes, Ed. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1991), pp. 31-55.
102. Pines, "The Development of the Psychodynamic Movement", pp. 224-225. Hearnshaw, A Short History, p. 286; M. Pines, "A History of Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Britain," in Textbook of Psychotherapy in Psychiatric Practice, Jeremy Holmes, Ed. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1991), pp. 31-55.
103. Pines, "The Development of the Psychodynamic Movement", pp. 224-225. Hearnshaw, A Short History, p. 286; M. Pines, "A History of Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Britain," in Textbook of Psychotherapy in Psychiatric Practice, Jeremy Holmes, Ed. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1991), pp. 31-55.
104. Michael Shepherd, A Representative Psychiatrist: The Career, Contributions and Legacies of Sir Aubrey Lewis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 12. Bowlby, "Perspective," p. 2.
105. Michael Shepherd, A Representative Psychiatrist: The Career, Contributions and Legacies of Sir Aubrey Lewis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 12. Bowlby, "Perspective," p. 2.
106. Bowlby, Personality and Mental Illness, p. 146.
107. William R. Merrington, University College Hospital and its Medical School: A History (London: Heinemann, 1976), p. 229.
108. Bernard Hart, "The Subconscious," in Subconscious Phenomena, Hugo Münsterberg, Theodule Ribot, Pierre Janet, Joseph Jastrow, Bernard Hart, and Morton Prince, Eds. (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1910), p. 131. Bernard Hart, The Psychology of Insanity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912). German E. Berrios, "British Psychopathology since the Early 20th Century," in 150 Years of British Psychiatry, Berrios and Freeman, Eds. p. 233; Hearnshaw, A Short History: Pines, "A History," p. 210.
109. Bernard Hart, "The Subconscious," in Subconscious Phenomena, Hugo Münsterberg, Theodule Ribot, Pierre Janet, Joseph Jastrow, Bernard Hart, and Morton Prince, Eds. (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1910), p. 131. Bernard Hart, The Psychology of Insanity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912). German E. Berrios, "British Psychopathology since the Early 20th Century," in 150 Years of British Psychiatry, Berrios and Freeman, Eds. p. 233; Hearnshaw, A Short History: Pines, "A History," p. 210.
110. Bernard Hart, "The Subconscious," in Subconscious Phenomena, Hugo Münsterberg, Theodule Ribot, Pierre Janet, Joseph Jastrow, Bernard Hart, and Morton Prince, Eds. (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1910), p. 131. Bernard Hart, The Psychology of Insanity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912). German E. Berrios, "British Psychopathology since the Early 20th Century," in 150 Years of British Psychiatry, Berrios and Freeman, Eds. p. 233; Hearnshaw, A Short History: Pines, "A History," p. 210.
111. Bernard Hart, "The Subconscious," in Subconscious Phenomena, Hugo Münsterberg, Theodule Ribot, Pierre Janet, Joseph Jastrow, Bernard Hart, and Morton Prince, Eds. (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1910), p. 131. Bernard Hart, The Psychology of Insanity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912). German E. Berrios, "British Psychopathology since the Early 20th Century," in 150 Years of British Psychiatry, Berrios and Freeman, Eds. p. 233; Hearnshaw, A Short History: Pines, "A History," p. 210.
112. Bernard Hart, "The Subconscious," in Subconscious Phenomena, Hugo Münsterberg, Theodule Ribot, Pierre Janet, Joseph Jastrow, Bernard Hart, and Morton Prince, Eds. (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1910), p. 131. Bernard Hart, The Psychology of Insanity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912). German E. Berrios, "British Psychopathology since the Early 20th Century," in 150 Years of British Psychiatry, Berrios and Freeman, Eds. p. 233; Hearnshaw, A Short History: Pines, "A History," p. 210.
113. Hearnshaw, A Short History, p. 239.
114. To be found in the Wellcome Institute as CMAC: PP/BOW/A.1/1.
115. Smuts, Interview with Bowlby, p. 10. Burt took great interest in the psychological origins of delinquency. See Cyril L. Burt, The Young Delinquent (London: University of London Press, 1925). He believed that "Nearly every tragedy of crime is in its origin a drama of domestic life" (quoted on p. 99 by Adrian Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind: Education and Psychology in England, c. 1860-c. 1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) and argued (much as Bowlby would have) that it is frequently parents rather than children who require treatment and that removing children from their home should only be undertaken as a last resort. See L. S. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt: Psychologist (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1979), p. 81, and Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind, p. 100. Burt also took interest in psychoanalysis. He was one of the founding members of the London Psycho-Analytical Society and became subsequently a member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society. He encouraged the teaching of psychoanalytic theory and was a member of the Council of the Tavistock Clinic. See Pines. "The Development," pp. 219- 220,
116. Smuts, Interview with Bowlby, p. 10. Burt took great interest in the psychological origins of delinquency. See Cyril L. Burt, The Young Delinquent (London: University of London Press, 1925). He believed that "Nearly every tragedy of crime is in its origin a drama of domestic life" (quoted on p. 99 by Adrian Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind: Education and Psychology in England, c. 1860-c. 1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) and argued (much as Bowlby would have) that it is frequently parents rather than children who require treatment and that removing children from their home should only be undertaken as a last resort. See L. S. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt: Psychologist (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1979), p. 81, and Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind, p. 100. Burt also took interest in psychoanalysis. He was one of the founding members of the London Psycho-Analytical Society and became subsequently a member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society. He encouraged the teaching of psychoanalytic theory and was a member of the Council of the Tavistock Clinic. See Pines. "The Development," pp. 219- 220,
117. Smuts, Interview with Bowlby, p. 10. Burt took great interest in the psychological origins of delinquency. See Cyril L. Burt, The Young Delinquent (London: University of London Press, 1925). He believed that "Nearly every tragedy of crime is in its origin a drama of domestic life" (quoted on p. 99 by Adrian Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind: Education and Psychology in England, c. 1860-c. 1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) and argued (much as Bowlby would have) that it is frequently parents rather than children who require treatment and that removing children from their home should only be undertaken as a last resort. See L. S. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt: Psychologist (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1979), p. 81, and Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind, p. 100. Burt also took interest in psychoanalysis. He was one of the founding members of the London Psycho-Analytical Society and became subsequently a member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society. He encouraged the teaching of psychoanalytic theory and was a member of the Council of the Tavistock Clinic. See Pines. "The Development," pp. 219- 220,
118. Smuts, Interview with Bowlby, p. 10. Burt took great interest in the psychological origins of delinquency. See Cyril L. Burt, The Young Delinquent (London: University of London Press, 1925). He believed that "Nearly every tragedy of crime is in its origin a drama of domestic life" (quoted on p. 99 by Adrian Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind: Education and Psychology in England, c. 1860-c. 1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) and argued (much as Bowlby would have) that it is frequently parents rather than children who require treatment and that removing children from their home should only be undertaken as a last resort. See L. S. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt: Psychologist (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1979), p. 81, and Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind, p. 100. Burt also took interest in psychoanalysis. He was one of the founding members of the London Psycho-Analytical Society and became subsequently a member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society. He encouraged the teaching of psychoanalytic theory and was a member of the Council of the Tavistock Clinic. See Pines. "The Development," pp. 219- 220,
119. Smuts, Interview with Bowlby, p. 10. Burt took great interest in the psychological origins of delinquency. See Cyril L. Burt, The Young Delinquent (London: University of London Press, 1925). He believed that "Nearly every tragedy of crime is in its origin a drama of domestic life" (quoted on p. 99 by Adrian Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind: Education and Psychology in England, c. 1860-c. 1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) and argued (much as Bowlby would have) that it is frequently parents rather than children who require treatment and that removing children from their home should only be undertaken as a last resort. See L. S. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt: Psychologist (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1979), p. 81, and Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind, p. 100. Burt also took interest in psychoanalysis. He was one of the founding members of the London Psycho-Analytical Society and became subsequently a member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society. He encouraged the teaching of psychoanalytic theory and was a member of the Council of the Tavistock Clinic. See Pines. "The Development," pp. 219- 220,
120. Smuts, Interview with Bowlby, p. 10. Burt took great interest in the psychological origins of delinquency. See Cyril L. Burt, The Young Delinquent (London: University of London Press, 1925). He believed that "Nearly every tragedy of crime is in its origin a drama of domestic life" (quoted on p. 99 by Adrian Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind: Education and Psychology in England, c. 1860-c. 1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) and argued (much as Bowlby would have) that it is frequently parents rather than children who require treatment and that removing children from their home should only be undertaken as a last resort. See L. S. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt: Psychologist (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1979), p. 81, and Wooldridge, Measuring the Mind, p. 100. Burt also took interest in psychoanalysis. He was one of the founding members of the London Psycho-Analytical Society and became subsequently a member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society. He encouraged the teaching of psychoanalytic theory and was a member of the Council of the Tavistock Clinic. See Pines. "The Development," pp. 219-220,
121. and H. V. Dicks, Fifty Years of Tavistock Clinic (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970).
122. Lydia A. H. Smith, To Understand and to Help: The Life and Work of Susan Isaacs (1885-1948) (London: Associated University Presses, 1985). Dorothy E. M. Gardner, Susan Isaacs (London: Methuen Educational, 1969), p. 76.
123. Lydia A. H. Smith, To Understand and to Help: The Life and Work of Susan Isaacs (1885-1948) (London: Associated University Presses, 1985). Dorothy E. M. Gardner, Susan Isaacs (London: Methuen Educational, 1969), p. 76.
124. CMAC: PP/BOW/B.3/39. Not to finish a PhD project was not uncommon at the time, however. Barely four out of ten registered psychology postgraduates completed their degrees successfully. See Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt, p. 136.
125. See, for example, Bowlby, "Substitute Homes".
126. Letter of honorary secretary to John Bowlby, 13 November 1934 (CMAC: PP/BOW/C.2/1).
127. Hearnshaw, A Short History, p. 290. Edward Glover, "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Delinquency," in Mental Abnormality and Crime, Leon Radzinowicz and J. W. C. Turner, Eds. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1944), pp. 269-299. Edward Glover, The Roots of Crime: Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis. (London: Imago, 1960), 2: 79; cf. H. E. Norman, "Delinquency in Children." The New Era in Home and School 19 (1938): 197.
128. Hearnshaw, A Short History, p. 290. Edward Glover, "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Delinquency," in Mental Abnormality and Crime, Leon Radzinowicz and J. W. C. Turner, Eds. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1944), pp. 269-299. Edward Glover, The Roots of Crime: Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis. (London: Imago, 1960), 2: 79; cf. H. E. Norman, "Delinquency in Children." The New Era in Home and School 19 (1938): 197.
129. Hearnshaw, A Short History, p. 290. Edward Glover, "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Delinquency," in Mental Abnormality and Crime, Leon Radzinowicz and J. W. C. Turner, Eds. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1944), pp. 269-299. Edward Glover, The Roots of Crime: Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis. (London: Imago, 1960), 2: 79; cf. H. E. Norman, "Delinquency in Children." The New Era in Home and School 19 (1938): 197.
130. Hearnshaw, A Short History, p. 290. Edward Glover, "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Delinquency," in Mental Abnormality and Crime, Leon Radzinowicz and J. W. C. Turner, Eds. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1944), pp. 269-299. Edward Glover, The Roots of Crime: Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis. (London: Imago, 1960), 2: 79; cf. H. E. Norman, "Delinquency in Children." The New Era in Home and School 19 (1938): 197.
131. Glover, "The Diagnosis and Treatment," p. 270; Institute for the Scientific treatment of Delinquency, Report for the Year Ended 31st December 1936 (London: The Southern Post, 1937), p. 10 (CMAC: PP/BOW/C.2/1).
132. Glover, "The Diagnosis and Treatment," p. 270; Institute for the Scientific treatment of Delinquency, Report for the Year Ended 31st December 1936 (London: The Southern Post, 1937), p. 10 (CMAC: PP/BOW/C.2/1).
133. His colleagues included other members of the British Psycho-Analytical Society, such as Karin Stephen, Adrian Stephen, and Melanie Klein's daughter, Melitta Schmideberg. Priory Gate's psychiatric adviser, Jennings White, was there as well, working as a lay therapist. Two other of Bowlby's colleagues deserve mention at this point. One was Michael Fordham, with whom Bowlby would work at the London Child Guidance Clinic several years later. The other was Ronald Hargeaves with whom Bowlby would work during World War II and who would invite Bowlby to write his now famous report on maternal care and mental health for the World Health Organization. See Institute for the Scientific Treatment of Delinquency, Report, p. 4 (CMAC: PP/BOW/C.2/1); John Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1951). Glover, "The Diagnosis and Treatment", p. 280. The Scientific Committee wrote to him that they appreciated "the help that you have so generously given to the institute". See the letter of the Chairman of the Scientific Committee to Bowlby, 12 January 1938 (CMAC: PP/BOW/C.2/1).
134. His colleagues included other members of the British Psycho-Analytical Society, such as Karin Stephen, Adrian Stephen, and Melanie Klein's daughter, Melitta Schmideberg. Priory Gate's psychiatric adviser, Jennings White, was there as well, working as a lay therapist. Two other of Bowlby's colleagues deserve mention at this point. One was Michael Fordham, with whom Bowlby would work at the London Child Guidance Clinic several years later. The other was Ronald Hargeaves with whom Bowlby would work during World War II and who would invite Bowlby to write his now famous report on maternal care and mental health for the World Health Organization. See Institute for the Scientific Treatment of Delinquency, Report, p. 4 (CMAC: PP/BOW/C.2/1); John Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1951). Glover, "The Diagnosis and Treatment", p. 280. The Scientific Committee wrote to him that they appreciated "the help that you have so generously given to the institute". See the letter of the Chairman of the Scientific Committee to Bowlby, 12 January 1938 (CMAC: PP/BOW/C.2/1).
135. John Bowlby, Notes on Members of the British Psychoanalytical Society 1935-1945, p. 8 (CMAC: PP/BOW/ G.1/8); See P. King, "Biographical Notes on the Main Participants in the Freud-Klein Controversies in the British Psycho-Analytic Society, 1941-1945," in The Freud-Klein Controversies King and Steiner, Eds. p xxi.
136. John Bowlby, Notes on Members of the British Psychoanalytical Society 1935-1945, p. 8 (CMAC: PP/BOW/ G.1/8); See P. King, "Biographical Notes on the Main Participants in the Freud-Klein Controversies in the British Psycho-Analytic Society, 1941-1945," in The Freud-Klein Controversies King and Steiner, Eds. p xxi.
137. Bowlby, Notes on Members, p. 8. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources," p. 12.
138. Bowlby, Notes on Members, p. 8. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources," p. 12.
139. Glover in a letter to Bowlby, 9 April 1935 (CMAC: PP/BOW/G.1/1). Glover in a letter to Bowlby, 18 May 1935 (CMAC: PP/BOW/G.1/1).
140. Rough draft of an undated letter from Bowlby to Glover (CMAC: PP/BOW/G.1/1).
141. Phyllis Grosskurth, Melanie Klein: Her World and Her Work (London: Maresfield Library, 1986), p. 294.
142. Glover in a letter to Bowlby, 21 November 1935 (CMAC: PP/BOW/G.1/1).
143. Melitta Schmideberg, "Comment in Extraordinary Business Meeting of the British Psycho-Analytical Society" Minutes, 11 March 1942 (CMAC: PP/BOW/G.1/3). Cf. Grosskurth, Melanie Klein, p. 294.
144. Glover in a letter to Bowlby, 5 February 1936 (CMAC: PP/BOW/G.1/1).
145. Jones in a letter to Bowlby, 3 December 1937 (CMAC: PP/BOW/G.1/1).
146. King "Early Divergences", p. 129. Melanie Klein, "A Contribution to the Psychogenesis of Manic-Depressive States," in Contributions to Psycho-Analysis, 1921-1945 (London: The Hogarth Press, 1948), pp. 287, 306-307. "From the beginning the ego introjects 'good' and 'bad', for both of which the mother's breast is the prototype-for good objects when the child obtains it, for bad ones when it fails him. But it is because the baby projects its own aggression on to these objects that it feels them to be 'bad'". See Klein, "A Contribution", pp. 282, 306-307, 310. See also Gail Donaldson, "Between Practice and Theory: Melanie Klein, Anna Freud and the Development of Child Analysis," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 160-176 especially 166. Janet Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein (London: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 233. "The infantile depressive position is the central position in the child's development. The normal development of the child and its capacity for love would seem to rest largely on how the ego works through this nodal position." See also Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis, p. 225.
147. King "Early Divergences", p. 129. Melanie Klein, "A Contribution to the Psychogenesis of Manic-Depressive States," in Contributions to Psycho-Analysis, 1921-1945 (London: The Hogarth Press, 1948), pp. 287, 306-307. "From the beginning the ego introjects 'good' and 'bad', for both of which the mother's breast is the prototype-for good objects when the child obtains it, for bad ones when it fails him. But it is because the baby projects its own aggression on to these objects that it feels them to be 'bad'". See Klein, "A Contribution", pp. 282, 306-307, 310. See also Gail Donaldson, "Between Practice and Theory: Melanie Klein, Anna Freud and the Development of Child Analysis," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 160-176 especially 166. Janet Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein (London: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 233. "The infantile depressive position is the central position in the child's development. The normal development of the child and its capacity for love would seem to rest largely on how the ego works through this nodal position." See also Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis, p. 225.
148. King "Early Divergences", p. 129. Melanie Klein, "A Contribution to the Psychogenesis of Manic-Depressive States," in Contributions to Psycho-Analysis, 1921-1945 (London: The Hogarth Press, 1948), pp. 287, 306-307. "From the beginning the ego introjects 'good' and 'bad', for both of which the mother's breast is the prototype-for good objects when the child obtains it, for bad ones when it fails him. But it is because the baby projects its own aggression on to these objects that it feels them to be 'bad'". See Klein, "A Contribution", pp. 282, 306-307, 310. See also Gail Donaldson, "Between Practice and Theory: Melanie Klein, Anna Freud and the Development of Child Analysis," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 160-176 especially 166. Janet Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein (London: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 233. "The infantile depressive position is the central position in the child's development. The normal development of the child and its capacity for love would seem to rest largely on how the ego works through this nodal position." See also Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis, p. 225.
149. King "Early Divergences", p. 129. Melanie Klein, "A Contribution to the Psychogenesis of Manic-Depressive States," in Contributions to Psycho-Analysis, 1921-1945 (London: The Hogarth Press, 1948), pp. 287, 306-307. "From the beginning the ego introjects 'good' and 'bad', for both of which the mother's breast is the prototype-for good objects when the child obtains it, for bad ones when it fails him. But it is because the baby projects its own aggression on to these objects that it feels them to be 'bad'". See Klein, "A Contribution", pp. 282, 306-307, 310. See also Gail Donaldson, "Between Practice and Theory: Melanie Klein, Anna Freud and the Development of Child Analysis," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 160-176 especially 166. Janet Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein (London: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 233. "The infantile depressive position is the central position in the child's development. The normal development of the child and its capacity for love would seem to rest largely on how the ego works through this nodal position." See also Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis, p. 225.
150. King "Early Divergences", p. 129. Melanie Klein, "A Contribution to the Psychogenesis of Manic-Depressive States," in Contributions to Psycho-Analysis, 1921-1945 (London: The Hogarth Press, 1948), pp. 287, 306-307. "From the beginning the ego introjects 'good' and 'bad', for both of which the mother's breast is the prototype-for good objects when the child obtains it, for bad ones when it fails him. But it is because the baby projects its own aggression on to these objects that it feels them to be 'bad'". See Klein, "A Contribution", pp. 282, 306-307, 310. See also Gail Donaldson, "Between Practice and Theory: Melanie Klein, Anna Freud and the Development of Child Analysis," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 160-176 especially 166. Janet Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein (London: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 233. "The infantile depressive position is the central position in the child's development. The normal development of the child and its capacity for love would seem to rest largely on how the ego works through this nodal position." See also Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis, p. 225.
151. King "Early Divergences", p. 129. Melanie Klein, "A Contribution to the Psychogenesis of Manic-Depressive States," in Contributions to Psycho-Analysis, 1921-1945 (London: The Hogarth Press, 1948), pp. 287, 306-307. "From the beginning the ego introjects 'good' and 'bad', for both of which the mother's breast is the prototype-for good objects when the child obtains it, for bad ones when it fails him. But it is because the baby projects its own aggression on to these objects that it feels them to be 'bad'". See Klein, "A Contribution", pp. 282, 306-307, 310. See also Gail Donaldson, "Between Practice and Theory: Melanie Klein, Anna Freud and the Development of Child Analysis," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 160-176 especially 166. Janet Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein (London: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 233. "The infantile depressive position is the central position in the child's development. The normal development of the child and its capacity for love would seem to rest largely on how the ego works through this nodal position." See also Sayers, Mothering Psychoanalysis, p. 225.
152. King, "Early Divergences," p. 129.
153. Joan Riviere, "Symposium on Child Analysis," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 8 ( 1927): 377.
154. The paper with Bowlby's marginalia is in the possession of Mrs. Juliet Hopkins, who kindly made it available to us.
155. Bowlby, quoted in Grosskurth, Melanie Klein, p. 402.
156. Cf. Winifred M. Burbury, Edna M. Balint, & Bridget J. Yapp, An Introduction to Child Guidance (London: Macmillan, 1946). Senn, Interview, p. 5.
157. Cf. Winifred M. Burbury, Edna M. Balint, & Bridget J. Yapp, An Introduction to Child Guidance (London: Macmillan, 1946). Senn, Interview, p. 5.
158. Burbury, Balint, and Yapp, An Introduction, pp. 3-4; C. J. Wardle, "Twentieth-Century Influences on the Development in Britain of Services for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry," British Journal of Psychiatry 159 (1991): 53-68. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt, p. 97; Gertrude Keir, "Symposium on Psychologists and Psychiatrists in the Child Guidance Service III-A History of Child Guidance," The British Journal of Educational Psychology 22 (1952): 23. Their primary duty was "the ascertainment, study and correction of minor abnormalities, which if left to themselves, may eventually lead up to gross aberrations of conduct, delinquency and crime," Annual Report for the Chief Medical officer of the Board of Education for 1928 (London: HMSO, 1930), p. 26, quoted in Nikolas Rose, The Psychological Complex: Psychology, Politics and Society in England, 1869-1939. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 165.
159. Burbury, Balint, and Yapp, An Introduction, pp. 3-4; C. J. Wardle, "Twentieth-Century Influences on the Development in Britain of Services for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry," British Journal of Psychiatry 159 (1991): 53-68. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt, p. 97; Gertrude Keir, "Symposium on Psychologists and Psychiatrists in the Child Guidance Service III-A History of Child Guidance," The British Journal of Educational Psychology 22 (1952): 23. Their primary duty was "the ascertainment, study and correction of minor abnormalities, which if left to themselves, may eventually lead up to gross aberrations of conduct, delinquency and crime," Annual Report for the Chief Medical officer of the Board of Education for 1928 (London: HMSO, 1930), p. 26, quoted in Nikolas Rose, The Psychological Complex: Psychology, Politics and Society in England, 1869-1939. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 165.
160. Burbury, Balint, and Yapp, An Introduction, pp. 3-4; C. J. Wardle, "Twentieth-Century Influences on the Development in Britain of Services for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry," British Journal of Psychiatry 159 (1991): 53-68. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt, p. 97; Gertrude Keir, "Symposium on Psychologists and Psychiatrists in the Child Guidance Service III-A History of Child Guidance," The British Journal of Educational Psychology 22 (1952): 23. Their primary duty was "the ascertainment, study and correction of minor abnormalities, which if left to themselves, may eventually lead up to gross aberrations of conduct, delinquency and crime," Annual Report for the Chief Medical officer of the Board of Education for 1928 (London: HMSO, 1930), p. 26, quoted in Nikolas Rose, The Psychological Complex: Psychology, Politics and Society in England, 1869-1939. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 165.
161. Burbury, Balint, and Yapp, An Introduction, pp. 3-4; C. J. Wardle, "Twentieth-Century Influences on the Development in Britain of Services for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry," British Journal of Psychiatry 159 (1991): 53-68. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt, p. 97; Gertrude Keir, "Symposium on Psychologists and Psychiatrists in the Child Guidance Service III-A History of Child Guidance," The British Journal of Educational Psychology 22 (1952): 23. Their primary duty was "the ascertainment, study and correction of minor abnormalities, which if left to themselves, may eventually lead up to gross aberrations of conduct, delinquency and crime," Annual Report for the Chief Medical officer of the Board of Education for 1928 (London: HMSO, 1930), p. 26, quoted in Nikolas Rose, The Psychological Complex: Psychology, Politics and Society in England, 1869-1939. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 165.
162. Burbury, Balint, and Yapp, An Introduction, pp. 3-4; C. J. Wardle, "Twentieth-Century Influences on the Development in Britain of Services for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry," British Journal of Psychiatry 159 (1991): 53-68. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt, p. 97; Gertrude Keir, "Symposium on Psychologists and Psychiatrists in the Child Guidance Service III-A History of Child Guidance," The British Journal of Educational Psychology 22 (1952): 23. Their primary duty was "the ascertainment, study and correction of minor abnormalities, which if left to themselves, may eventually lead up to gross aberrations of conduct, delinquency and crime," Annual Report for the Chief Medical officer of the Board of Education for 1928 (London: HMSO, 1930), p. 26, quoted in Nikolas Rose, The Psychological Complex: Psychology, Politics and Society in England, 1869-1939. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 165.
163. Burbury, Balint, and Yapp, An Introduction, pp. 3-4; C. J. Wardle, "Twentieth-Century Influences on the Development in Britain of Services for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry," British Journal of Psychiatry 159 (1991): 53-68. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt, p. 97; Gertrude Keir, "Symposium on Psychologists and Psychiatrists in the Child Guidance Service III-A History of Child Guidance," The British Journal of Educational Psychology 22 (1952): 23. Their primary duty was "the ascertainment, study and correction of minor abnormalities, which if left to themselves, may eventually lead up to gross aberrations of conduct, delinquency and crime," Annual Report for the Chief Medical officer of the Board of Education for 1928 (London: HMSO, 1930), p. 26, quoted in Nikolas Rose, The Psychological Complex: Psychology, Politics and Society in England, 1869-1939. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 165.
164. William Moodie, The London Child Guidance Clinic: A Survey (London: Bradbury, Wilkinson and Company, n.d., presumably 1936).
165. These operated largely independently and then pooled their expertise under the direction of the psychiatrist. Social workers visited the home of the child and talked to the parents. In cases where this seemed necessary, they offered guidance and advice to the parents. The educational psychologist did the routine (e.g., intelligence) testing. The psychiatrist assessed the child's temperament and its attitude towards those with whom he lived. See, for a full description of how it worked, Olive C. Sampson, Child Guidance: Its History, Provenance and Future (British Psvchological Society, 1980).
166. A. Smuts, Interview with William Gillespie, 1977, pp. 9/11 (Archives of the Tavistock Joint Library, 1977). Senn, Interview, p. 12.
167. A. Smuts, Interview with William Gillespie, 1977, pp. 9/11 (Archives of the Tavistock Joint Library, 1977). Senn, Interview, p. 12.
168. J. Bowlby, "Psychoanalysis as Art and Science," International Review of Psychoanalysis 6 (1979): 5. J. Bowlby, Early Days at the London Child Guidance Clinic and Training Centre (Archives of the Tavistock Joint Library, 1987).
169. J. Bowlby, "Psychoanalysis as Art and Science," International Review of Psychoanalysis 6 (1979): 5. J. Bowlby, Early Days at the London Child Guidance Clinic and Training Centre (Archives of the Tavistock Joint Library, 1987).
170. A. Smuts, Interview with Dr. John Bowlby on June 6 and July 23, 1977; and additional written material sent by Dr. Bowlby in September and October, 1979, p. 16 (Made available by Dr. Ross Thompson, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA).
171. Bowlby, "Perspective", p. 2. J. Bowlby, "Forty-four Juvenile Thieves: Their Characters and Home-Life," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 25 (1944): 19-53; 107-128; J. Bowlby, Forty-four Juvenile Thieves: Their Characters and Home-Life (London: Baillière, Tindall, & Cox, 1946).
172. Bowlby, "Perspective", p. 2. J. Bowlby, "Forty-four Juvenile Thieves: Their Characters and Home-Life," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 25 (1944): 19-53; 107-128; J. Bowlby, Forty-four Juvenile Thieves: Their Characters and Home-Life (London: Baillière, Tindall, & Cox, 1946).
173. Bowlby, "Perspective", p. 2. J. Bowlby, "Forty-four Juvenile Thieves: Their Characters and Home-Life," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 25 (1944): 19-53; 107-128; J. Bowlby, Forty-four Juvenile Thieves: Their Characters and Home-Life (London: Baillière, Tindall, & Cox, 1946).
174. Grosskurth, Melanie Klein; Russell Viner, ̀Melanie Klein and Anna Freud: The Discourse of the Early Dispute,̀ Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 4-15.
175. Bowlby, Interview with R. Karen, 14-15 January 1989, quoted in, Karen, Becoming Attached, p. 46. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources," p. 12. Bowlby, "Psychoanalysis as Art and Science," p. 5. Grosskurth, Melanie Klein, p. 402.
176. Bowlby, Interview with R. Karen, 14-15 January 1989, quoted in, Karen, Becoming Attached, p. 46. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources," p. 12. Bowlby, "Psychoanalysis as Art and Science," p. 5. Grosskurth, Melanie Klein, p. 402.
177. Bowlby, Interview with R. Karen, 14-15 January 1989, quoted in, Karen, Becoming Attached, p. 46. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources," p. 12. Bowlby, "Psychoanalysis as Art and Science," p. 5. Grosskurth, Melanie Klein, p. 402.
178. Bowlby, Interview with R. Karen, 14-15 January 1989, quoted in, Karen, Becoming Attached, p. 46. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources," p. 12. Bowlby, "Psychoanalysis as Art and Science," p. 5. Grosskurth, Melanie Klein, p. 402.
179. Cf. Bowlby, "The Role of the Psychotherapist's Personal Resources," p. 105.
180. Bowlby, Figlio, and Young, "An Interview," p. 37.
181. See note 1.
182. Some years later Schmideberg recalled: "I remember that a few days before Dr. Bowlby's paper driving home from Miss Freud's seminar I said to one of the Viennese- it was either Dr. Hoffer or Dr. Bribing - 'Next Friday your [sic] going to get a sidelight on the London Society. You probably cannot appreciate Bowlby's courage for taking the line he is going to take. You will see how he will be attacked and he must be defended'". See M. Schmidebers, "Comment in Extraordinary Business Meeting of the British Psycho-Analytical Society." Minutes, 13 May 1942 (CMAC: PP/BOW/G.1/3).
183. Bowlby, "The Influence of Early Environment," p. 154.
184. Ibid., p. 157.
185. Ibid., pp. 173, 176.
186. Ibid., pp. 175, 176.
187. Ibid., p. 176.
188. M. Schmideberg, "Comment in Business Meeting."
189. Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points," "The Origins of Attachment Theory," Holmes, John Bowlby, pp. 20-21; Karen, Becoming Attached; pp. 40-47; Newcombe and Lerner, "Britain Between the Wars."
190. Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points," "The Origins of Attachment Theory," Holmes, John Bowlby, pp. 20-21; Karen, Becoming Attached; pp. 40-47; Newcombe and Lerner, "Britain Between the Wars."
191. Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points," "The Origins of Attachment Theory," Holmes, John Bowlby, pp. 20-21; Karen, Becoming Attached; pp. 40-47; Newcombe and Lerner, "Britain Between the Wars."
192. Bretherton, "The Roots and Growing Points," "The Origins of Attachment Theory," Holmes, John Bowlby, pp. 20-21; Karen, Becoming Attached; pp. 40-47; Newcombe and Lerner, "Britain Between the Wars."
193. Bowlby, "The Influence of Early Environment."